Determinación de las medidas de bioseguridad en clínicas y consultorios de pequeños animales en la ciudad de pasto, nariño / Determination of biosecurity measures in small animals clinics and veterinary offices in pasto, nariño

La medicina veterinaria es considerada como una de las profesiones más expuestas a sufrir daños a la salud humana como consecuencia de accidentes y enfermedades profesionales relacionadas con los animales, las enfermedades zoonóticas son el principal riesgo laboral que enfrenta el personal veterinario a diario. El presente estudio se realizó en la ciudad de Pasto, en ocho clínicas y consultorios veterinarios, con el objetivo de determinar las medidas de bioseguridad que implementan durante la prestación de sus servicios profesionales. La recolección de los datos se realizó mediante encuestas para determinar las medidas profilácticas que usan los médicos veterinarios en su ejercicio profesional para prevenir el contagio de enfermedades zoonóticas. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de la encuesta personal revelan que el 87,5% de los profesionales desconocen los alcances de la ley 776 de 2002 sobre accidentes de trabajo y enfermedades profesionales. Las enfermedades zoonóticas que conocen son principalmente rabia (100%) y brucelosis (87,5%). El 87,5% de los profesionales se encuentran vacunados profilácticamente contra tétanos y solo el 25% contra rabia. El 37% de los profesionales ha sido afectado por alguna enfermedad zoonótica durante el tiempo de su ejercicio profesional. Las principales medidas profilácticas implementadas son el lavado de manos y depósito de material cortopunzantes en recipientes adecuados. El uso de barreras de protección varía dependiendo del procedimiento y tipo de paciente. En conclusión, los profesionales encuestados dedicados a clínica y cirugía de pequeñas especies, conocen los riesgos a los que están expuestos en su práctica profesional y la necesidad de implementar medidas profilácticas, sin embargo no cuentan con un esquema de bioseguridad que sigan estrictamente.

Veterinary medicine is considered one of the most vulnerable professions to human health damage as a result of occupational accidents and diseases related to animals, being zoonotic diseases the primary occupational hazard faced by the veterinary staff daily. This study was conducted in the city of Pasto, in eight clinics and veterinary offices with the purpose of determining the biosecurity measures implemented during the provision of professional services. The collection of data was done using surveys to determine the protective measures used by veterinarians in their professional practice to prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases. The results obtained from the study show that 87.5% of the professionals are unaware of the scope of law 776 of 2002 on occupational accidents and diseases. Zoonotic diseases mainly known by veterinaries are rabies (100%) and brucellosis (87.5%). The 87.5% of the professionals surveyed are prophylactically vaccinated against tetanus and only 25% against rabies. A 37% of professionals have been affected by any zoonotic disease at the time of their professional practice. The primary preventive measures implemented are handwashing and deposit of sharp pointed material into suitable containers. The use of protective barriers varies depending on the method and type of patient. In conclusion, professionals surveyed dedicated to clinical and surgery of small species in Pasto know the risks they are exposed to in their professional practice and the need to implement prophylactic measures, but they do not have a biosafety scheme to follow strictly.

Preventing Surgical Site Infection in Cardiovascular Surgery : Cooperation between the Infection Control Team and Surgeons / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

Postoperative infections should be comprehensively controlled in the context of infection control, rather than as activities of individual surgeons. We started a surgical site infection (SSI) surveillance program in 2009 in which prophylactic measures for preventing SSIs were applied. These measures were as follows : 1) screening for nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus </i>; 2) dental checks and oral screening ; 3) antibiotic prophylaxis in the intra- and postoperative period ; 4) control of glucose levels to ≤160 mg/dl in the immediate postoperative period ; and 5) early removal of surgical drain. After the introduction of prophylactic measures, we reexamined SSI surveillance and added the following prophylactic measures at the beginning of 2011 : 6) data concerning SSI and compliance with prophylactic measures for all surgical and ward staff were published monthly, and the Infection Control Team (ICT) and surgeons performed weekly ward visits to assess SSIs ; 7) recommendations were made for wearing two pairs of gloves and surgical hoods to cover the hair, scalp, ears and neck ; and 8) collaboration with diabetologists was implemented to control glucose levels in diabetics. We compared incidences of SSI in cardiovascular surgery from the periods before (469 cases, Group B) and after (118 cases, Group A) introduction of the additional prophylactic measures. Clinical characteristics of patients in each group did not differ significantly. Operative time was significantly shorter in Group A (400±116 min) than in Group B (434±145 min). Compliance with antibiotic prophylaxis in the intraoperative period improved progressively from 93% in Group B to 99% in Group A. Compliance with control of glucose levels to ≤160 mg/dl on postoperative day 1 improved progressively from 71% in Group B to 81% in Group A. Duration of drain placement was significantly shorter in Group A (2.9±1.8 days) than in Group B (3.6±2.9 days). Incidence of SSI decreased significantly from 6.0% in Group B to 0.8% in Group A. Revision of preventive measures based on the results of surveillance and enhancement of cooperation between the ICT and surgeons could help to decrease the incidence of SSI.

Side effects of topical antiglaucoma drugs on the ocular surface: evaluation and challenge / 复旦学报（医学版）

Antiglaucoma medications are the first line therapy for the patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).As these intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering agents are used for spanning years,good tolerability and better compliance are desired.Long-term application of antiglaucoma medications may exert side effects on ocular surface,which includes tear film,conjunctiva and cornea.These side effects can be attributable to the preservatives contained in the eye drops,e.g.,benzalkonium chloride (BAK).Preservative-free eye drops,vitamin A palmitate,antimetabolites,and new drug deliveries such as nanoemulsions and cationic emulsions,can contribute to minimizing the side effects as well as promoting the compliance and continuation of medication therapy.

Occupational exposure and prevention guidelines in dental and stomatological settings - a literature review

A review of the main infectious pathogens potentially transmissible to health care professionals during Dentistry and Odonto-Stomatological procedures is carried out, with particular attention focused on parenteral exposure in the dental, stomatological, and surgical environment. Epidemiological issues and specific risk factors are treated systematically based on available literature sources, together with all available, recommended chemo-prophylactic and immune-prophylactic strategies, as updated by the state of the art in this field.

Avaliação da eficácia das medidas preventivas do linfedema secundário ao tratamento cirúrgico do câncer de mama / Association of the lymphedema appearance with the acomplishment of the prophylactic measures

O linfedema é um problema quantitativo entre o fluxo linfático produzido e a capacidade de transporte. O risco está associado a esvaziamento e radioterapia axilar; idade; número de linfonodos dissecados e positivos; nível de retirada dos linfonodos; obesidade; extensão da técnica cirúrgica e infecção. Medidas preventivas são adotadas rotineiramente no pós-operatório, na orientação dessas pacientes. Entretanto, não há comprovação científica, questionando-se então, a eficácia dessas medidas na sua prevenção. Objetivo: objetivou-se neste estudo analisar a associação do aparecimento do finfedema com o cumprimento das medidas preventivas. Métodos: foram utilizadas 50 mulheres, tendo realizado cirurgia por câncer de mama há pelo menos 1 ano. As pacientes responderam a um questionário a fim de conhecer se as medidas preventivas geralmente orientadas no pós-operatório, como não tirar a cutícula, raspar ou depilar a axila, expor braço ao sol; tirar sangue; tomar injeção vacina ou medir a pressão; carregar peso; usar luvas paras lavar louças, roupas ou mexer no jardim; não se ferir, queimar; não fazer atividades com peso e não ser picada por insetos, eram seguidas. Resultados/conclusão: os resultados demonstraram estatisticamente que as variáveis analisadas não se relacionam com o aparecimento do linfedema.

The lymphedema is a quantitative problem between the produced lymphatic flow and the capacity of transportation. The risk is associated with to the axillary dissection and armpit radiotherapy, age, number of dissected lymphonodes and positive ones, level of withdrawal, obesity, extension of surgical technique and infection. prophylactic measures routinely adopted on the post operation, due to the necessity of information from these patients. However there’s no scientific affirmative, so it’s questioned the efficacy of these prevention measures. Objective: It was objectified on this study to analyse the association of the lymphedema appearance with the accomplishment of the prophylactic measures. Methods: There were used 50 women, that went through the breast cancer surgery at, at least 1 (one) year. The referred patients answered a questionnaire with the purpose of knowing if the prophylactic measures generally oriented in the post operative as not to go to the manicure, shave or wax the armpit, expose the arm to the sunlight, blood withdrawal,have shots, vaccines, or measure the blood pressure on the surgically treated arm, lift weight, use gloves to do the dishes, do the laundry and to do yard work, not to injure yourself, or not to burn yourself, not to do activities with heavy weight, and not to be bitten by bugs were followed. Results/Conclusion: The results show statistically that the analyzed variables aren’t related to the appearance of the lymphedema