Résumé
Contexte & objectif : Les adultes fortement exposés par leurs activités professionnelles dans l'eau douce dans les régions d'endémicité de la schistosomiase, entretiennent la transmission de la maladie. Il est donc nécessaire d'investiguer sur leurs fréquences afin de lutter contre la pérennité de la schistosomiase. Méthodes : Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale, réalisée entre septembre et octobre 2019, chez creuseurs le long de la rivière N'djili. Les Schistoma étaient systématiquement recherchés à la fois dans les échantillons de selles et des urines. Résultats : Au total 224 creuseurs de sables ont été examinés. La fréquence de la Schistosomiase était de 28,6 % (IC : 22,8-35). Les S. mansoni (22,8 %), S. intercalatum (3,1 %) et S. haematobium (2,7 %) ont été détectés. Le revenu financier supérieur ou égal au SMIG (ORa= 1,8 ; IC 95% : 1,0 3,4), était associé à la schistosomiase. Conclusion : Les creuseurs s'exposent et entretiennent la schistosomiase. Parmi les espèces qui les affectent, nous comptons également le S. intercalatum à Kinshasa. Il faut donc une étude complémentaire de comparaison avec les autres catégories professionnelles
Context and objective. Adults who are highly exposed to schistosomiasis through their professional activities in freshwater in regions where the disease is endemic, maintain the transmission of the disease. It is therefore necessary to investigate their frequency in order to combat the perpetuation of schistosomiasis. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study, carried out from September to October 2019, among diggers along the N'djili River. Schistosoma were systematically tested both in the stools and urine. Results. A total of 224 sand diggers were included. The prevalence of Schistosomiasis was 28.6 % (95 % CI: 22.8-35). S. mansoni (22.8 %), S. intercalatum (3.1 %) and S. haematobium (2.7 %) were detected. Financial income greater than or equal to SMIG (ORa= 1.8; 95 % CI: 1.0 - 3.4), was associated with schistosomiasis. Conclusion: Diggers are exposed to and maintain schistosomiasis. S. intercalatum is found among the species that affect the diggers in Kinshasa. Therefore, there is need to carry out a further comparative study with other occupational categories.
Sujets)
Humains , Mâle , Femelle , RivièresRésumé
Objective To understand the current status of capacity building in schistosomiasis control institutes in schistosomiasis-endemic provinces (municipality, autonomous region) of China. Methods The responsibilities and construction requirements of various schistosomiasis control institutions were surveyed by expert discussions, and field interviews and visits during the period between May and June, 2023, and the questionnaire for capacity maintenance and consolidation in schistosomiasis control institutions was designed. An online questionnaire survey was conducted in county-, municipal-, and provincial-level institutions that undertook schistosomiasis control and surveillance activities through the Wenjuanxing program. The distribution of schistosomiasis control institutions, the status of institutions, departments and staff undertaking schistosomiasis control activities and the translation of scientific researches on schistosomiasis control in China were analyzed. The laboratories accredited by China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) were considered to be capable for testing associated with schistosomiasis control, and the testing capability of schistosomiasis control institutions was analyzed. Results A total of 486 valid questionnaires were recovered from 486 schistosomiasis control institutions in 12 endemic provinces (municipality, autonomous region) of China, including 12 provincial-level institutions (2.5%), 77 municipal-level institutions (15.8%) and 397 county-level institutions (81.7%). Of all schistosomiasis control institutions, 376 (77.4%) were centers for disease control and prevention or public health centers, 102 (21.0%) were institutions for schistosomiasis, endemic disease and parasitic disease control, and 8 (1.6%) were hospitals, healthcare centers or others. There were 37 713 active employees in the 486 schistosomiasis control institutions, including 5 675 employees related to schistosomiasis control, and the proportions of employees associated with schistosomiasis control among all active employees were 5.9% (231/3 897), 5.5% (566/10 134), and 20.6% (4 878/23 682) in provincial-, municipal-, and county-level institutions, respectively. There were 3 826 full-time employees working in schistosomiasis control activities, with 30.5% (1 166/3 826), 34.6% (1 324) and 34.9% (1 336/3 826) at ages of 40 years and below, 41 to 50 years and over 50 years, and there were 1 571 (41.0%) full-time schistosomiasis control employees with duration of schistosomiasis control activities for over 25 years, and 1 358 (35.5%) employees with junior professional titles and 1 290 with intermediate professional titles (35.5%), while 712 (18.6%) full-time employees working in schistosomiasis control activities had no professional titles. The three core schistosomiasis control activities included snail control (26.3%, 374/1 420), epidemics surveillance and management (25.4%, 361/1 420) and health education (18.8%, 267/1 420) in schistosomiasis control institutions. The Kato-Katz method, miracidium hatching test with nylon gauzes, and indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA) were the most commonly used techniques for detection of schistosomiasis, and there were less than 50% laboratories that had capabilities or experimental conditions for performing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), dipstick dye immunoassay (DDIA), dot immunogold filtration assay (DIG-FA), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. During the period from 2018 to 2022, schistosomiasis control institutions had undertaken a total of 211 research projects for schistosomiasis control, with a total funding of 18.596 million RMB, published 619 articles, participated in formulation of 13 schistosomiasis control-related criteria, and applied for 113 schistosomiasis control-related patents, including 101 that were granted, and commercialized 4 scientific research outcomes. Conclusions The proportion of independent specialized schistosomiasis control institutions is low in schistosomiasis control institutions in China, which suffers from problems of unsatisfactory laboratory testing capabilities, aging of staff and a high proportion of low-level professional titles. More investment into and intensified schistosomiasis control activities and improved capability building and talent cultivation in schistosomiasis control institutions are recommended to provide a powerful support for high-quality elimination of schistosomiasis in China.
Résumé
On June 16, 2023, National Disease Control and Prevention Administration of the People’s Republic of China, in collaboration with other ministries, formulated and issued the Action Plan to Accelerate the Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China (2023—2030). The implementation of this plan provides an important basis for achieving the targets set in the “Healthy China 2030” action plan and the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. This paper describes the background, principles, targets, control strategies, safeguard measures and effectiveness evaluation of the plan, in order to guide the scientific and standardized implementation of actions for schistosomiasis elimination at the grassroots level, and facilitate the progress towards elimination of schistosomiasis in China with a high quality.
Résumé
The goal of achieving elimination of schistosomiasis across all endemic counties in China by 2030 was proposed in the Outline of the Healthy China 2030 Plan. On June 16, 2023, the Action Plan to Accelerate the Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China (2023—2030) was jointly issued by National Disease Control and Prevention Administration and other 10 ministries, which deployed the targets and key tasks of the national schistosomiasis elimination programme in China. This article describes the progress of the national schistosomiasis control programme, analyzes the opportunities to eliminate schistosomiasis, and proposes targeted recommendations to tackle the challenges of schistosomiasis elimination, so as to accelerate the process towards schistosomiasis elimination and facilitate the building of a healthy China.
Résumé
Introducción: la esquistosomiasis es la infección por trematodos más importante a nivel global. El carcinoma de células escamosas constituye el 2 % de todos los tipos histológicos de cáncer vesical; sin embargo, la incidencia de esta variedad en países endémicos de esquistosomiasis es mayor. Objetivo: evaluar la relación entre la esquistosomiasis y el cáncer de vejiga en pacientes del Hospital Central de Nampula. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en el período comprendido entre enero de 2014 y diciembre de 2020. Los pacientes se dividieron en grupos etarios, por intervalos de 10 años. Se tomaron muestras de biopsias de tumores de vejiga, clasificándose por tipo histológico, además de los hallazgos relacionados con infestación por esquistosomiasis y formas de presentación del cáncer de vejiga. El universo estuvo constituido por 184 pacientes, y la muestra se conformó por 135 casos. Resultados: se comprobó que el mayor número de pacientes con cáncer de vejiga es del sexo masculino; el tipo histológico más frecuente fue el carcinoma de células escamosas, representando un 84,3 % del total. La cistitis, la presencia de esquistosomas, y sus huevos estuvieron presentes en casi todas las biopsias realizadas. Sus formas de presentación más frecuente fueron la cistitis, la hematúrica y la dolorosa. Conclusiones: el cáncer de vejiga mostró una mayor incidencia en las edades comprendidas entre 30 y 69 años. El carcinoma de células escamosas fue el más frecuente, y su relación con la cistitis y la infección por esquistosomas estuvo presente en más del 90 % de las biopsias.
Introduction: schistosomiasis is the most important trematode infection globally. Squamous cell carcinoma constitutes 2% of all the histological types of bladder cancer; however, the incidence of this variety of cancer in squistosomiasis-endemic countries is higher. Objective: to evaluate the relationship between squistosomiasis and bladder cancer in patients from the Central Hospital of Nampula. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried in the period between January 2014 and December 2020. Patients were divided into age-groups, by 10-year intervals. Biopsy samples of bladder tumors were taken, classified by histological type, in addition to findings related to squistosomiasis infestations and bladder cancer presentation forms. The universe consisted of 184 patients and the sample of 135 cases. Results: it was found that the largest number of patients with bladder cancer is male; squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequent histological type, representing 84.3% of the total. Cystitis, schistosome and their eggs were present in almost all the biopsies performed. Its most frequent presentation forms were hematuric and painful cystitis. Conclusions: bladder cancer showed higher incidence at the ages between 30 and 69 years. The squamous cell carcinoma was the most frequent, and its relationship with cystitis and schistosome infection was present in more than 90% of biopsies.
Résumé
RESUMO Objetivo. Analisar a distribuição espaço-temporal e os fatores associados à mortalidade por doenças tropicais negligenciadas (DTNs) no Brasil de 2000 a 2019. MÉtodo. Estudo ecológico que analisou os óbitos por DTNs registrados no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Para a análise temporal, utilizou-se o método joinpoint. A dependência espacial foi analisada pelos índices de Moran global e local e Getis-Ord Gi*. Quatro modelos de regressão não espacial e espacial foram usados para identificar fatores associados ao óbito. Resultados. A taxa média de mortalidade por DTNs no Brasil foi de 3,32 óbitos/100 000 habitantes no período considerado, com a maior taxa (8,68 óbitos/100 000 habitantes) observada no Centro-Oeste. As causas mais prevalentes de morte foram doença de Chagas (n = 94 781; 74,9%) e esquistossomose (n = 10 271; 8,1%). Houve redução de 1,24% (IC95% = -1,6; - 0,9; P < 0,001) ao ano da mortalidade por DTNs no Brasil. Observou-se padrão alto/alto de distribuição espacial e hotspots em municípios dos estados de Goiás, Minas Gerais, Bahia, Tocantins e Piauí. Os indicadores "população em domicílios com densidade > 2 habitantes por dormitório" (β = -0,07; P = 0,00) e "índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal" (β = -3,36; P = 0,08) associaram-se negativamente ao desfecho, enquanto o indicador "índice de vulnerabilidade social" (β = 2,74; P = 0,05) associou-se positivamente ao desfecho. Conclusão. Quanto menor o desenvolvimento humano e maior a vulnerabilidade social, maior é a mortalidade por DTNs, o que deve direcionar as ações de prevenção e controle das DTNs.
ABSTRACT Objective. To analyze the spatial-temporal distribution and factors associated with mortality from neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in Brazil from 2000 to 2019. Method. We performed an ecological study to analyze NTD-related deaths recorded in the Ministry of Health Mortality Information System (SIM). For the temporal analysis, the joinpoint method was used. Spatial dependence was analyzed using global Moran and local Getis-Ord Gi* indices. Four non-spatial and spatial regression models were used to identify factors associated with mortality. Results. The mean mortality rate from NTDs in Brazil during the study period was 3.32 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants, with the highest rate (8.68 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants) recorded in the Midwest. The most prevalent causes of death were Chagas disease (n = 94 781; 74.9%) and schistosomiasis (n = 10 271; 8.1%). There was a 1.24% reduction (95%CI = -1.6; -0.9; P < 0.001) in NTD-related mortality in Brazil per year. A high/high spatial distribution pattern and hotspots were observed in municipalities in the states of Goiás, Minas Gerais, Bahia, Tocantins, and Piauí. The indicators "population in households with density > 2 people per bedroom" (β = -0.07; P = 0.00) and "municipal human development index" (β = -3.36; P = 0.08) were negatively associated with the outcome, while the "index of social vulnerability" (β = 2.74; P = 0.05) was positively associated with the outcome. Conclusion. Lower human development and higher social vulnerability are associated with higher mortality from NTDs, which should guide NTD prevention and control efforts.
RESUMEN Objetivo. Analizar la distribución espacial y temporal de la mortalidad por enfermedades tropicales desatendidas en Brasil en el período 2000-2019 y los factores asociados a ella. Método. Estudio ecológico centrado en el análisis de las muertes por enfermedades tropicales desatendidas registradas en el Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad. Para el análisis temporal se utilizó el método de regresión de puntos de inflexión (joinpoint). La dependencia espacial se analizó mediante los índices de Moran global y local y Gi* de Getis-Ord. Se utilizaron cuatro modelos de regresión espacial y no espacial para detectar los factores relacionados con la mortalidad. Resultados. La tasa media de mortalidad por enfermedades tropicales desatendidas en Brasil fue de 3,32 muertes por 100 000 habitantes en el periodo del estudio, y la tasa más alta observada (8,68 muertes por 100 000 habitantes) fue la del Centro Oeste. Las causas de muerte más prevalentes fueron la enfermedad de Chagas (n = 94.781; 74,9%) y la esquistosomiasis (n = 10.271; 8,1%). Se registró una disminución de 1,24% (IC del 95% = -1,6; -0,9; p < 0,001) anual de la mortalidad por enfermedades tropicales desatendidas en el país. Se observó un patrón de distribución espacial alto/alto, con puntos calientes en municipios de los estados de Bahía, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Piauí y Tocantins. Los indicadores "población en hogares con densidad > 2 habitantes por dormitorio" (β = -0,07; P = 0,00) e "índice de desarrollo humano municipal" (β = -3,36; P = 0,08) mostraron una asociación negativa con el resultado, mientras que el indicador "índice de vulnerabilidad social" (β = 2,74; P = 0,05) arrojó una asociación positiva. Conclusiones. Cuanto menor es el grado de desarrollo humano y mayor la vulnerabilidad social, mayor es la mortalidad por enfermedades tropicales desatendidas, lo que debe orientar las medidas correspondientes de prevención y control.
Résumé
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis is an endemic disease prevalent in tropical countries and is associated with a high incidence of portal vein thrombosis. Inflammatory changes caused by both parasitic infection and portal thrombosis can lead to the development of chronic liver disease with potential carcinogenesis. AIMS: To assess the incidence of portal vein thrombosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with schistosomiasis during long-term follow-up. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted involving patients with schistosomiasis followed up at our institution between 1990 and 2021. RESULTS: A total of 126 patients with schistosomiasis were evaluated in the study. The mean follow-up time was 16 years (range 5-31). Of the total, 73 (57.9%) patients presented portal vein thrombosis during follow-up. Six (8.1%) of them were diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma, all with portal vein thrombosis diagnosed more than ten years before. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with schistosomiasis and chronic portal vein thrombosis highlights the importance of a systematic long-term follow-up in this group of patients.
RESUMO RACIONAL: A esquistossomose hepatoesplênica é uma doença endêmica prevalente em países tropicais e está associada a uma alta incidência de trombose da veia porta. Alterações inflamatórias causadas tanto pela infecção parasitária quanto pela trombose portal podem levar ao desenvolvimento de doença hepática crônica com potencial carcinogênico. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a incidência de trombose da veia porta e carcinoma hepatocelular em pacientes com esquistossomose durante um seguimento de longo prazo. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo envolvendo pacientes com esquistossomose acompanhados em nossa instituição entre 1990 e 2021. RESULTADOS: Um total de 126 pacientes com esquistossomose foram avaliados no estudo. O tempo médio de acompanhamento foi de 16 anos (variando de 5 a 31). Do total, 73 (57,9%) pacientes apresentaram trombose da veia porta durante o seguimento e seis (8,1%) deles foram diagnosticados com carcinoma hepatocelular, todos com trombose da veia porta diagnosticada há mais de 10 anos. CONCLUSÕES: A incidência de carcinoma hepatocelular em pacientes com esquistossomose e trombose da veia porta crônica destaca a importância de um acompanhamento sistemático de longo prazo nesse grupo de pacientes.
Résumé
The World Health Organization (WHO) roadmap and recommendations for elimination of schistosomiasis were recently updated. With significant reductions in the prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis infections worldwide, there is a need for more sensitive diagnostic methods. There are a few remaining transmission hotspots in Brazil, although low endemicity settings comprise most of the endemic localities. For the latter, serology may represent a tool for population screening which could help eliminate transmission of schistosomiasis. Here, we review serology tests currently available in Brazil from both public health and private laboratories: immunofluorescent antibody tests (IFATs) on adult worm sections and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) with soluble egg and adult worm antigens. Both in-house and commercially available tests have received less than adequate performance evaluations. Our review of immediate basic and operational research goals may help identify local adjustments that can be made to improve control interventions aimed at elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem.
Résumé
ABSTRACT Schistosomiasis is a major health problem that affects over 200 million people worldwide. There are few reports of Schistosoma mansoni found in liver transplants as well as scarce information about the course of the disease and the long-term effects on the graft. Herein, we report two cases of schistosomiasis in liver transplant recipients who presented abnormal serum liver enzymes, with evidence of gradual improvement after antiparasitic treatment. Furthermore, we discuss the possible role of screening the parasite infection in potential liver transplant recipients from endemic areas.
Résumé
ABSTRACT Background: The long-term effects of schistosomiasis on the glomerulus may contribute to the development of chronic kidney disease. This study aimed to investigate baseline Schistosoma mansoni-Circulating Anodic Antigen (CAA) levels and their association with kidney biomarkers related to podocyte injury and inflammation in long-term follow-up after praziquantel (PZQ) treatment. Methods: Schistosoma infection was diagnosed by detecting CAA in urine using a quantitative assay based on lateral flow using luminescent up-converting phosphor reporter particles. A cutoff threshold of 0.1 pg/mL CAA was used to diagnose Schistosoma infection (baseline) in a low-prevalence area in Ceará, Northeast, Brazil. Two groups were included: CAA-positive and CAA-negative individuals, both of which received a single dose of PZQ at baseline. Urinary samples from 55 individuals were evaluated before (baseline) and at 1, 2, and 3 years after PZQ treatment. At all time points, kidney biomarkers were quantified in urine and adjusted for urinary creatinine levels. Results: CAA-positive patients had increased baseline albuminuria and proteinuria and showed greater associations between kidney biomarkers. CAA levels correlated only with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) (podocyte injury) levels. Increasing trends were observed for malondialdehyde (oxidative stress), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (inflammation marker), and VEGF. In the follow-up analysis, no relevant differences were observed in kidney biomarkers between the groups and different periods. Conclusions: S. mansoni-infected individuals presented subclinical signs of glomerular damage that may reflect podocyte injury. However, no causal effect on long-term renal function was observed after PZQ treatment.
Résumé
RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a concordância dos dados relacionados às formas graves e aos óbitos por esquistossomose registrados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação e no Sistema de Informação Sobre Mortalidade, as variáveis sociodemográficas com a ocorrência das formas graves e óbitos e a tendência temporal da doença em Pernambuco. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, descritivo, de série temporal com dados referentes às formas graves e aos óbitos por esquistossomose em Pernambuco, de 2007 a 2017. Para o linkage entre as bases de dados, foi desenvolvida uma função em linguagem python de programação, utilizando o método soundex. Para identificar fatores sociodemográficos e sanitários que se correlacionaram com as variáveis dependentes, foi aplicado o teste de correlação de Pearson. Para a análise de tendência, aplicou-se a regressão linear. Resultados: Identificaram-se 9.085 casos graves, 1.956 óbitos e 186 casos no linkage. A correlação entre a taxa média de positividade com o abastecimento hídrico rede geral e coleta de lixo foi 0,22 e 0,26 respectivamente. Houve correlação da taxa média de mortalidade acumulada com abastecimento hídrico por poço ou nascente (r=0,27), abastecimento hídrico por rede geral (r=0,3), coleta de lixo (r=0,42), urbanização das vias (r=0,29). Ocorreram 3.153 formas graves em 2007, com tendência a redução, e 205 óbitos em 2010, sem um padrão de tendência. Conclusão: Há necessidade de maiores investimentos no controle da doença e na qualidade da informação, especialmente no registro das formas graves, pois, dada a fisiopatologia da doença, o óbito só ocorre quando o indivíduo desenvolve a forma crônica, sendo imperativo sua notificação no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação.
ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the agreement of data on severe forms and deaths from schistosomiasis recorded in the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System and the Mortality Information System, sociodemographic variables with the occurrence of severe forms and deaths, and the temporal trend of the disease in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Methods: This is an ecological, descriptive, time series study with data on severe forms and deaths from schistosomiasis in Pernambuco, from 2007 to 2017. For the linkage between databases, a function was developed in python programming language, using the Soundex method. To identify sociodemographic and health factors that correlated with the dependent variables, Pearson's correlation test was applied. For trend analysis, linear regression was applied. Results: We identified 9,085 severe cases, 1,956 deaths, and 186 cases in the linkage. The correlation between the average positivity rate with the general water supply and waste collection was 0.22 and 0.26 respectively. We verified a correlation of the average cumulative mortality rate with water supply by well or spring (r=0.27), water supply by the general network (r=0.3), waste collection (r=0.42), and road urbanization (r=0.29). We found 3,153 severe forms in 2007 with a decrease trend and 205 deaths in 2010, without a trend pattern. Conclusion: There is a need for greater investments in disease control and in the quality of information, especially in the record of severe forms, considering that, due to the pathophysiology of the disease, death only occurs when the individual develops the chronic form, and its notification on the Notifiable Diseases Information System is imperative.
Résumé
RESUMO Objetivo. Investigar a relação entre prevalência de esquistossomose e geo-helmintíases e variáveis de acesso a água, esgotamento sanitário e resíduos sólidos em países da América Latina e Caribe (ALC). Métodos. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática nas bases de dados LILACS, PubMed, Web of Science e SciELO. Foram incluídos estudos publicados entre 1950 e agosto de 2021, com desenho ecológico e foco em agregados populacionais (estados, municípios e/ou distritos), tendo como desfecho primário a prevalência da infecção por Schistosoma mansoni, Ancylostoma sp., Necator americanus, Ascaris lumbricoides ou Trichuris trichiura e como variável explicativa o acesso a água, esgotamento sanitário e/ou resíduos sólidos. Foram considerados artigos com disponibilidade de texto completo e acesso livre nos idiomas inglês, espanhol ou português. O risco de viés e a qualidade dos estudos foram avaliados conforme o manual do Instituto Joanna Briggs. Resultados. De 2 714 artigos, nove foram elegíveis, publicados entre 1994 e 2021 e cobrindo 22 países da ALC e 14 350 municípios. A qualidade metodológica de todos os artigos foi moderada. As variáveis ambientais apontaram associação de abastecimento de água e coleta de resíduos sólidos com esquistossomose; abastecimento de água com ascaridíase, tricuríase e ancilostomíase; e de esgotamento sanitário com ascaridíase e ancilostomíase. Exceto por um artigo com abrangência regional para ALC, todos os demais foram desenvolvidos no Brasil. Conclusão. Evidencia-se a necessidade de ampliar a pesquisa sobre a associação entre condições sanitárias domiciliares e coletivas e doenças parasitárias para todos os países endêmicos da ALC para embasar estratégias ambientais para controle dessas doenças.
ABSTRACT Objective. To investigate the relationship between the prevalence of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis with variables related to access to water, sanitation and solid waste in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries. Method. A systematic review was performed in the LILACS, PubMed, Web of Science, and SciELO databases. Studies published between 1950 and August 2021, with an ecological design and a focus on population groups (states, municipalities and/or districts), having the prevalence of infection by Schistosoma mansoni, Ancylostoma sp., Necator americanus, Ascaris lumbricoides or Trichuris trichiura as primary variable and access to water, sewage and/or solid waste as explanatory variables were included. Open access articles with full text available in English, Spanish, or Portuguese were considered. The risk of bias and the quality of the studies were assessed according to the Joanna Briggs Institute manual. Results. Of 2 714 articles, nine were eligible, published between 1994 and 2021 and covering 22 LAC countries and 14 350 municipalities. All articles had moderate methodological quality. Environmental variables indicated an association between water supply and solid waste collection with schistosomiasis; water supply with ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm; and sewage with ascariasis and hookworm. Except for one article, which had regional coverage for LAC, all the others were developed in Brazil. Conclusion. There is a clear need to expand research on the association between household and collective health conditions and parasitic diseases for all endemic countries in LAC to support environmental strategies to control these diseases.
RESUMEN Objetivo. Investigar la relación entre la prevalencia de esquistosomiasis y geohelmintiasis y las variables de acceso al agua, el saneamiento y el manejo de residuos sólidos en los países de América Latina y el Caribe. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática en las bases de datos LILACS, PubMed, Web of Science y SciELO. Todos los artículos fueron de calidad metodológica moderada. Se incluyeron estudios publicados entre 1950 y agosto del 2021, con diseño ecológico y atención en agregados demográficos (estados, municipios o distritos), que tuvieran como resultado principal la prevalencia de infección por Schistosoma mansoni, Ancylostoma spp., Necator americanus, Ascaris lumbricoides o Trichuris trichiura y como variable explicativa el acceso al agua, el saneamiento y el manejo de residuos sólidos. Se analizaron artículos de texto completo y acceso libre en español, inglés o portugués. El riesgo de sesgo y la calidad de los estudios se evaluaron según las normas del manual del Instituto Joanna Briggs. Resultados. De los 2 714 artículos, hubo 9 que cumplieron con los requisitos establecidos; estos se publicaron entre 1994 y el 2021 y abarcaron 22 países y 14 350 municipios de América Latina y el Caribe. Las variables ambientales indicaron una relación del abastecimiento de agua y la recolección de residuos sólidos con la esquistosomiasis; del abastecimiento de agua con la ascariasis, la tricuriasis y la anquilostomiasis; y del saneamiento con la ascariasis y la anquilostomiasis. Con excepción de un artículo que abarcó la Región de América Latina y el Caribe, todos los demás se realizaron en Brasil. Conclusiones. Es evidente la necesidad de ampliar las investigaciones sobre la relación entre las condiciones sanitarias domésticas y colectivas y las enfermedades parasitarias en todos los países de América Latina y el Caribe donde son endémicas, con el fin de formular estrategias centradas en el medio ambiente para controlar esas enfermedades.
Résumé
ABSTRACT The pancreatic form of tuberculosis (TB) is rare and its diagnosis is challenging, since it manifests itself with non-specific symptoms and non-pathognomonic radiological findings, mimicking a neoplasia of the pancreas. Here, we report the case of a patient who had previously undergone liver transplantation and sought care for abdominal pain, weight loss, anorexia, hematochezia and postprandial fullness. Following an exploratory laparotomy and nucleic acid amplification testing on a pancreatic sample that had been collected, the patient was diagnosed with pancreatic TB. The patient received anti-tubercular pharmacological therapy and required percutaneous biliary drainage. Awareness of the possibility of a pancreatic TB diagnosis is important for clinicians. This attention should be even greater in patients who have undergone transplants, who are immunodeficient or who are from endemic areas.
Résumé
ObjectiveTo analyze the monitoring data of schistosomiasis from 2004 to 2021 in Suzhou New District， Jiangsu Province， and to provide evidence for improving schistosomiasis elimination strategies. MethodsFollowing the Opinions on Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis， Parasitic Diseases and Endemic Diseases in Suzhou and the Technical Plan for Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis， Parasitic Diseases and Endemic Diseases in Suzhou， the monitoring of schistosomiasis in the population and snail habitats from 2004 to 2021 was conducted. The Mann-Kendall method and Joinpoint regression method were employed to analyze the trend of epidemic indicators （such as seropositive rate， prevalence of snail frames， etc.）. Time series analysis （exponential smoothing model） was conducted to predict snail occurrence. ResultsFrom 2004 to 2021， a total of 73 680 people were serologically tested for schistosomiasis， with a positive rate of 0.084%. The seropositivity rate showed statistically significant differences between different years （χ2=70.73， P<0.05）， but there was no significant trend over time. In addition， 3 053 fecal tests were conducted and no positive result was found. The snail habitats covered an area of 70.11 hm2 and showed a decreasing trend （Z=-1.97， P<0.05）. A total of 30 093 frames were surveyed， of which 19.038% contained snails. The difference in the prevalence of snail frames between different years was statistically significant （χ2=7 203.09， P<0.05）， with a decreasing trend in the prevalence of snail frames （Z=-2.05， P<0.05）. A total of 26 296 live snails were seized and density of live snails was 0.874 snails per frame， showing a decreasing trend in the density of live snails （Z=-2.35， P<0.05）. A total of 12 391 snails were dissected and no infected snail was found. The areas treated with molluscicides remained stable at 264.60 hm2. An area of 27.77 hm2 achieved the goal of snail eradication through environmental modification， with a decreasing trend （Z=-2.44， P<0.05）. It is estimated that the prevalence of snail frames and snail density will remain relatively stable from 2022 to 2026， but the snail habitat area will fluctuate significantly， showing an increasing trend. ConclusionNo indigenous cases of schistosomiasis and no infected snails are reported， indicating the successful consolidation of schistosomiasis prevention and control measures. However， the snail habitat area fluctuates greatly with an increasing trend， suggesting the need for long-term Oncomelania snail monitoring in local areas.
Résumé
Objective To construct a schistosomiasis transmission risk assessment system in Wuhan City and preliminary evaluate its application effect, so as to promote the rational allocation of schistosomiasis control resources and accelerate the progress towards schistosomiasis elimination. Methods The schistosomiasis risk assessment indicators were collected through referring schistosomiasis surveillance data of Wuhan City from 2014 to 2020, literature review and expert interviews. Indicators within each criterion and sub-criterion were screened using the Delphi method, and a hierarchical structure model was created based on analytic hierarchy process. Quantitative assignment of each indicator was conducted according to relative importance, and the weight and combination weight of each criterion were calculated in each analytic hierarchy framework to create a schistosomiasis transmission risk assessment system, which was used for the schistosomiasis transmission risk assessment in 12 national schistosomiasis surveillance sites in Wuhan City. Results A three-level schistosomiasis transmission risk assessment system was preliminarily constructed, which included a target layer, 5 criterion layers and 21 sub-criterion layers. Of all indicators in the criterion layer, transmission route had the highest weight (0.433), followed by source of Schistosoma japonicum infection (0.294); and among all indicators in the sub-criterion layer, S. japonicum infection in Oncomelania hupensis and sentinel mice had the highest combination weight (0.125), followed by prevalence of S. japonicum infection in humans (0.091) and bovines (0.053), snail control by chemical treatment (0.049), positive rate of inquiry examinations (0.048), allocation of schistosomiasis control professionals (0.045), and areas of submerged snail-infested settings (0.041). Of the 12 national schistosomiasis surveillance sites in Wuhan City, there were 5 sites with weights of > 0.8, 4 sites with weights of 0.6 to 0.8, and 3 sites with weights of < 0.6 in 2020. Conclusion A schistosomiasis transmission risk assessment system has been constructed based on analytic hierarchy process in Wuhan City, which may provide a evidence-based basis for health resource allocation and decision-making for schistosomiasis control.
Résumé
Objective To identify the spatial distribution pattern of Oncomelania hupensis spread in Hubei Province, so as to provide insights into precision O. hupensis snail control in the province. Methods Data pertaining to emerging and reemerging snails were collected from Hubei Province from 2020 to 2022 to build a spatial database of O. hupensis snail spread. The spatial clustering of O. hupensis snail spread was identified using global and local spatial autocorrelation analyses, and the hot spots of snail spread were identified using kernel density estimation. In addition, the correlation between environments with snail spread and the distance from the Yangtze River was evaluated using nearest-neighbor analysis and Spearman correlation analysis. Results O. hupensis snail spread mainly occurred along the Yangtze River and Jianghan Plain in Hubei Province from 2020 to 2022, with a total spread area of 4 320.63 hm2, including 1 230.77 hm2 emerging snail habitats and 3 089.87 hm2 reemerging snail habitats. Global spatial autocorrelation analysis showed spatial autocorrelation in the O. hupensis snail spread in Hubei Province in 2020 and 2021, appearing a spatial clustering pattern (Moran’s I = 0.003 593 and 0.060 973, both P values < 0.05), and the mean density of spread snails showed spatial aggregation in Hubei Province in 2020 (Moran’s I = 0.512 856, P < 0.05). Local spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that the high-high clustering areas of spread snails were mainly distributed in 50 settings of 10 counties (districts) in Hubei Province from 2020 to 2022, and the high-high clustering areas of the mean density of spread snails were predominantly found in 219 snail habitats in four counties of Jiangling, Honghu, Yangxin and Gong’an. Kernel density estimation showed that there were high-, secondary high- and medium-density hot spots in snail spread areas in Hubei Province from 2020 to 2022, which were distributed in Jingzhou District, Wuxue District, Honghu County and Huangzhou District, respectively. There were high- and medium-density hot spots in the mean density of spread snails, which were located in Jiangling County, Honghu County and Yangxin County, respectively. In addition, the snail spread areas negatively correlated with the distance from the Yangtze River (r = −0.108 9, P < 0.05). Conclusions There was spatial clustering of O. hupensis snail spread in Hubei Province from 2020 to 2022. The monitoring and control of O. hupensis snails require to be reinforced in the clustering areas, notably in inner embankments to prevent reemerging schistosomiasis.
Résumé
Objective To investigate the prevalence of comorbid depression and anxiety and to evaluate the effect of psychological interventions among schistosomiasis patients in China, so as to provide insights into improvements of psychological health among schistosomiasis patients. Methods Publications pertaining to comorbid depression and anxiety and psychological interventions among Chinese schistosomiasis patients were retrieved in electronic databases, including CNKI, Wanfang Data, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. The prevalence of comorbidity, psychological interventions, and scores for the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) before and after psychological interventions among Chinese schistosomiasis patients were extracted. The prevalence of comorbid depression and anxiety was investigated among Chinese schistosomiasis patients using a meta-analysis, and the effect of psychological interventions for depression and anxiety was evaluated. Results A total of 231 publications were retrieved, and 14 publications that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the final analysis, including 2 English publications and 12 Chinese publications. Meta-analysis showed that the prevalence rates of comorbid depression and anxiety were 61% [95% confidential interval (CI): (48%, 72%)] and 64% [95% CI: (42%, 81%)] among Chinese schistosomiasis patients. Both the SDS [1.45 points, 95% CI: (1.30, 1.60) points] and SAS scores [2.21 points, 95% CI: (2.05, 2.38) points] reduced among Chinese schistosomiasis patients after psychological interventions than before psychological interventions, and the SDS [−0.47 points, 95% CI: (−6.90, −0.25) points] and SAS scores [−1.30 points, 95% CI: (−1.52, −1.09) points] reduced among Chinese schistosomiasis patients in the case group than in the control group. Conclusions The comorbid anxiety and depression are common among Chinese schistosomiasis patients, and conventional psychological interventions facilitate the improvements of anxiety and depression among schistosomiasis patients.
Résumé
Schistosomiasis cystitis is a urogenital system disease caused by Schistosoma aegypt. Common clinical manifestations are frequent urination, urgency, dysuria, and terminal hematuria, but new infections can be asymptomatic. Detection of parasite eggs by urine microscopy is considered to be the gold standard for diagnosis, but the result may be a false negative in the inactive period. The main epidemic of this disease is located in Africa and the Middle East area. However, in china, there are few reports of confirmed cases. This article reports a case of imported schistosomiasis cystitis. The patient is a Sudanese, male, who has been studying in China for more than 2 years, mainly with persistent painless hematuria for more than 6 months. Cystoscopy was proposed to diagnose a bladder mass, and schistosomiasis cystitis was confirmed by pathological diagnosis after surgery.
Résumé
Objective:To investigate the expression and significance of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed death 1 (PD-1) in colorectal cancer complicated by schistosomiasis.Methods:A total of 134 patients with colorectal cancer who received treatment in Xuancheng People's Hospital during 2014-2021 were included in this study. These patients consisted of 74 patients with colorectal cancer combined with schistosomiasis (patient group) and 60 patients with only colorectal cancer (control group). The expression of PD-L1 and PD-1 in colorectal cancer tissue was detected by an immunohistochemical method. The differences in PD-L1 and PD-1 expression were compared between the two groups. The relationships between PD-L1 and PD-1 expression and clinical pathological characteristics were determined.Results:The positive expression rates of PD-L1 and PD-1 in cancer cells and interstitial lymphocytes were 55.4% and 60.8% respectively in the patient group and they were 35.0% and 40.0% respectively in the control group. The positive expression rates of PD-L1 and PD-1 were significantly higher in the patient group than the control group ( χ2 = 5.55, 5.74, both P < 0.05). The expressions of PD-L1 and PD-1 in the patient group were correlated with lymph node metastasis and high tumor-node-metastasis stage ( P < 0.05). Conclusion:PD-L1 and PD-1 are highly expressed in colorectal cancer complicated by schistosomiasis and are related to their invasive behavior. PD-1/PD-L1 singaling pathway may be involved in the molecular mechanism underlying the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer complicated by schistosomiasis. Blocking PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway may be a new strategy for immunotherapy of colorectal cancer complicated by schistosomiasis.
Résumé
Objective:To explore the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of emerging snail-infested sites in different environmental types in Yunnan Province.Methods:The data of snail-infested sites in Yunnan Province from 1950 to 2014 (from Yunnan Institute for Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention), were collected and sorted out, a spatial and temporal database on the distribution of emerging snail-infested sites were established, and the changes in the spatial and temporal distribution of emerging snail-infested sites in different environments types (ditches, tangerines, paddy fields, dry land, beaches and other environments) were studied by using spatial autocorrelation analysis and scanning statistics analysis.Results:From 1950 to 2014, the annual number of emerging snail-infested sites in Yunnan Province reached a peak (1 730) in 1955 and then showed a fluctuating downward trend. From 1993 to 2014, the number of emerging snail-infested sites remained below 100, and increased to 160 and 131, respectively, in 2004 and 2013. The longest mean duration of 43.85 years was recorded for the beaches environment for emerging snail-infested sites, followed by the paddy fields environment with a mean duration of 37.01 years, and the shortest mean duration of 20.44 years for the tangerines environment. Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that there was a positive spatial correlation between the duration of emerging snail-infested sites of different environmental types (global Moran's I ranged from 0.43 to 0.64, P < 0.05). Scanning statistics analysis showed that emerging snail-infested sites of different environmental types had spatial and temporal aggregation ( P < 0.001), with 3- 6 clusters of statistically significant aggregation detected respectively. Conclusion:The emerging snail-infested sites in different environments types in Yunnan Province have spatial and temporal aggregation, and it is necessary to strengthen monitoring and prevention and control of the aggregation areas of different environment types to prevent further spread of the snail.