Research status of premyopia / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

The visual impairment and blindness caused by myopia have become a global burden, and the World Health Organization has included the prevention and control of myopia in the global program for preventing blindness. In China, the development of myopia is showing a trend with higher incidence, younger age, and higher refractive errors. Moving forward the port of prevention and control myopia has become an important strategy to address the current predicament. Premyopia refers to the stage in children where the refractive power is ≤+0.75 D and >-0.50 D, and there are multiple risk factors during this stage that can potentially lead to myopia. Currently, the incidence of premyopia and its transformation into myopia is high, and the key prevention and control measures include building a predictive model for the transformation of premyopia into myopia, emphasizing the reduction of exposure to risk factors, using low-concentration atropine eye drops, red light therapy, and optical defocus intervention. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current situation regarding the incidence of premyopia and its transformation into myopia, as well as the research progress on existing prevention and control measures, with the aim of providing relevant references for the prevention and control of myopia during the premyopia stage.

Status risk factors and prevention and control strategies of familial aggregation of Helicobacter pylori infection / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the status of familial aggregation of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection in Jinniu District, Chengdu, and analyze its risk factors so as to provide a basis for developing prevention and control strategies of family aggregation of Hp infection. Methods A total of 172 subjects in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College · 416 Hospital of Nuclear Industry from January 2022 to January 2023 were selected as the research subjects. All subjects underwent 13C-urea breath test (13C-UBT) to diagnose whether there was Hp infection. Analyze the current situation of family aggregation of Hp infection in the region, collect general data of survey subjects, analyze the relevant factors affecting Hp family aggregation infection, and develop prevention and control strategies based on this. Results A total of 242 people from 97 households were surveyed, and the Hp family aggregation rate was 29.33%. Univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in family aggregation of Hp infection in terms of different age groups (χ2=9.719, P=0.008), marital status (χ2=8.496, P=0.014), occupations (χ2=19.462, P2=5.457, P=0.019), previous Hp test results (χ2 =4.131, P=0.042) and test results after treatment (χ2=12.000, P=0.001), with statistical significance (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the frequency of dining out 2 days or more per week and a positive Hp test results in the past were risk factors for family aggregation of Hp infection, while the occupation of teachers/medical staff/management/technology personnel and a negative Hp results after treatment were protective factors (P<0.05). Conclusion Family aggregation of Hp infection is related to family members' occupation, frequency of dining out, previous Hp test results and Hp test results after eradication, which deserves attention in clinical practice.

Prevention and control strategies of imported malaria during the COVID-19 outbreak and its effects / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective To summary and analyze the epidemic situation of imported malaria and the prevention and control measures implemented during the new crown pneumonia epidemic in Shenzhen, so as to provide reference for the prevention and control of imported malaria under COVID-19 epidemic. Methods　The data on the prevention and control of malaria epidemic in Shenzhen from 2017 to 2021 were collected for analyzing the epidemic situation of malaria, measures taken and the effect of prevention and control with descriptive epidemiological methods. Results　From 2017 to 2021, a total of 104 confirmed malaria cases were reported in Shenzhen, all of which were imported from abroad. 97.1% were imported from Africa, mainly falciparum malaria, accounting for 80.8%. The age of onset was mainly young adults, the age group 20-49 years accounted for 81.7%, and most of the patients were overseas migrant workers, accounting for 59.6%. Imported malaria cases were reported in each month, the most was 13 cases in July, then 12 cases in September. From 2017 to 2021, 709 mosquito trap lamps were placed, and 3 523 mosquitoes were captured, with an average mosquito density of 2.60 per lamp and night. Anopheles were not found, and the dominant species were Culex quinquefasciatus. During the outbreak of COVID-19, Shenzhen has implemented a series of measures in terms of improving the working mechanism of multi-departmental cooperation and joint defense, strengthening screening and monitoring, personnel training, mosquito vector control, and material security, so as to achieve early detection, early transfer, early isolation and early treatment. Conclusions　A series of measures have been comprehensively implemented to prevent and control imported malaria in Shenzhen while preventing and controlling imported new coronary pneumonia, and achieved positive results. It has realized the timely identification of cases and effective treatment, and prevented the occurrence of severe and fatal malaria cases, as well as halting the spread and spread of malaria outbreaks.

Research on chronic disease prevention and control strategies at home and abroad / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To describe the development status of the prevention and control of chronic non-communicable diseases (hereinafter referred to as "chronic diseases") at home and abroad, and to explore coping strategies suitable for the prevention and control of chronic diseases in China. Methods Through literature review relevant data on chronic diseases as well as the prevention and control strategies and measures were collected. A comprehensive analysis on the data was conducted. Results The epidemic trend of chronic diseases is relatively serious both in China and in the world. To cope with the rapid development and epidemic of chronic diseases, China and many other countries have implemented relevant policies to curb the growth and development of chronic diseases and have achieved different results to a certain extent. Conclusion Chronic diseases have become the main cause of death and health threats in human society. The implementation and practice of chronic disease prevention and control strategies should be strengthened, in combination with successful experience at home and abroad, to rapidly develop the strategies for the prevention and control of chronic diseases in line with national conditions in China.

Prevention and Control Measures and Effects of COVID-19 in Shenmu City Hospital, China

Purpose: To explore the prevention and control strategies and effects of COVID-19 in Shenmu City Hospital, so as to provide basis for the prevention and control of COVID-19 in Shenmu City.Methods: Retrospective analysis and review of our hospital after the outbreak of COVID-19 prevention and control program, response measures and management procedures and other aspects of the deployment.Results:In the 86 days up to April 15, 2020, there were 7,843 pre-diagnosis and triage patients, among which 707 were high-risk group, 3,140 were general population and 3,996 were key population. 992 patients were treated in COVID-19 clinics, 2 suspected cases were reported and 89 were kept under observation. 5, 351 visits in general fever clinics; 89 cases were hospitalized in isolation ward, including 2 suspected cases. COVID-19 was discharged after improvement.Conclusion:Initial progress has been made in epidemic prevention and control. COVID-19 has not been reported in the whole city. It shows that effective prevention and control strategies are of great significance for achieving the goal of "three zeros" (zero infection, zero spread and zero death), and are worth learning and promoting

Establishment of Hospital Pharmacy Prevention and Control Strategies for Novel Coronavirus Infection Based on 5M1E Analysis Method / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To provide re ference f or hospital pharmacy prevention and control management during novel coronavirus（SARS-CoV-2）infection epidemic period. METHODS ：Based on 5M1E analysis method ，according to the needs of epidemic prevention and control ，it is necessary to analyze the risks of 5 aspects as personnel ，equipment and materials ，methods， environment，monitoring of the pharmacy work in hospital ，and establish the prevention and control strategy of hospital pharmacy infection in response to the epidemic situation of novel coronavirus pneumonia （COVID-19）according to the corresponding risks. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：Personnel management strategies include carrying out pharmacist prevention and control training ， focusing on physical and mental health of pharmacists during infection prevention and control ；equipment and materials management strategies include strengthening equipment disinfection management and strengthening the management of materials for infection prevention and control ；method management strategies include developing emergency plans for infection prevention and control，standardizing individual infection prevention and control method ；environment management strategies include environment cleaning and disinfection management ，infection exposure management of related medical material ，medical waste management ； monitoring management strategies include strengthening pharmacists infection monitoring and evaluating pharmacists ’prevention and control effect. By establishing the strategy for COVID- 19 epidemic prevention and control ，it can effectively guiding pharmacists to carry out epidemic prevention and control.

Epidemiological analysis of the domestic rodents plague natural foci among animals in Yunnan Province from 1950 to 2018 / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective@#To analyze the epidemic trend of the domestic rodents plague natural foci among animals in Yunnan Province, so as to provide a basis for formulating plague prevention and control strategies.@*Methods@#Monitoring and summarizing data of plague epidemic situation in Yunnan Province from 1950 to 2018 were collected from Yunnan Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Prevention. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the prevalence of plague among animals. Simple linear regression equations were established using SPSS 21.0 software to analyze the correlation between plague epidemics and rat density, dyeing rate and human plague in 1982-2007.@*Results@#From 1950 to 2018, 51 counties (cities) in 12 regions (prefectures) were confirmed to have animal epidemics in Yunnan Province, and 1 722 epidemic spots were found. A total of 7 152 monitoring sites had been set up in 98 counties (cities). From 1950 to 1956, the plague epidemic in Yunnan Province was confined to western Yunnan; the 1957-1981 was the resting period; 1982-2007, the epidemic spread from west and southwest to south, central, southeast and east of Yunnan Province; after 2008 entered resting period again. The epidemic season of plague was mainly from June to November. Simple linear regression equation analysis showed that the regression equation Y = 9.112 + 44.848X between animal plague (Y) and rat density (X) and the regression equation Y = 2.261 + 0.139X between human plague (Y) and animal plague (X) were statistically significant (F = 9.306, 5.371, P < 0.05).@*Conclusions@#The epidemic trend of plague among animals in Yunnan Province is a "wave type". There is a correlation between animal plague and rat density and human plague. It is the key to prevent the occurrence of animal plague and human plague by monitoring the plague epidemics in animals.

Epidemiological analysis of the domestic rodents plague natural foci among animals in Yunnan Province from 1950 to 2018 / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective To analyze the epidemic trend of the domestic rodents plague natural foci among animals in Yunnan Province,so as to provide a basis for formulating plague prevention and control strategies.Methods Monitoring and summarizing data of plague epidemic situation in Yunnan Province from 1950 to 2018 were collected from Yunnan Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Prevention.Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the prevalence of plague among animals.Simple linear regression equations were established using SPSS 21.0 software to analyze the correlation between plague epidemics and rat density,dyeing rate and human plague in 1982-2007.Results From 1950 to 2018,51 counties (cities) in 12 regions (prefectures) were confirmed to have animal epidemics in Yunnan Province,and 1 722 epidemic spots were found.A total of 7 152 monitoring sites had been set up in 98 counties (cities).From 1950 to 1956,the plague epidemic in Yunnan Province was confined to western Yunnan;the 1957-1981 was the resting period;1982-2007,the epidemic spread from west and southwest to south,central,southeast and east of Yunnan Province;after 2008 entered resting period again.The epidemic season of plague was mainly from June to November.Simple linear regression equation analysis showed that the regression equation Y =9.112 + 44.848X between animal plague (Y)and rat density (X) and the regression equation Y =2.261 + 0.139X between human plague (Y) and animal plague (X) were statistically significant (F =9.306,5.371,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The epidemic trend of plague among animals in Yunnan Province is a "wave type".There is a correlation between animal plague and rat density and human plague.It is the key to prevent the occurrence of animal plague and human plague by monitoring the plague epidemics in animals.

Sustainable dengue prevention and control through a comprehensive integrated approach: the Sri Lankan perspective.

Dengue is a leading public health problem in Sri Lanka. All 26 districts and all age groups are affected, with high disease transmission; the estimated average annual incidence is 175/100 000 population. Harnessing the World Health Organization Global strategy for dengue prevention and control, 2012–2020, Sri Lanka has pledged in its National Strategic Framework to achieve a mortality from dengue below 0.1% and to reduce morbidity by 50% (from the average of the last 5 years) by 2020. Turning points in the country’s dengue-control programme have been the restructuring and restrategizing of the core functions; this has involved establishment of a separate dengue-control unit to coordinate integrated vector management, and creation of a presidential task force. There has been great progress in disease surveillance, clinical management and vector control. Enhanced real-time surveillance for early warning allows ample preparedness for an outbreak. National guidelines with enhanced diagnostics have significantly improved clinical management of dengue, reducing the case-fatality rate to 0.2%. Proactive integrated vector management, with multisector partnership, has created a positive vector-control environment; however, sustaining this momentum is a challenge. Robust surveillance, evidence-based clinical management, sustainable vector control and effective communication are key strategies that will be implemented to achieve set targets. Improved early detection and a standardized treatment protocol with enhanced diagnostics at all medical care institutions will lead to further reduction in mortality. Making the maximum effort to minimize outbreaks through sustainable vector control in the three dimensions of risk mapping, innovation and risk modification will enable a reduction in morbidity.

Dengue Incidence and the Prevention and Control Program in Malaysia

The trend of dengue incidence in the regions and many countries has shown an increasing trend for the past few decades. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the incidence increased dramatically over the last 50 years and that dengue virus infections expanded to new countries, and from urban to rural settings. Malaysia is one of the countries that experience similar situation. The trend of dengue incidence in Malaysia has continued to increase since 2001 until 2014. In 2001, the dengue incidence rate (IR) was 72 cases in 100,000 population and progressively increased to 361 cases in 100,000 populations in 2014. There were temporary decrease of the incidence rate in 2011 and 2012 to 69.9 and 76 cases per 100,000 populations. Despite the close monitoring and continuous efforts from the Ministry of Health and Municipals to conduct the prevention and control activities, the number of dengue cases continues to increase due to multiple uncontrolled factors. There are at least five major factors that influence the transmission of dengue disease which include the dengue virus, the human as the host, the environmental condition such as cleanliness, the vectors and its behavior and the climate change. Due to these multiple factors that influence the disease pathophysiology and transmission of dengue virus, the control of mosquito-borne viral infection is very challenging and different from managing other infectious diseases. In addition, the rapid urbanization, population growth and human behavior together with international travel, making the control of dengue transmission even more difficult. Based on the circumstances, Ministry of Health Malaysia has implemented the intergrated strategy for dengue prevention and control program in the National Dengue Strategic Plan (NDSP) since 2011. There are seven strategies included in the NDSP which is strengthening of the dengue surveillance, practicing intergrated vector management, emphasizing on the dengue case management, social and community mobilization towards the prevention activity, ensuring rapid response in managing the dengue outbreak and developing new innovative method through dengue research. Most of the factors that contribute to the occurrence of dengue cases are difficult to be controlled and these leave with only manipulation and intervention with the environment, vector control and changing the human behavior for the prevention and control of dengue.