Consumo de lácteos y adecuación del aporte de calcio en estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina de laUniversidad Nacional del Nordeste / Dairy consumption and adequacy of calcium intake in students of the Faculty of Medicine of the National University of the Northeast

Los lácteos constituyen un grupo alimentariode gran relevancia para el ser humano, se consideran como tales a la leche y sus derivados, por ser los alimentos fuente de calcio por excelencia su ingesta adecuada garantiza cubrir la Ingesta Recomendada del mineral. El objetivo general del trabajo fue determinar la adecuación de la Ingesta recomendada de calcio, para ello se realizó un estudio de enfoque cuantitativo de carácter descriptivo. La población de estudio fueron los estudiantes de Licenciatura en Enfermería de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Nacional del Nordeste. Sobre ella se tomó una muestra no probabilística accidental conformada por 100 unidades muestrales. Tras el análisis de datos se observó que el 22% de los encuestados no cubre la IR de calcio mientras que el 58% lo hace en exceso y solo el 20% cumple la media de 1000 mg/día. Como conclusión se destaca la necesidad de implementar estrategias de educación nutricional a fin de mejorar el patrón de consumo de lácteos y la consecuente ingesta de calcio

Recommended Intake and Dietary Intake of Vitamin A for Koreans by Unit of Retinol Activity Equivalent / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: New retinol activity equivalent (RAE) was introduced as vitamin A unit in Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for Koreans 2015. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of 2015 reference intake (RI) of vitamin A in RAE unit by the comparison with RI and dietary intake of vitamin A. METHODS: Analyses on RI of vitamin A were based on the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Koreans (1962~2000) and DRIs for Koreans (2005~2015). Analyses on Koreans dietary intake of vitamin A were based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) reports (1969-2014). For recalculation of RI and dietary intake of vitamin A in RE to RAE, 2013 Koreans intake of retinol: carotenoids ratio of 13: 87 was applied. RESULTS: RI of vitamin A was 600~750 RE for Korean adult, and 339~425 RAE when calculated by applying the retinol and carotenoids intake ratio. Vitamin A intakes of Koreans were 700 RE, >100% RI. When vitamin A intake was converted from RE to RAE (2005~2014), 718~864 RE became 405.8~488.1 RAE, decreased to 56.5% level. The recent 2015 RI of vitamin A is 850 RAE, two times of 2005 & 2010 RI of 425 RAE for adult male. CONCLUSIONS: When nutritional status of vitamin A was assessed for Koreans using the estimated average requirement (EAR) of 2015 (570, 460 RAE for male, female adults, respectively), ratio of deficient people increased significantly when judged based on the previous intake of Koreans, <490 RAE. We needs to examine the 2015 RI (EAR) of vitamin A, find a way to measure the accurate intake of dietary vitamin A, and to increase the dietary intake of this vitamin.

Relation between Milk Consumption and Bone Mineral Density of Female College Students in Korea

The purpose of our study was to evaluate an association between milk consumption and bone mineral density (BMD) of female college students in Korea. The dietary data of 1,410 Korean college students living in the vicinity of Seoul area were collected through the Food Frequency Questionnaire. The mean age, height, weight and BMI of the subjects were 20.4 years, 162.1 cm, 52.7 kg, and 20.0 kg/m2 respectively. The mean intakes of energy, protein, and phosphorus were 2,398.7 kcal, 95.2 g, and 1,302.9 mg respectively, which were above their EER or Recommended Intake (RI), but the mean intake of calcium was 657.8 mg which was below its RI, and 44.0% of the subjects did not meet Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of calcium. The daily milk consumption was 131.1 g, and the total consumption of milk and dairy product was 228.7 g. Forty five percent of the subjects consumed 50 ~200 g of milk or dairy products. After the analysis of their dietary intakes, the subjects were divided into quintiles of total consumption of milk and dairy product, which were considered as major source of dietary calcium. Ninety two subjects from the upper quintile (UQ) and 85 subjects from the lower quintile (LQ) were selected and their bone mineral densities (BMD) of lumbar spine (L1-L4) and the femur were examined by the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The BMD (g/cm2) of L1, L2, L3, and average of femur were 1.065, 1.150, 1.187, and 0.988 for the UQ subjects, which were significantly higher than those of the LQ subjects, 1.010, 1.090, 1.146, and 0.942 respectively. Moreover, the T-scores of the UQ were significantly higher than those of the LQ. The prevalence rates of osteopenia classified according to WHO's criterion were 12.0% in the UQ, and 20.0% in the LQ group which showed non significant. Blood levels of calcium, and phosphorus of UQ and LQ group were both within the normal range, and were not significantly different. Our results showed that UQ group presented the better status of bone mineral density and bone health. Therfore our results suggest that continuous consumption of more than one and a half cups of milk per day, which corresponds to the least amount of UQ group's consumption, would affect positively on the bone health of Korean adults.

Estimation of Safe Maximum Levels of Vitamins and Minerals to Foods

The voluntary addition of vitamins and minerals to the appropriate foods may help reduce the risks associated with low intakes of these micronutrients, yet the potential of excessive intake, particularly for persons consuming very large amount of foods needs to be addressed. Using the Flynn's model to estimate the level of each vitamins and minerals that can be added safely to foods, maximum levels of fortification to conventional foods per 100 kcal portion were estimated. Critical factors in the Flynn's model included tolerable upper intake level (UL), each micronutrient intake at the 95th percentile, the proportion of fortified foods in the diets of individuals, the proportion of foods to which micronutrients could be practically added, and a range of estimates for fractions of foods which might be actually fortified in each nutrient. Food vehicles included all foods except for fresh foods and alcoholic beverages, in general. With fortification of 50% of all potentially fortifiable foods, micrornutrients could be added safely to foods at levels per 100 kcal 1) >100% Recommended Intake (RI) for vitamin B12, 2) 1,200% RI for vitamin B1 and niacin, 3) 1,000% RI for vitamins B2 and B6, 4) 400% RI for vitamin E, 5) 30% RI for calcium, 6) 20% RI for folic acid, iron and zinc, 7) 10% RI for manganese, 8) no fortification for magnesium, phosphorous and vitamin A, and 8) further consideration of vitamin D, copper and selenium due to insufficient evidence. Results of this study suggests a wide range of vitamins and minerals that can be added safely to foods in current diets of Koreans.

Bases para estimar las necesidades de vitamina C en la gestación / Bases to determine the dose of vitamin C in pregnancy

Objetivo: Establecer la dosis de vitamina C para mantener una concentración leucocitaria >18 µg/10(8) células en mujeres embarazadas entre las semanas 28 y 32 de la gestación, con la finalidad de establecerla como base para la estimación de la ingestión diaria recomendada (IDR). Metodología: Etapa 1: estudio agudo de suplementación. Se suplementó a 10 gestantes al inicio del segundo trimestre con dosis que fueron de 0 a 200 mg/día de vitamina C (sin contar con el aporte dietético), cada dosis se administró durante una semana. Etapa 2: estudio doble ciego aleatorizado (100 mg/día de vitamina C vs. Placebo) entre la semana 20 y el término de la gestación con 52 mujeres. Resultados: Etapa 1. Con 100 mg/día de vitamina C se alcanzó la saturación leucocitaria sin incrementar significativamente la excreción urinaria. Etapa 2. Las mujeres que recibieron placebo disminuyeron significativamente su concentración leucocitaria de vitamina C a lo largo de la gestación mientras que las gestantes que recibieron el suplemento la incrementaron en forma significativa manteniéndola por arriba de >18 µg/10(8) células. Conclusión: Una dosis diaria de 100 mg de vitamina C durante la segunda mitad del embarazo ocasiona una reserva leucocitaria adecuada y puede ser considerada como referencia para establecer la IDR.

Objective: Determine the dose of Vitamin C able to maintain a leukocyte Vitamin C concentration of >18 µg/10(8)cells, in pregnant women with 28 to 32 weeks of gestation, in order to compile a database to estimate the daily recommended intake (DRI) during pregnancy. Methodology: Stage 1: acute supplementation study. A group of 10 healthy women in late first and early second trimester pregnancy were supplemented with 0 to 200 mg vitamin C/day during one week each. Stage 2: a randomized double blind study (placebo vs. vitamin C [100 mg/d]) was carried out with 52 women studied from week 20 to week 32 of pregnancy. Their plasma and leukocyte vitamin C concentrations were measured every 4 weeks to evaluate the previously established supplementation dose. Results: Stage 1: with the 100 mg/day dose, leukocyte vitamin C saturation was reached without increasing urinary excretion. Stage 2: leukocyte concentration of vitamin C decreased throughout pregnancy in women receiving placebo, while supplemented women maintained their concentrations >18 µg/10(8) cells. Conclusion: A 100 mg/day dose of vitamin C during the second half of pregnancy keeps leucocyte storage and could be useful to establish the DRI of Vitamin C during pregnancy.