Construction of leadership evaluation indicator system for managers in primary medical institutions / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To construct a leadership evaluation indicator system for managers in primary healthcare institutions.Methods:This study was a qualitative research. Based on the Chinese Academy of Sciences′ Five Forces Model of Leadership, the framework of the leadership evaluation indicator system for primary healthcare institution managers was initially constructed through literature review, expert interviews, surveys, and group discussions. From November 2020 to June 2021, 19 experts were invited to participate in two rounds of Delphi expert consultations. Based on the consultation results, the leadership evaluation indicator system for primary healthcare institution managers was developed, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to determine the weight of each indicator.Results:Nineteen consulting experts were included in the study, 13 of whom were aged 40 years or older, and seven of whom had 20 years or more of professional experience. The response rates of the two rounds of Delphi expert consultation questionnaires were 18/19 and 19/19, respectively; the authority coefficients of the experts were 0.92 and 0.91, respectively. In the second round of consultation, the coordination coefficients of each level of indicators were 0.640, 0.557, and 0.512 ( P<0.05), respectively. The constructed leadership indicator system for managers of primary healthcare institutions included five primary indicators, 16 secondary indicators, and 44 tertiary indicators. The primary indicators, in order of their weight, were "influence"(0.299),"decisiveness"(0.245),"control"(0.156),"inspiration"(0.150), and "foresight"(0.150). Conclusions:This study is a preliminary construction of a leadership evaluation indicator system for managers of primary healthcare institutions, which can be a reference for the training and evaluation of relevant talents.

An empirical study on the application of leadership evaluation indicator system for managers in primary medical institutions / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To evaluate the reliability and validity of a questionnaire assessing the leadership qualities of primary healthcare institution managers, and to further clarify the current state of leadership development among management teams of community health service centers in Shanghai.Methods:The study was a cross-sectional survey. It was conducted from August to December 2021, and used a stratified sampling method. Using a self-developed questionnaire for primary healthcare institution managers, we surveyed 279 individuals from 10 community health service centers in Shanghai, including management teams, middle-level cadres, general practitioners, and staff from health administrative departments in their respective districts. Leadership qualities were evaluated on five dimensions: inspiration, decisiveness, control, influence, and foresight. Cronbach′s α coefficient and split half coefficient were used to analyze the reliability of the questionnaire, and confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the structural validity of the scale.Results:The overall Cronbach′s α reliability of the questionnaire for the comprehensive management of community health service centers was 0.96, and the Spearman-Brown split-half coefficient was 0.94. The validity analysis yielded a KMO value of 0.975, the RMSEA for factor analysis was 0.085, and the adaptation indexes all met the model adaptation conditions. Of the 279 participants, 174 were female (62.4%), 257 held a mid-level or higher professional title (92.1%). The overall leadership score of the community health service center management teams was (4.43±0.59), with the dimensions ranked from highest to lowest as follows: inspiration (4.52±0.55), decisiveness (4.46±0.62), control (4.44±0.60), influence (4.42±0.63), and foresight (4.32±0.69). The foresight score was significantly lower than the other four dimensions (all P<0.05). Conclusions:The questionnaire used to assess the leadership qualities of primary healthcare institution managers is reliable and valid. The development of leadership qualities among management teams of community health service centers in Shanghai is unbalanced, with foresight being the weakest dimension.

Assistência de enfermagem a população transexual na atenção básica / Nursing care for the transsexual population in primary care / Cuidados de enfermería a la población transexual en la atención primaria

Objetivo: analisar as evidências da literatura sobre aassistência de enfermagem à população transexual na atenção básica. Método:Revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada nas bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Literatura Latino Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e na Biblioteca Eletrônica Cientifica Online (SCIELO), utilizando os descritores Cuidados de enfermagem AND Pessoas transgênero AND Enfermagem de Atenção Primária. Resultados:Encontrados 2 artigos, publicados nos últimos 5 anos. Ficou evidenciado lacunas importantes que vem desde a formação acadêmica, no despreparo e desconhecimento acerca da sexualidade. Conclusão:Conclui-se, portanto, que foram encontrados poucos artigos com essa temática, evidenciando a necessidade de realização de mais pesquisas acerca do tema assistência de enfermagem à população transexual.

Objective: to analyze the evidence in the literature on nursing care for the transsexual population in primary care. Method:Integrative literature review, carried out in the Virtual Health Library, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS) and Online Scientific Electronic Library (SCIELO) databases, using the descriptors Nursing care AND Transgender people AND Primary Care Nursing. Results:Found 2 articles, published in the last 5 years. It was evidenced important gaps that come from the academic formation, in the unpreparedness and lack of knowledge about sexuality. Conclusion:It is concluded, therefore, that few articles were found with this theme, highlighting the need to carry out more research on the topic of nursing care for the transsexual population.

Objetivo: analizar las evidencias en la literatura sobre el cuidado de enfermería a la población transexual en la atención primaria. Método:Revisión integrativa de la literatura, realizada en las bases de datos Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, Literatura Latinoamericana y Caribeña en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS) y Biblioteca Científica Electrónica en Línea (SCIELO), utilizando los descriptores Cuidados de Enfermería Y Personas trans y Enfermería de Atención Primaria. Resultados: Se encontraron 2 artículos, publicados en los últimos 5 años. Se evidenció importantes lagunas que provienen de la formación académica, en la falta de preparación y conocimiento sobre la sexualidad. Conclusión:Se concluye, por lo tanto, que fueron encontrados pocos artículos con esta temática, destacando la necesidad de realizar más investigaciones sobre el tema del cuidado de enfermería a la población transexual.

Ten years of the Citizen's Electronic Health Record e-SUS Primary Healthcare: in search of an electronic Unified Health System / Dez anos do Prontuário Eletrônico do Cidadão e-SUS APS: em busca de um Sistema Único de Saúde eletrônico

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: Contextualize the adherence to the Prontuário Eletrônico do Cidadão (PEC - Citizen's Electronic Health Record) by Brazilian municipalities and the evolution of the electronic strategy of the Unified Health System (e-SUS) for Primary Healthcare (PHC) during its 10 years. METHODS: This descriptive study added information on adherence to the use of medical records extracted from the database of the Secretaria de Atenção Primária à Saúde (SAPS- Primary Healthcare Secretary) of the Federal Government between 2017 and 2022. We analized the number of computerized basic healthcare units that used some electronic medical records, the number of those that used simplified data collection (SDC), and those that implemented the citizen's electronic health record (PEC) in the same period. A descriptive synthesis of the functionalities and modules implemented in the system during its 10 years of development was also carried out. RESULTS: The adherence of Brazilian municipalities to the PEC has grown exponentially in the last five years, going from 8,930 healthcare units in 2017 to 26,091 in 2022. As expected, while the main functionalities and improvements developed in this decade sought to implement new flows and modules of administrative, clinical care, and care management processes and health service administration, improving aspects of usability and technological infrastructure of the application architecture was also crucial for the success of the system. CONCLUSIONS: In 2023, the milestone of a decade will be celebrated since the beginning of health records implementation by Brazilian municipalities, marked by technological and infrastructure challenges and improvements and new functionalities that highlight the technological evolution of the e-SUS PHC system and strategy. Despite many other tools, the PEC is arguably Brazil's leading electronic medical record today, as it has always invested in evolution, updating itself in technological and usability opportunities.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Contextualizar a adesão ao Prontuário Eletrônico do Cidadão (PEC) pelos municípios brasileiros e a evolução da estratégia eletrônica do Sistema Único de Saúde (e-SUS) da Atenção Primária (APS) durante seus 10 anos. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo de cunho descritivo, que agregou informações de adesão ao uso do prontuário, extraídas da base de dados da Secretaria de Atenção Primária à Saúde (SAPS) do Governo Federal, entre os anos de 2017 e 2022. Foram analisados o quantitativo de unidades básicas de saúde informatizadas que utilizavam algum prontuário eletrônico e o número das que utilizavam a Coleta de Dados Simplificada (CDS) e das que implementaram o Prontuário Eletrônico do Cidadão (PEC), no mesmo período. Também foi realizada uma síntese descritiva das funcionalidades e módulos que foram implementados no sistema durante seus 10 anos de desenvolvimento. RESULTADOS: A adesão dos municípios brasileiros ao PEC cresceu exponencialmente nos últimos cinco anos, passando de 8.930 unidades de saúde em 2017 para 26.091 em 2022. Como era de se esperar, as principais funcionalidades e melhorias desenvolvidas nessa década buscaram implementar novos fluxos e módulos de processos administrativos, de atendimento clínico e de gestão do cuidado e administração do serviço de saúde, mas também foram importantes para o sucesso do sistema aprimorar aspectos de usabilidade e de infraestrutura tecnológica da arquitetura da aplicação. CONCLUSÕES: Em 2023, celebra-se o marco de uma década do início da implantação do prontuário pelos municípios brasileiros, marcado por desafios de ordem tecnológica e de infraestrutura, bem como de melhorias e novas funcionalidades que evidenciaram a evolução tecnológica do sistema e da estratégia e-SUS APS. Mesmo que muitas outras existam, pode-se dizer que o PEC é hoje a principal ferramenta de prontuário eletrônico no Brasil, pois sempre investiu em evolução, vindo a se atualizar nas oportunidades tecnológicas e de usabilidade.

Disparities in the protagonism of oral health teams in the work process of Primary Healthcare / Disparidades do protagonismo das equipes de saúde bucal no processo de trabalho na APS

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Evaluate and compare the protagonism of Oral Health teams (OHt) in the teamwork process in Primary Healthcare (PHC) over five years and estimate the magnitude of disparities between Brazilian macro-regions. METHODS Ecological study that used secondary data extracted from the Sistema de Informação em Saúde para a Atenção Básica (SISAB - Health Information System for Primary Healthcare) from 2018 to 2022. Indicators were selected from a previously validated evaluative matrix, calculated from records in the Collective Activity Form on the degree of OHt's protagonism in team meetings and its degree of organization concerning the meeting agendas. A descriptive and amplitude analysis of the indicators' variation over time was carried out, and the disparity index was also calculated to estimate and compare the magnitude of differences between macro-regions in 2022. RESULTS In Brazil, between 3.06% and 4.04% of team meetings were led by OHt professionals. The Northeast and South regions had the highest (3.71% to 4.88%) and lowest proportions (1.21% to 2.48%), respectively. From 2018 to 2022, there was a reduction in the indicator of the "degree of protagonism of the OHt" in Brazil and macro-regions. The most frequent topics in meetings under OHt's responsibility were the work process (54.71% to 70.64%) and diagnosis and monitoring of the territory (33.49% to 54.48%). The most significant disparities between regions were observed for the indicator "degree of organization of the OHt concerning case discussion and singular therapeutic projects". CONCLUSIONS The protagonism of the OHt in the teamwork process in PHC is incipient and presents regional disparities, which challenges managers and OHt to break isolation and lack of integration, aiming to offer comprehensive and quality healthcare to the user of the Unified Health System (SUS).

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar e comparar o protagonismo das equipes de Saúde Bucal (eSB) no processo de trabalho em equipe na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) ao longo de cinco anos, e estimar a magnitude das disparidades entre as macrorregiões brasileiras. MÉTODOS Estudo ecológico que utilizou dados secundários extraídos do Sistema de Informação em Saúde para a Atenção Básica (SISAB), de 2018 a 2022. Foram selecionados indicadores de matriz avaliativa previamente validada, calculados a partir dos registros na Ficha de Atividade Coletiva do grau de protagonismo das eSB nas reuniões de equipe, bem como do seu grau de organização em relação às pautas dos encontros. Foi realizada análise descritiva e da amplitude da variação dos indicadores ao longo do tempo, e também foi calculado o índice de disparidade para estimar e comparar a magnitude das diferenças entre as macrorregiões no ano de 2022. RESULTADOS No Brasil, entre 3,06% e 4,04% das reuniões de equipe foram lideradas por profissionais da eSB. No período, o Nordeste e o Sul foram as regiões que apresentaram maiores (3,71% a 4,88%) e menores proporções (1,21% a 2,48%), respectivamente. No período de 2018 a 2022, houve uma redução do indicador "grau de protagonismo das eSB" no Brasil e nas macrorregiões. Os temas mais frequentes em reuniões sob responsabilidade das eSB foram processo de trabalho (54,71% a 70,64%) e diagnóstico e monitoramento do território (33,49% a 54,48%). As maiores disparidades entre as regiões foram observadas para o indicador "grau de organização das eSB, em relação à discussão de caso e de projeto terapêutico singular". CONCLUSÕES O protagonismo das eSB no processo de trabalho em equipe na APS é incipiente e apresenta disparidades regionais, o que desafia gestores e eSB para o rompimento do isolamento e da falta de integração, visando a oferta de atenção à saúde integral e de qualidade ao usuário do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).

Depressive symptoms and associated factors in pregnant women attended in primary healthcare / Síntomas depresivos y factores asociados en gestantes atendidas en atención primaria de salud / Sintomas depressivos e fatores associados em gestantes assistidas na atenção primária à saúde

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the prevalence and factors associated with depressive symptoms in pregnant women attended in primary healthcare. Method: this is an epidemiological, cross-sectional and analytical study conducted in Montes Claros, in the north of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The dependent variable (depressive symptoms) and independent variables (sociodemographic characteristics, social support, obstetric characteristics, sexuality and health conditions) were collected through a questionnaire and validated scales. The collection took place between October 2018 and November 2019. Descriptive, bivariate and multiple analyzes were performed through multinomial logistics regression. Results: a sample of 1,279 pregnant women was evaluated. The estimated prevalence of moderate and serious depressive symptoms was 16.2% and 25.2%, respectively. Low social support (p<0.001), low sexual performance (p = 0.002) and a high level of perceived stress (p<0.001) were factors associated with moderate depressive symptoms. First gestational trimester (p = 0.006), low social support (p<0.001), low sexual performance (p<0.001) and a high level of perceived stress (p<0.001) were factors associated with serious depressive symptoms. Conclusion: the prevalence of moderate and serious depressive symptoms in pregnant women attended in primary healthcare was considerable. Factors related to social support, gestational quarter (first quarter), sexuality and perceived stress showed association with these symptoms. Caution and the promotion of mental health is necessary for pregnant women in this scenario.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la prevalencia y factores asociados a síntomas depresivos en gestantes atendidas en Atención Primaria de Salud. Método: se trata de un estudio epidemiológico, transversal y analítico, realizado en Montes Claros, norte del estado de Minas Gerais - Brasil. La variable dependiente (síntomas depresivos) y las variables independientes (características sociodemográficas, apoyo social, características obstétricas, sexualidad y condiciones de salud) se recogieron mediante un cuestionario y escalas validadas. La recolección se realizó entre octubre de 2018 y noviembre de 2019. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, bivariados y múltiples mediante Regresión Logística Multinomial. Resultados: se evaluó una muestra de 1279 gestantes. Las prevalencias estimadas de síntomas depresivos moderados y graves fueron del 16,2% y el 25,2%, respectivamente. El bajo apoyo social (p<0,001), el bajo rendimiento sexual (p=0,002) y el alto nivel de estrés percibido (p<0,001) fueron factores asociados con síntomas depresivos moderados. El primer trimestre del embarazo (p=0,006), el bajo apoyo social (p<0,001), el bajo rendimiento sexual (p<0,001) y el alto nivel de estrés percibido (p<0,001) fueron factores asociados con síntomas depresivos severos. Conclusión: la prevalencia de síntomas depresivos moderados y graves en gestantes atendidas en Atención Primaria de Salud fue considerable. Factores relacionados con el apoyo social, el trimestre gestacional (primer trimestre), la sexualidad y el estrés percibido se asociaron con estos síntomas. En este escenario, es necesaria una mayor atención a las mujeres embarazadas y la promoción de la salud mental.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a prevalência e os fatores associados aos sintomas depressivos em gestantes assistidas na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Método: trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, transversal e analítico, realizado em Montes Claros, norte do estado de Minas Gerais - Brasil. A variável dependente (sintomas depressivos) e as variáveis independentes (características sociodemográficas, apoio social, características obstétricas, sexualidade e condições de saúde) foram coletadas por meio de questionário e escalas validadas. A coleta ocorreu entre outubro de 2018 e novembro de 2019. Realizaram-se análises descritivas, bivariada e múltipla mediante Regressão Logística Multinomial. Resultados: avaliou-se amostra de 1279 gestantes. As prevalências estimadas de sintomas depressivos moderados e graves foram de 16,2% e 25,2%, respectivamente. Baixo apoio social (p<0,001), baixo desempenho sexual (p=0,002) e elevado nível de estresse percebido (p<0,001) foram fatores associados aos sintomas depressivos moderados. Primeiro trimestre gestacional (p=0,006), baixo apoio social (p<0,001), baixo desempenho sexual (p<0,001) e elevado nível de estresse percebido (p<0,001) foram fatores associados aos sintomas depressivos graves. Conclusão: as prevalências de sintomas depressivos moderados e graves em gestantes assistidas na Atenção Primária à Saúde foram consideráveis. Fatores relativos ao apoio social, ao trimestre gestacional (primeiro trimestre), à sexualidade e ao estresse percebido apresentaram associação a esses sintomas. Nesse cenário, fazem-se necessários o cuidado ampliado às gestantes e a promoção da saúde mental.

Costing analysis of an information & communications technology-enabled primary healthcare facility in India

Background & objectives: Information and communications technology (ICT) has often been endorsed as an effective tool to improve primary healthcare. However, evidence on the cost of ICT-enabled primary health centre (PHC) is lacking. The present study aimed at estimating the costs for customization and implementation of an integrated health information system for primary healthcare at a public sector urban primary healthcare facility in Chandigarh. Methods: We undertook economic costing of an ICT-enabled PHC based on health system perspective and bottom-up costing. All the resources used for the provision of ICT-enabled PHC, capital and recurrent, were identified, measured and valued. The capital items were annualized over their estimated life using a discount rate of 3 per cent. A sensitivity analysis was undertaken to assess the effect of parameter uncertainties. Finally, we assessed the cost of scaling up ICT-enabled PHC at the state level. Results: The estimated overall annual cost of delivering health services through PHC in the public sector was ? 7.88 million. The additional economic cost of ICT was ? 1.39 million i.e. 17.7 per cent over and above a non-ICT PHC cost. In a PHC with ICT, the cost per capita increased by ? 56. On scaling up to the state level (with 400 PHCs), the economic cost of ICT was estimated to be ? 0.47 million per year per PHC, which equates to approximately six per cent expenditure over and above the economic cost of a regular PHC. Interpretation & conclusions: Implementing a model of information technology-PHC in a state of India would require an augmentation of cost by about six per cent, which seems fiscally sustainable. However, contextual factors related to the availability of infrastructure, human resources and medical supplies for delivering quality PHC services will also need to be considered.

Alinhamento partidário e oferta de políticas públicas no Brasil / Alineación partidaria y provisión de políticas públicas en Brasil / Partisan alignment and public policies provision in Brazil

Resumo Municípios partidariamente alinhados com o presidente ofertam mais políticas públicas? A entrega de serviços públicos é uma das atividades centrais dos governos. Uma vez que são os partidos políticos que controlam o Poder Executivo tanto no Governo Federal quanto no governo local, é razoável esperar que seus interesses partidários e eleitorais influenciem o curso da implementação de serviços. Neste artigo, analiso a cobertura da atenção básica à saúde como indicador de oferta. Dado o forte compartilhamento de responsabilidades entre os entes federados, argumento que o Governo Federal implementa políticas públicas de forma estratégica, aumentando a oferta de serviços em municípios partidariamente alinhados. Para testar empiricamente essa relação, estimo o efeito causal do alinhamento por meio de um desenho de regressão descontínua para eleições acirradas. Os resultados indicam que os municípios partidariamente alinhados com a Presidência da República têm cobertura da atenção básica à saúde, em média, 3% maior que outros governados por partidos oposicionistas. Em uma cidade com 10 mil habitantes, por exemplo, isso significaria 300 pessoas a mais sendo adequadamente atendidas por equipes de saúde.

Resumen ¿Los municipios alineados partidariamente con el presidente ofrecen más políticas públicas? La prestación de servicios públicos es una de las actividades centrales de los gobiernos. Dado que son los partidos políticos los que controlan el Poder Ejecutivo tanto en el Gobierno federal como en el local, es razonable esperar que sus intereses partidistas y electorales influyan en el curso de la implementación. En este artículo analizo la cobertura de la atención primaria de salud como indicador de provisión. Dada la fuerte compartición de responsabilidades entre las entidades federativas, argumento que el Gobierno federal implementa las políticas públicas de manera estratégica, aumentando la provisión de servicios en los municipios alineados partidariamente. Para probar empíricamente esta relación, estimo el efecto causal del alineamiento utilizando un diseño de regresión discontinua para elecciones reñidas. Los resultados indican que los municipios partidariamente alineados tienen, en promedio, una cobertura de atención primaria un 3% más alta que otros gobernados por partidos de oposición. En una ciudad de 10.000 habitantes, por ejemplo, esto significaría 300 personas más adecuadamente atendidas por los equipos de salud.

Abstract This research examines whether local governments politically aligned with the president's party offer more public policies. The delivery of public services is one of the central activities of governments. Since the political parties control the executive branch in both federal and local government, it is reasonable to expect that their partisan and electoral interests will influence policy implementation. This study analyzes the coverage of primary healthcare as an indicator of policy delivery. Given the strong sharing of responsibilities among federated entities, I argue that the federal government implements public policies strategically, increasing the supply of services in partisan-aligned municipalities. To empirically test this relationship, I estimate the causal effect of alignment using a regression-discontinuity design for close elections. The results indicate that partisan-aligned municipalities have, on average, 3% higher coverage of primary healthcare than others governed by opposition parties. In a city with 10,000 inhabitants, for example, this would mean 300 more people receiving healthcare.

Diferença na qualidade de vida de tabagistas, ex-tabagistas e não tabagistas usuários das Unidades de Atenção Primária do município de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais / Difference in the quality of life of smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers users of Primary Care Units in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais

O objetivo do presente estudo foi associar status tabágico (tabagistas, ex-tabagistas e não tabagistas) e a qualidade de vida entre usuários das Unidades de Atenção Primária à Saúde(APS). Realizou-se um estudo transversal com 500 usuários de 50 Unidades de APS do município de Juiz de Fora/MG.Foi utilizado questionário estruturado para coleta de dados sociodemográficos e de saúde e o questionário WHOQOL-BREF para avaliar a qualidade de vida. Para análise de dados foi empregada Regressão Logística. Os resultados das análises multivariadas evidenciaram que há maior chance de melhor qualidade de vida total para indivíduos ex-tabagistas (OR: 1,90; IC: 1,10-3,29) e não tabagistas (OR: 1,84; IC:1,14-2,95)em relação aos tabagistas. Da mesma forma, uma maior renda e a autodeclaração de cor da pele branca foram relacionados a melhor qualidade de vida total. Indivíduos não tabagistas também apresentaram melhor qualidade de vida no domínio físico comparado aos tabagistas(OR:2,24; IC:1,40-3,59). Conclui-se que, ex-tabagistas e não tabagistas tiveram maior chance de apresentarem melhor qualidade de vida global quando comparado aos tabagistas. Não tabagistas também apresentaram maior chance de melhor qualidade de vida no domínio físico em relação aos tabagistas.

The objective of the present study was to associate smoking status (smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers) and quality of life among users of primary healthcare units. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 500 users of 50 Primary Health Care Units in the city of Juiz de Fora. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and health data and the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire to assess the quality of life. For data analysis, LogisticRegression was used. The results of the multivariate analyzes showed that there is a greater chance of a better overall quality of life for ex-smokers (OR: 1.90; CI: 1.10-3.29) and non-smokers (OR: 1.84; CI: 1.14-2.95) in relation to smokers. Likewise, higher income and self-reported White skin color were related to a better overall quality of life. Non-smokers also presented better quality of life in the physical domain compared to smokers (OR:2.24; CI:1.40-3.59). It was concluded that ex-smokers and non-smokers were more likely to have a better overall quality of life when compared to smokers. Non-smokers also had a greater chance of better quality of life in the physical domain compared to smokers.

Study on the present situation of narcotic drugs equipment and management in 251 primary healthcare institutions from Qiandongnan prefecture / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To investigate the present equipment and management situation of narcotic drugs in primary healthcare institutions from Qiandongnan prefecture of Guizhou province. METHODS The questionnaire survey was conducted among pharmacy department heads and medical staff from primary healthcare institutions in Qiandongnan prefecture of Guizhou province. Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted on the survey results. RESULTS Of 251 healthcare institutions in this survey， 29 healthcare institutions were equipped with narcotic drugs， accounting for 11.55%. The reasons for the narcotic drugs unequipped were mainly as follows: insufficient attention， no storage conditions for narcotic drugs， complex program of narcotic drug management， small amount usage and so on. Among the 29 primary healthcare institutions equipped with narcotic drugs， all of them did not monitor patient usage， accounting for 100%； 29 healthcare institutions did not implement a return visit or follow-up every 3 months， accounting for 100%. CONCLUSIONS The health administration departments should strengthen the administration of narcotic drugs in primary healthcare institutions. At the same time， training on standardized management and clinical rational application of narcotic drugs for medical staff in primary healthcare institutions should be enhanced by the health administrative department.

China's experiences in strengthening primary healthcare system and transferability to other nations / 中国卫生政策研究

With the background of establishing a community of common health for mankind,to secure global public health safety and enhancing health status are the common concerns to all nations in the world.To develop primary health care system is the most important strategy.China has achieved remarkable progress in health system development over the past seven decades,especially in strengthening primary health care system,which have been highly appraised by international society.This paper presents synthesis of China's experiences in developing and supporting rural health security system,tiered health care delivery system and essential public health package,followed by discusses on policy implications for other settings.

Visualization analysis of international research hotspots on primary healthcare workers burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo visualize the international research hotspots and frontiers of primary healthcare workers burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic based on CiteSpace. MethodsPublications from January 1 2020 to November 1 2022 were retrieved from the web of science core collection database. Annual published articles， keyword co-occurrence， cluster analysis and emergent word evolution were analyzed. Using CiteSpace 5.8.R3 and Excel 2017， visualized knowledge graphs and the data tables were generated. ResultsA total of 411 articles were included with a still upward trend. The top 4 institutions with the largest number of papers were Harvard Medical Scchool （14 studies）， University of Melbourne （11 studies）， Stanford University （9 studies）， and Monash University （9 studies）. High-frequency words of hot areas covered job satisfaction， occupational burnout， and mental health. Meanwhile the words environment （0.38） and social support （0.13） had high betweenness centrality. A total of 9 clusters were formed. Risk factors and supporting strategies were put in place most focused frontiers. ConclusionThe number of papers in the field of primary healthcare workers burnout is on the rise， the international research hotspots are expanding and the predictors of burnout are prominent. From an international perspective， the study provides further reference for Chinese primary healthcare staff job burnout research.

A study of factors influencing the willingness of primary healthcare workers in Qinghai Province to engage in non-discriminatory behaviors towards HBV-infected patients / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo understand the current status of primary healthcare workers’ knowledge of hepatitis B and their willingness to engage in non-discriminatory behaviors， to explore the factors influencing their willingness， and to provide a basis for health education on hepatitis B for primary healthcare workers in Qinghai Province. MethodsA questionnaire survey was conducted among primary healthcare institutions in eight cities （prefectures） of Qinghai Province using a combination of random sampling and convenience sampling. The questionnaire included demographic information， knowledge related to hepatitis B， and willingness to engage in non-discriminatory behaviors. ResultsA total of 393 subjects were included in the survey. The accurate awareness rate of hepatitis B transmission route among primary healthcare workers in Qinghai Province was 36.89%. Of the respondents， 46.31% were unwilling to live with family members infected with HBV or carriers， and 50.13% were unwilling to dine with friends infected with HBV or carriers. The willingness of primary healthcare workers to engage in non-discriminatory behaviors related to hepatitis B varied by different places of residence， gender， marital status and per capita household income （P<0.05）. Regarding different dimensions of HBV-related knowledge， there were significant differences in age， education level， and per capita household income for transmission route （P<0.05）. Vaccination showed significant differences based on marital status and per capita family income （P<0.05）. There were significant differences in treatment and outcome among different gender， education level， and per capita family income. Anti-discrimination policies varied significantly by place of residence， age， ethnicity， and per capita income. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that primary healthcare workers’ knowledge of hepatitis B transmission route was a significant factor influencing their willingness to engage in non-discriminatory behaviors （OR=0.49， 95%CI：0.29‒0.84）. ConclusionIt is essential to continuously strengthen hepatitis B health education for primary healthcare workers in western China to reduce the willingness to engage in non-discriminatory behaviors towards hepatitis B and protect the rights of HBV-infected individuals.

Application and challenges of generative artificial intelligence in enhancing primary healthcare services: using ChatGPT as an example / 中华医院管理杂志

While generative artificial intelligence(AI), exemplified by ChatGPT, demonstrated impressive capabilities in understanding the semantics and context of natural language, and generating coherent and meaningful responses, its performance in the medical field, which required high-level expertise and complex reasoning, remained uncertain. This article aimed to explore the potential applications and challenges of generative AI technology, with ChatGPT as a representative example, in enhancing the capabilities of primary healthcare services. Generative AI, represented by ChatGPT, had potential applications in enhancing primary healthcare services, including clinical assistance in diagnosis, electronic medical record documentation, remote management of chronic patients, and patient education. However, limitations such as the inability to guarantee accuracy, lack of doctor-patient interaction, language barriers, and concerns related to data security, patient privacy, and ethical considerations constrained its practical implementation. Therefore, the application of ChatGPT in improving the capabilities of primary healthcare services required extensive discussion and analysis throughout society. A comprehensive evaluation of potential risks and the establishment of corresponding policies and regulations were necessary to ensure the prudent and responsible introduction and application of ChatGPT, ultimately achieving the goal of empowering primary healthcare services.

Measuring nurses' satisfaction in primary health care centers at Khartoum, Sudan

Background: The primary healthcare sector has experienced significant growth globally, and the nursing workforce has also expanded in recent decades in response to health system reforms. This study aims to assess job satisfaction among primary healthcare nurses in Khartoum, Sudan. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 primary healthcare centers on 50 nurses who were selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected using an online questionnaire and it was analyzed using SPSS. Results: The findings of this study indicate that the job satisfaction level among nurses working at primary healthcare centers in Khartoum was high (4.4/5). Most nurses reported high satisfaction with all items including protocols, salary, environment, and relationships. The study also found a significant correlation between nurses' sex and experience with their level of job satisfaction. Female nurses reported significantly higher job satisfaction (4.4/5) compared to male nurses (3.6/5), (p-value = 0.04). Additionally, nurses with fewer years of experience reported significantly higher job satisfaction compared to those with more years of experience (p-value = 0.03). Conclusion: The study concludes that nurses working at primary healthcare centers in Khartoum have high job satisfaction, particularly regarding the working environment, salary, relationships, and availability of guidelines. Female nurses and those with less experience have significantly higher job satisfaction.

Essential health services delivery status during COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia: A national mixed-methods survey of primary healthcare units

BACKGROUND: Essential health services are a package of services critical to improve health outcomes. COVID-19 pandemic disrupts essential health services. However, the level of essential health service disruption due to COVID-19 in Ethiopia is not clear. This study aimed at measuring the status of delivery of essential health services in Ethiopia during COVID-19. METHODS: A national mixed-methods cross-sectional survey was conducted. It was undertaken in Amhara (10 districts), Oromia (eight districts), Sidama (six districts), Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (16 districts), and Dire Dawa City Administration. A total of 452 health facilities were surveyed. Data were collected using face-to-face interview. Descriptive analysis was undertaken. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically. RESULTS: The woredas (districts) and health facilities which adopted essential health services before the COVID-19 pandemic were 81.4% and 51.2%, respectively. Nearly all health centers provided antenatal care services. Blood pressure measuring apparatus and delivery set were available in all health centers. However, only 50% of health centers had radiant warmer. Malnutrition services were provided by 47% of rural health centers. Moreover, a functional incinerator was available in only 41% of health centers. The provision of cardiovascular disease management was at 27.2%. Furthermore, HIV/AIDS treatment was provided by 43.5% of health facilities. CONCLUSION: The adoption of lists of essential health services was optimal. The status of delivery of essential health services was high for maternal healthcare. Neonatal care at birth, malnutrition treatment, and cardiovascular disease management were low. The district health system should strive more to maintain essential health services.

Communicable and non-communicable diseases diagnosis and treatment service availability at primary health care Units during COVID-19 outbreak in Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) pose a substantial global health challenge, resulting in an annual death toll of over 15 million individuals aged 30 to 69. Ethiopia, categorized as COVID-19 vulnerable, grapples with NCD treatment challenges. This study aims to assess disease service availability at primary health units in Ethiopia during the pandemic. METHODS: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October to December 2021 across regions, encompassing 452 facilities: 92 health centers, 16 primary hospitals, 344 health posts, and 43 districts. Facility selection, based on consultation with regional health bureaus, included high, medium, and low performing establishments. The study employed the WHO tool for COVID-19 capacity assessment and evaluated services for various diseases using descriptive analysis. RESULTS: Results reveal service disruptions in the past year: hospitals (55.6%), health centers (21.7%), districts (30.2%), and health posts (17.4%). Main reasons were equipment shortages (42%), lack of skilled personnel (24%), and insufficient infection prevention supplies (18.8%). While tuberculosis treatment was fully available in 23% of health posts and malaria services in 65.7%, some health centers lacked HIV/AIDS, cardiovascular, mental health, and cervical cancer services. Most communicable and noncommunicable disease diagnoses and treatments were fully accessible at primary hospitals, except for cervical cancer (56.3%) and mental health (62.5%) services. CONCLUSION: Significant gaps exist in expected services at primary health units. Improving disease care accessibility necessitates strengthening the supply chain, resource management, capacity building, and monitoring systems.

Women's perceptions with use of Implanon® contraceptive device at a primary healthcare facility in KwaZulu-Natal

Background: Early 2014, subdermal contraceptive implant was introduced in South Africa, Implanon® NXT, aiming to expand the method mix, increase effectiveness and availability to long-acting contraceptives. The initial uptake was extremely high, but concerns have been raised with treatment failure and high number of removals reported. Aim: The study focuses on describing women's perceptions with use of Implanon® at a primary health care (PHC) facility in KwaZulu-Natal. Setting: This study was conducted at a selected primary health care (PHC) facility in KwaZuluNatal. Methods: A quantitative, descriptive study design was used. Through purposive sampling, a sample of 60 women from 15 to 50 years old were recruited. Data were gathered through a structured questionnaire and analysed using SPSS 24 software. Results: Study findings show that slightly above half of respondents, 32 or 58.1% expressed satisfaction towards the implant, 20 or 40.9% had stopped using the implant as a result of its major implications. It was found that an edge above half of respondents continued using the implant 28 or 50.9%, while close to half had abandoned it (27 or 49.1%). Some respondents reported that they were experiencing heavy menstrual bleeding and low sex drive as serious unwanted side effects forcing them to stop using Implanon®. Conclusion: Side-effects and poor screening, counselling and support are major reasons for early removal. It is imperative to develop an effective screening tool and to re-train healthcare workers on Implanon® NXT. Contributions: This article contributes to increase awareness of women's perceptions about Implanon® contraceptive.

Community health workers' experiences of supervision by nurses at clinics in Limpopo Province

Background: Supervision of community health workers (CHWs) is considered, among others, a strategy to achieve universal healthcare globally. In South Africa, it is incorporated in the ward-based primary healthcare (PHC) outreach teams' policy and strategy, a national health insurance policy component. Supervision of CHWs by nurses in the policy is considered a measure to facilitate PHC service provision to communities. However, CHWs experienced varying levels of supervision from nurses and other workers globally and in South Africa. Aim: This study explored and described the experiences of CHWs about supervision received from nurses at PHC facilities in Limpopo Province. Setting: Participants were drawn from seven PHC facilities in Polokwane and Lepelle-Nkumpi subdistricts of the Capricorn District. Methods: A qualitative exploratory-descriptive and contextual study design was employed. Participants were selected utilising a purposive sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data. Data were analysed according to themes and their associated categories. Measures to ensure rigour and ethical principles were applied. Results: Two main themes emerged: positive supervision experienced by CHWs and supervision challenges experienced by CHWs. Conclusion: The varying experiences of CHWs about supervision from nurses emerged and reflected the need for functioning supervision mechanisms. Contribution: The experiences of CHWs indicated inconsistent delivery of supervision by nurses in PHC facilities. The findings highlighted the need for effective supervision measures that are vital for the success of the CHW supervision programme.

Interdisciplinary training for the family approach in primary healthcare / Formación interdisciplinaria para el enfoque familiar en la atención primaria de salud / A formação interdisciplinar para a abordagem familiar na atenção primária à saúde

ABSTRACT Objective: To reflect on the interdisciplinary training of health team professionals to work with the family in Primary Healthcare, considering the complexity of the family phenomenon in their health and illness experiences. Method: A reflection article in which the need to incorporate new concepts for training professionals to work with the family in Primary Healthcare is discussed. Results: The theoretical articulation between the Patient- and Family-Centered Care Model, Interprofessional Education and Primary Healthcare is fundamental to guide interdisciplinary training in health, aiming at including the family as the protagonist of the care of its members and active in the teaching and learning process of the healthcare professionals. Conclusion: It becomes necessary to promote changes in the training model of health professionals to incorporate collaborative practice with the family.

RESUMEN Objetivo: reflexionar sobre la formación interdisciplinar de los profesionales del equipo de salud para el trabajo con la familia en la Atención Primaria de Salud, considerando la complejidad del fenómeno familiar en sus vivencias de salud y enfermedad. Método: artículo de reflexión en el que se discute la necesidad de incorporar nuevos conceptos para la formación de profesionales para el trabajo con la familia en la Atención Primaria de Salud. Resultados: la articulación teórica entre el Modelo de Atención Centrado en el Paciente y la Familia, la Educación Interprofesional y la Atención Primaria de Salud es fundamental para orientar la formación interdisciplinaria en salud, visando incluir a la familia como protagonista del cuidado de sus miembros y activa en el proceso de enseñanza- aprendizaje de los profesionales. Conclusión: es necesario promover cambios en el modelo de formación de los profesionales de la salud para la incorporación de la práctica colaborativa con la familia.

RESUMO Objetivo: refletir sobre a formação interdisciplinar dos profissionais da equipe de saúde para atuar com a família na Atenção Primária à Saúde, considerando a complexidade do fenômeno família em suas experiências de saúde e doença. Método: artigo de reflexão em que se discute a necessidade de incorporar novas concepções para a formação dos profissionais para atuar com a família na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Resultados: a articulação teórica entre o Modelo do Cuidado Centrado no Paciente e na Família, a Educação Interprofissional e a Atenção Primária à Saúde é fundamental para nortear a formação interdisciplinar em saúde, visando a inclusão da família como protagonista do cuidado de seus membros e ativa no processo de ensino-aprendizagem dos profissionais. Conclusão: torna-se necessário promover mudanças no modelo de formação dos profissionais de saúde para a incorporação da prática colaborativa junto à família.