Efectividad de la anestesia subaracnoidea con morfina como tratamiento del dolor postoperatorio en cesárea

Fundamento el dolor postoperatorio se considera un dolor con limitaciones de tiempo, a menudo mal controlado. Su manejo representa un gran desafío, ya que la analgesia postoperatoria debe brindar a la madre un control adecuado de este, y a su vez facilitar la atención del bebé. Objetivo evaluar la efectividad de la anestesia subaracnoidea con morfina como tratamiento del dolor postoperatorio en cesárea. Métodos estudio descriptivo y transversal, realizado en el Hospital General Docente Martín Chang Puga, del municipio de Nuevitas, provincia de Camagüey, entre enero de 2021 y diciembre de 2022. La muestra estuvo conformada por 36 pacientes a las cuales se aplicó anestesia subaracnoidea con lidocaína hiperbárica más morfina para la cesárea. Resultados predominó la edad comprendida entre 27-31 años. El 63,9 % de las cesareadas no refirió dolor postoperatorio. Casi la mitad de la población (47,2 %) estudiada presentó efectos secundarios con el uso de la morfina intratecal, principalmente el prurito. El 80,5 % expresó satisfacción con la analgesia postoperatoria. Conclusiones la mayoría de las pacientes encontraron satisfacción con el tratamiento analgésico, a pesar la presencia de efectos adversos, de modo que el uso de morfina intratecal es efectivo en el manejo del dolor poscesárea.

Foundation Postoperative pain is considered time-limited pain, often poorly controlled. Its management represents a great challenge, since postoperative analgesia must provide the mother with adequate control, and at the same time facilitate care for the baby. Objective to evaluate the effectiveness of subarachnoid anesthesia with morphine as a treatment for postoperative pain in cesarean section. Methods descriptive and cross-sectional study carried out at the Martín Chang Puga General Teaching Hospital, in the Nuevitas municipality, Camagüey province, between January 2021 and December 2022. 36 patients to whom subarachnoid anesthesia was applied with Hyperbaric lidocaine plus morphine for cesarean section were considered as the sample. Results the age between 27-31 years predominated. 63.9% of cesarean patients did not report postoperative pain. Almost half of the population (47.2%) studied presented side effects with the use of intrathecal morphine, mainly pruritus. 80.5% expressed satisfaction with postoperative analgesia. Conclusions the majority of patients were satisfied with the analgesic treatment, despite the presence of adverse effects, so that the use of intrathecal morphine is effective in the management of post-cesarean section pain.

Incidence and risk factors of post dural puncture headache after spinal anesthesia in Tripoli Hospitals

Post Dural Puncture Headache (PDPH) remains a prominent clinical concern to the present day and common complication seen in the field of anesthesiology and pain medicine. Identification of such risk factors is a crucial step in the rational modification of anesthetic practice and evaluation of therapeutic interventions. This study was conducted to demonstrate the incidence and risk factors of PDPH in patients after spinal Anesthesia during three days' post operations at general hospital in Tripoli, Libya. In this study certain factors related to patient history, baseline clinical state or anesthetic technique might be associated with an increased risk for this side effect, so it was collected historical, physiologic, and technical data to determine their association with PDPH. Out of total of 100 patients distributed over 5 different hospitals admitted over a period (from November 2020 to April 2021) 27% of them have a PDPH, while 92.5% of cases with PDPH are females, that 55.6% of PDPH cases are between 20 and 25 years old, and this percentage getting smaller as patients get older, most of the operations were caesarean section, at a rate of 58%, followed by lower abdominal surgeries with 19% of cases, and orthopedic surgeries with 17% of cases, while the lowest percentage was for the Urologic surgeries. 55% of cases with PDPH are classified as (case I), and 44% of them are classified as (case II), 81.5% of PDPH cases used noncutting needles. In this study the PDPH remains the most problem in hospitalized patients after spinal Anesthesia at Tripoli hospitals can be caused by variety of risk factors, associated with ASA physical states, nonprofessional technique, the females are more common than males and the percentage increasing in early age group

A Prospective Study of Acute Spinal Blockade Complications Occurring in 24 hours at Labasa Divisional Hospital – from November 2019 to November 2020

Objective@#To determine the incidence of acute spinal blockade complications and the association of frequent spinal blockade complications and acute spinal blockade complications.@*Methodology@#A prospective, qualitative survey of 685 adults at Labasa Hospital was done from November 2019 to November 2020 to determine the incidence of having spinal blockade complications in 24 hours. Cross tabulation was used to determine the strength of association between frequent spinal blockade complications and the incidence of acute post spinal blockade complications.@*Results@#The incidence of acute post spinal complications was 18%. 685 participants were entered into analysis. 17% of patients thereby had frequent spinals during the study period. The Odds Ratio of frequent spinal blockade complications to acute post spinal complications was found to be 2.56 (Confidence Interval: 1.62-4.02).@*Conclusion@#The study describes the cohort getting spinal blockades in Labasa Hospital. In addition, this audit highlights the incidence of acute post spinal blockade complications. The strong association of acute post spinal blockade complications and frequent spinal blockades is confirmed. The author believes that this lays groundwork for studies showing the validity of doing post anaesthesia visits and increasing research into the dangers of having frequent spinal blockades.

Clinical Study of Modified Shenqi Pill （肾气丸） Plus Tongdu Tiaoshen Acupuncture （通督调神针刺） for Neurogenic Bladder After Spinal Cord Injury of Kidney-Yang Deficiency Syndrome / 中医杂志

ObjectiveTo observe the clinical efficacy of modified Shenqi Pill （肾气丸） plus Tongdu Tiaoshen Acupuncture （通督调神针刺） in the treatment of neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury of kidney-yang deficiency syndrome. MethodsForty-six patients were randomly divided into 23 cases each in the control group and the treatment group. Both groups were given conventional treatment， i.e. oral methylcobalamin tablets （0.5 mg each time， 3 times a day） and paraplegic conventional acupuncture （once a day， 6 consecutive days a week）. The control group was given simple bladder function rehabilitation training on the basis of the conventional treatment； and the treatment group was given modified Shenqi Pill orally （1 dose a day， 150 ml each time， taken warmly in morning and evening） and Tongdu Tiaoshen Acupuncture （once a day， 6 consecutive days per week） in addition to what were given to the control group. The treatment course lasted for 4 weeks. The 24 h urination frequency， 24 h urine leakage frequency， 24 h single urine volume， bladder residual urine volume， international lower urinary tract symptom （LUTS） score， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome score were compared between the two groups， and clinical effectiveness and TCM syndrome effectiveness were compared between the two groups after treatment. ResultsTwenty patients in each group were finally analyzed in this study. The number of 24 h urination， the number of 24 h urine leakage， bladder residual urine volume， LUTS score， and the TCM syndrome scores decreased after treatment in both groups， and the 24 h single urine volume increased （P＜0.01）； and much more improvement was found of each index in the treatment group than in the control group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. The total clinical effectiveness and TCM syndrome effectiveness in the treatment group was 85.00% （17/20） respectively， which were statistically significantly higher than 45.00% （the total clinical effectiveness， 9/20） and 60.00% （TCM syndrome effectiveness， 12/20） in the control group （P＜0.01）. ConclusionModified Shenqi Pill plus Tongdu Tiaoshen Acupuncture can signi-ficantly improve the clinical symptoms of neurogenic bladder patients after spinal cord injury of kidney-yang deficiency syndrome， having better effectiveness than simple bladder function rehabilitation training， and its mechanism may be related to the improvement of the injured nerve function innervating the bladder.

Effects of remimazolam on early postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients with hip fracture / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

AIM: To evaluate the effect of remimazolam on early postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients with hip fracture based on a randomized controlled trial. METHODS: A total of 106 elderly patients, aged 65-90 years, ASA grade Ⅱ or III, who underwent hip fracture surgery under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia in the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from December 2022 to June 2023 and met the inclusion criteria, were selected and randomized into remimazolam group (group R) and propofol group (group P) according to the random number table, with 53 cases in each group. Patients in group P received a slow intravenous injection of propofol at a dose of 0.3-0.5 mg / kg (injection time of 1min), followed by a pump infusion at 0.5-3 mg · kg

Effect of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in M1 region combined with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on electroencephalogram θ frequency band amplitude of patients with neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo explore the efficacy of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in M1 region combined with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on electroencephalogram (EEG) θ frequency band amplitude of patients with neuropathic pain (NP) after spinal cord injury. MethodsFrom June, 2022 to June, 2023, 50 NP patients after SCI in Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital were included and divided into M1 region stimulation group (n = 25) and M1 region combined with DLPFC stimulation group (the combined stimulation group, n = 25). M1 region stimulation group received 10 Hz rTMS in the left M1 region, while the combined stimulation group received same stimulation in left M1 region combined with DLPFC, for three weeks. Before and after intervention, the pain was assessed with Short Form of McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), the depression and anxiety status were evaluated using Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), and the EEG θ frequency band amplitude was recorded to detect the changes of brain electrophysiological activity. ResultsFour cases in M1 region stimulation group, and two cases in the combined stimulation group were dropped. After intervention, the total score of SF-MPQ and the scores of the subscales, the scores of HMMD and HAMA decreased in both groups (|t| > 2.523, P < 0.05). The EEG θ frequency band amplitude significantly reduced in the prefrontal and frontal regions in M1 region stimulation group (|t| > 5.243, P < 0.001), and it also significantly reduced in the prefrontal, frontal regions, central and parietal regions in the combined stimulation group (|t| > 4.630, P < 0.001). All the scores were lower (|t| > 2.270, Z = -1.973, P < 0.05), and the EEG θ frequency band amplitude in the prefrontal, frontal regions, central and parietal regions were lower (P < 0.05) in the combined stimulation group than in M1 region stimulation group. ConclusionHigh frequency rTMS is an effective analgesic method on NP after SCI, which can improve their depression and anxiety symptoms and reduce the EEG θ frequency band amplitude. Compared with M1 region rTMS stimulation, the combination of M1 region and DLPFC rTMS is more effective.

Obstacles and Facilitators in Daily Living Activities Among Persons with Spinal Cord Injury: A Systemic Review

@#Introduction: This systematic review aimed to investigate the level of participation, obstacles, and facilitator factors that influence activities of daily living among persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in four online databases, namely Google Scholar, PubMed, OT Seeker, and Cochrane Library covering the ten-years period from January 2012 to December 2022. Inclusion criteria encompassed original published studies in English focusing on daily activities, work, participation, obstacles, and facilitators in persons with SCI. Non-peer review sources (e.g., abstracts, grey literature, preprints), and studies unrelated to occupational therapy were excluded. The selected studies were assessed for quality using McMaster University Occupational Therapy Evidence-Based Practice critical review form. Results: Out of the 678 articles identified, ten studies were included after the screening, exploring participation in daily living activities, employment, return to work, leisure activities, family tasks, and community mobility among persons with SCI. Obstacles and facilitators influencing participation in activities of daily living were classified using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) framework. This review highlighted that long-term participation is challenging for persons with SCI, affected by obstacles such as body functions, pain, low self-esteem, and environmental and social factors. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of adopting a multidisciplinary rehabilitation approach to enhance participation in daily activities for persons with SCI. Occupational therapy plays a significant role in improving participation levels among persons with SCI.

Mechanism of Shikonin on spinal cord injury in rats based on TNFR/RIPK1 pathway / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the effect of shikonin on the recovery of nerve function after acute spinal cord injury(SCI) in rats.@*METHODS@#96 male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were divided into 4 groups randomly:sham operation group (Group A), sham operation+shikonin group (Group B), SCI+ DMSO(Group C), SCI+shikonin group (Group D).The acute SCI model of rats was made by clamp method in groups C and D . After subdural catheterization, no drug was given in group A. rats in groups B and D were injected with 100 mg·kg-1 of shikonin through catheter 30 min after modeling, and rats in group C were given with the same amount of DMSO, once a day until the time point of collection tissue. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan(BBB) scores were performed on 8 rats in each group at 6, 12, and 3 d after moneling, and oblique plate tests were performed on 1, 3, 7 and 14 d after modeling, and then spinal cord tissues were collected. Eight rats were intraperitoneally injected with propidine iodide(PI) 1 h before sacrificed to detection PI positive cells at 24 h in each group. Eight rats were sacrificed in each group at 24 h after modeling, the spinal cord injury was observed by HE staining.The Nissl staining was used to observe survivor number of nerve cells. Western-blot technique was used to detect the expression levels of Bcl-2 protein and apoptosis related protein RIPK1.@*RESULTS@#After modeling, BBB scores were normal in group A and B, but in group C and D were significantly higher than those in group A and B. And the scores in group D were higher than those in group C in each time point (P<0.05). At 12 h after modeling, the PI red stained cells in group D were significantly reduced compared with that in group C, and the disintegration of neurons was alleviated(P<0.05). HE and Nissl staining showed nerve cells with normal morphology in group A and B at 24h after operation. The degree of SCI and the number of neuronal survival in group D were better than those in group C, the difference was statistically significant at 24h (P<0.05). The expression of Bcl-2 and RIPK1 proteins was very low in group A and B;The expression of RIPK1 was significantly increased in Group C and decreased in Group D, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05);The expression of Bcl-2 protein in group D was significantly higher than that in group C (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Shikonin can alleviate the pathological changes after acute SCI in rats, improve the behavioral score, and promote the recovery of spinal nerve function. The specific mechanism may be related to the inhibition of TNFR/RIPK1 signaling pathway mediated necrotic apoptosis.

Software educativo como herramienta para el aprendizaje de plexos nerviosos somáticos en estudiantes de medicina

Introducción: Las características morfofuncionales de los plexos nerviosos somáticos resulta imprescindible para entender las principales lesiones de estos y la realización del examen físico, por ello este tema se estudia en todas las especialidades de las Ciencias de la Salud. Objetivo: Elaborar un software educativo que facilite el aprendizaje de las características morfofuncionales de los plexos nerviosos somáticos. Métodos: Se realizó una innovación tecnológica para elaborar un software educativo referido a los plexos nerviosos somáticos, dirigido a estudiantes del primer año de medicina. La investigación se desarrolló de septiembre 2021 a febrero 2022, se utilizó el programa CrheaSoft versión 3.1, el software Adobe PhotoShop CS4 para el procesamiento de imágenes y la suite ofimática Microsoft Office 2003 para la elaboración de textos. Resultados: El software quedó estructurado en seis módulos: inicio, temario, juegos, ejercicios, mediateca, complemento y créditos-ayuda, que muestran la información recopilada del tema y permiten la interacción con los estudiantes en todas las actividades docentes en las que se puede utilizar el producto. En la validación por criterio de expertos y de usuario, todos los aspectos fueron evaluados en la categoría de excelente y bien. Conclusiones: La creación de este software educativo constituye una vía para que el estudiante tenga acceso a la información actualizada y científica, organizada sobre las características morfofuncionales de los plexos nerviosos somáticos, que facilite la asimilación de estos contenidos en una etapa en que se han producido cambios en los escenarios docentes y en los planes de estudio de las carreras de las Ciencias de la Salud.

Introduction: Morphological characteristics of the somatic nervous plexuses result very important to understand the main injuries of them and to do the physical examination, that's why this topic is studied in all the specialties of the Health Sciences. Objective: To elaborate an educational software that facilitates the learning process of the characteristic of the somatic nervous plexuses. Methods: A technological innovation to elaborate an educational software related to somatic nervous plexuses for the first year medical students was done. The investigation was performed from September 2021 to February 2021. It was used CrheaSoft program, version 3.1, the software Adobe PhotoShop CS4 to process the imagining and the suite Office 2003 for text writing. Results: The software was structured in six modules: presentation, contents, games, exercises, anatomical images, complements and credits-help, which shows the organized information by contents and the interactions with the students in all the teaching activities where this product could be used. In the validation by expert and user criteria, all the aspects of the software were evaluated in the category of excellent and good. Conclusions: The creation of this educational software constitute a way for the students to get access to the scientific, very well organized and updated information about morphological characteristics of the somatic nervous plexuses, that facilitate the assimilation of this topics at the present where important changes has taken place at the medical schools and the study plans of Health Sciences degrees.

Comparison of the effect of adding midazolam versus fentanyl to intrathecal levobupivacaine in patients undergoing cesarean section: double-blind, randomized clinical trial

Abstract Background: Many adjuvants are added to prolong the effects of spinal analgesia. We investigated the postoperative analgesic efficacy of the addition of midazolam or fentanyl to intrathe-cal levobupivacaine in women undergoing cesarean delivery. Methods: Eighty patients were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 40). Group M received 10 mg of 0.5% levobupivacaine plus 2 mg of midazolam. Group F received 10 mg of 0.5% levobupivacaine plus 25 μg of fentanyl. Assessments included motor and sensory block, APGAR score, time to first request for analgesia, postoperative pain score, total consumption of rescue analgesics, and adverse effects. Results: Sensory blockade was prolonged in Group M compared with Group F (215.58 ± 27.94 vs. 199.43 ± 19.77 min; p = 0.004), with no differences in other characteristics of the spinal block in intraoperative hemodynamics or APGAR score. The mean time to first request for rescue analgesia was longer in Group M (351.45 ± 11.05 min) than in Group F (268.83 ± 10.35 min; p = 0.000). The median total consumption of rescue analgesics in the first 24 hours postoperatively was 30 mg in Group M vs. 60 mg in Group F (p = 0.003). The median Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores were lower in Group Ethan in Group F from the 8th to the 12th hour postoperatively, with no differences between the groups at other time points. The incidence of adverse effects was higher in Group F than in Group M. Conclusion: Intrathecal midazolam (2 mg) was superior to intrathecal fentanyl (25 μg) in increasing the duration of the sensory blockade and postoperative analgesia with lower postoperative pain scores and decreasing the incidence of adverse effects.

Ultrasound evaluation of diaphragm function in patients with cervical spinal cord injury: case report

Abstract Ultrasound evaluation of diaphragm function allows the detection of diaphragm dysfunction and the adaptation of ventilatory support in patients admitted to intensive care units. The studied patient had a C3 spinal cord injury. Ultrasound evaluation of diaphragm mobility showed that the patient suffered diaphragm dysfunction. A tracheotomy was indicated, and early ventilatory support was initiated. Ultrasound evaluation of diaphragm function in patients with cervical spinal cord injury is a useful and simple technique. It provides fast and reliable data for the diagnosis of respiratory insufficiency of neuromuscular origin.

The impact of a biocellulose-based repair of fetal open spina bifida on the need to untether the cord: is it time to unify techniques for prenatal repair?

ABSTRACT Objective: To report the need for cord untethering after prenatal repair of open spina bifida using a unique biocellulose-based technique performed at a later gestational age. Methods: An observational cohort study was conducted to determine the incidence of tethered cord syndrome. Between May 2013 and May 2022, we performed 172 procedures using the percutaneous fetoscopic approach in fetuses at 26-28 weeks of gestation. After placode dissection, a biocellulose patch was placed to cover the placode, a myofascial flap (when possible) was dissected, and the skin was closed. Owing to death or loss to follow-up, 23 cases were excluded. Cord tethering syndrome was defined as symptoms of medullary stretching, and the infants were evaluated and operated on by local neurosurgeons after an magnetic resonance imaging examination. Infants over 30-month had ambulation and neurodevelopment evaluations (PEDI scale). Results: Among 172 cases operated at a median gestational age of 26.7 weeks and delivered at 33.2 weeks, 149 cases were available for postnatal follow-up, and cord untethering was needed in 4.4% of cases (6/136; excluding 13 cases younger than 12 months). Cerebrospinal fluid diversion and bladder catheterization were needed in 38% and 36% of cases, respectively. Of the 78 cases evaluated at 30 months, 49% were ambulating independently, and 94% had normal social function. Conclusion: The biocellulose-based technique was associated with a low rate of cord tethering, wich may be attributed to the lack of the duramater suture during prenatal repair, the formation of a neoduramater and/or later gestational age of surgery.

Accuracy of an artificial intelligence algorithm for detecting moderate-to-severe vertebral compression fractures on abdominal and thoracic computed tomography scans / Acurácia de um algoritmo de inteligência artificial na detecção de fraturas compressivas moderadas a graves na tomografia computadorizada abdominal e torácica

Abstract Objective: To describe the accuracy of HealthVCF, a software product that uses artificial intelligence, in the detection of incidental moderate-to-severe vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) on chest and abdominal computed tomography scans. Materials and Methods: We included a consecutive sample of 899 chest and abdominal computed tomography scans of patients 51-99 years of age. Scans were retrospectively evaluated by the software and by two specialists in musculoskeletal imaging for the presence of VCFs with vertebral body height loss > 25%. We compared the software analysis with that of a general radiologist, using the evaluation of the two specialists as the reference. Results: The software showed a diagnostic accuracy of 89.6% (95% CI: 87.4-91.5%) for moderate-to-severe VCFs, with a sensitivity of 73.8%, a specificity of 92.7%, and a negative predictive value of 94.8%. Among the 145 positive scans detected by the software, the general radiologist failed to report the fractures in 62 (42.8%), and the algorithm detected additional fractures in 38 of those scans. Conclusion: The software has good accuracy for the detection of moderate-to-severe VCFs, with high specificity, and can increase the opportunistic detection rate of VCFs by radiologists who do not specialize in musculoskeletal imaging.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever a acurácia do software HealthVCF na detecção incidental de fraturas compressivas de corpos vertebrais moderadas a graves em exames de tomografia computadorizada do tórax e abdome. Materiais e Métodos: Foram incluídos 899 exames consecutivos de pacientes com idades entre 51 e 99 anos. As imagens foram retrospectivamente avaliadas pelo software e por dois radiologistas especializados em musculoesquelético que investigaram fraturas compressivas de corpos vertebrais com perda da altura somática > 25%. A análise comparativa foi realizada entre o software e um radiologista geral, usando a avaliação do especialista como referência. Resultados: O software apresentou uma acurácia de 89,6% (IC 95%: 87,4-91,5%) para fraturas compressivas moderadas a graves, com sensibilidade de 73,8%, especificidade de 92,7% e valor preditivo negativo de 94,8%. Entre as 145 tomografias positivas detectadas pelo software, o radiologista geral deixou de relatar as fraturas em 62 (42,8%) e o algoritmo detectou fraturas adicionais em 38 dessas tomografias. Conclusão: O software possui boa acurácia na detecção de fraturas compressivas moderadas a graves, com alta especificidade, podendo aumentar a taxa de detecção oportunística dessas fraturas por radiologistas não especializados em musculoesquelético.

Do you mind the role of spinal sensory block duration in a crucial endocrine disorder of diabetes mellitus? A prospective observational study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Diabetes mellitus, per se, is a global health concern, which is often accompanied by complications such as diabetic neuropathy. This prospective observational study purposed to assess the durations of spinal sensory block and motor blocks in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus who had undergone spinal anesthesia. METHODS: This study incorporated 80 cases, which were evenly divided into spinal sensory block without diabetes mellitus and spinal sensory block with diabetes mellitus. Various parameters were recorded at different time points, including heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, SpO2, and spinal block characteristics. Notable measures included maximum spinal sensory block onset time, time to reach the 10th thoracic vertebra (T10), maximal spinal sensory block, time for Bromage scores, and block regression while controlling for age-related variations. RESULTS: Patients in the diabetic group exhibited extended block durations, with significant differences in heart rate noted at specific time points. Regarding the spinal block characteristics, the "maximum onset of SSB" and the "time to reach the T10" were more prolonged in the SSBwDM without significance. Maximum sensory spinal sensory block did not differ. However, some cases in the SSBwDM displayed blocks extending up to the T6. The times to achieve Bromage motor block scores 1-3 were shorter in SSBwDM and lost significance regarding age. Notably, the regression time was longer in SSBwDM, which held significance for both parameters. CONCLUSION: Diabetic cases commonly encounter prolonged block durations post-subarachnoid intervention, potentially linked to nerve sensitivity, age-related changes, and glycemic control. As such, attenuated local doses for diabetic neuropathic cases may enhance early mobilization, attenuate thromboembolic events, and expedite gastrointestinal recovery.

Percutaneous Pedicle Screw for Thoracolumbar Fractures: A Long-term Follow-up / Parafuso pedicular percutâneo em fraturas toracolombares: Acompanhamento em longo prazo

Abstract Objective: This is a retrospective cohort study to analyze the long-term outcomes of thoracolumbar spine fracture patients who underwent minimally invasive percutaneous fixation. Methods: The cases of 17 patients with thoracolumbar spine fractures who had percutaneous fixation between 2009 and 2011 were the subject of a retrospective analysis. Clinical and radiographic variables were collected. For the clinical evaluation the questionnaires SF-36 and Oswestry were used. Radiographic parameters were evaluated using fracture's classification based on Magerls's criteria, the fractured vertebra's wedging angle, and the affected segment's segmental Cobb angle. The measures were made at different stages: before surgery, immediately after surgery, one year later, and at a late follow-up (5 years later). Trauma associated injuries, postsurgical and implant related complications were among the additional information taken into account. Results: The SF-36 questionnaire showed averages above 63,5% in all domains in the late postoperative data (from 5 years after the surgery). Oswestry questionnaire answers showed minimal or no physical limitations in 80% of the patients with a mean score of 10,8% ± 10,5. The average preoperative Cobb angle value was 5,53º ± 13,80º of kyphosis, the immediate postoperative 2,18º ± 13,38º of kyphosis, one year postoperative 5,26 ± 13,95º of kyphosis, and the late follow-up 8,78º ± 15,06º of kyphosis. The mean correction was 3,35º, and mean loss of correction was 6,6º. There were no complications observed, no case of neurological deficit, infection or implant failure occurred. Conclusion: Thoracolumbar vertebrae fractures can be surgically treated with positive late clinical and radiological outcomes and low complication rates using a minimally invasive percutaneous method.

Resumo Objetivo: Este é um estudo de coorte retrospectivo para analisar os desfechos em longo prazo de pacientes com fratura da coluna toracolombar submetidos à fixação percutânea minimamente invasiva. Métodos: Os casos de 17 pacientes com fraturas da coluna toracolombar submetidos à fixação percutânea entre 2009 e 2011 foram objeto de análise retrospectiva. Variáveis clínicas e radiográficas foram coletadas. A avaliação clínica foi baseada nos questionários SF-36 e Oswestry. Os parâmetros radiográficos foram avaliados de acordo com a classificação de fratura baseada nos critérios de Magerls, o ângulo de cunha da vértebra fraturada e o ângulo de Cobb do segmento acometido. As medidas foram feitas em diferentes momentos: antes da cirurgia, imediatamente após a cirurgia, um ano depois e no acompanhamento tardio (cinco anos depois). Lesões associadas a traumas, complicações pós-cirúrgicas e relacionadas a implantes também foram consideradas. Resultados: O questionário SF-36 apresentou médias acima de 63,5% em todos os domínios no período pós-operatório tardio (a partir de cinco anos após a cirurgia). As respostas do questionário Oswestry mostraram limitações físicas mínimas ou nulas em 80% dos pacientes, com pontuação média de 10,8% ± 10,5%. O valor médio do ângulo de Cobb foi de 5,53º± 13,80º de cifose no período pré-operatório, 2,18º ± 13,38º de cifose no pós-operatório imediato, 5,26 ±13,95º de cifose no pós-operatório de um ano e de 8,78º ± 15,06º de cifose no período pós-operatório tardio. A correção média foi de 3,35º e a perda média de correção foi de 6,6º. Não foram observadas complicações, casos de déficit neurológico, infecções ou falhas do implante. Conclusão: As fraturas das vértebras toracolombares podem ser tratadas cirurgicamente com desfechos clínicos e radiológicos tardios positivos e baixas taxas de complicações usando um método percutâneo minimamente invasivo.

Efficacy of Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: Systematic Review Protocol / Eficácia da ressonância magnética dinâmica no diagnóstico da mielopatia cervical degenerativa: Protocolo de revisão sistemática

Abstract Cervical degenerative myelopathy (CDM) is a cervical spine condition resulting in clinical manifestations of spinal cord compression related to the chronic, non-traumatic, and progressive narrowing of the cervical spinal canal. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard test to diagnose and assess the severity of CDM. However, the patient is in a neutral and static position during the MRI scan, which may devalue the dynamic factors of CDM, underestimating the risk of spinal cord injury related to cervical spine flexion and extension movements. Dynamic MRI is a promising technique to change this scenario. Therefore, the present review aims to answer the following question: "Is dynamic MRI of the cervical spine more accurate in diagnosing CDM than conventional MRI?". We will search for studies in the MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, and SciELO databases. The search strategy will contain a combination of terms related to cervical myelopathy and magnetic resonance imaging. Two independent reviewers will select studies, extract data, and assess the risk of bias. The synthesis of results will be descriptive, considering the main findings of the studies about the outcomes of interest.

Resumo A mielopatia cervical degenerativa (MCD) é uma doença da coluna cervical com manifestações clínicas de compressão da medula espinal relacionadas ao estreitamento crônico, não traumático e progressivo do canal vertebral cervical. A ressonância magnética (RM) convencional é o exame padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico e a avaliação da gravidade da MCD. Contudo, o paciente encontra-se em posição neutra e estática durante a realização deste exame, o que pode desvalorizar os fatores dinâmicos da MCD, subestimando o risco de lesão medular relacionados aos movimentos de flexão e extensão da coluna cervical. A RM dinâmica é uma técnica promissora para modificar esse panorama. Portanto, a presente revisão tem o objetivo de responder a seguinte pergunta: "A RM dinâmica da coluna cervical é mais precisa no diagnóstico de MCD em comparação à RM convencional?" As buscas por estudos serão realizadas nas bases de dados MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS e SciELO. A estratégia de busca conterá combinação de termos relacionados à mielopatia cervical e à ressonância magnética. Dois avaliadores independentes irão realizar a seleção dos estudos, a extração dos dados e a avaliação dos riscos de viés. A síntese dos resultados será realizada de maneira descritiva, considerando os principais achados dos estudos relacionados aos desfechos de interesse.

Hipotensión intracraneal espontánea. Una puesta al día

Introducción: La hipotensión intracraneal espontánea es un síndrome causado por la disminución del volumen de líquido cefalorraquídeo consecuencia de su fuga al espacio extradural. Aunque la ICHD-3 proporciona un alto nivel de especificidad diagnóstica, esta enfermedad puede manifestarse de forma atípica. Hasta en un 30% no es posible establecer el punto de escape, pero con el refinamiento de los exámenes de imágenes este porcentaje se ha reducido a un 15%-20%. Actualmente, su manejo no se encuentra estandarizado y las recomendaciones se basan en evidencia de limitada calidad metodológica, además de la variabilidad de protocolos entre distintos centros. Desarrollo En esta revisión actualizamos los procedimientos diagnósticos y terapéuticos. Por un lado, analizamos el rol de la resonancia nuclear magnética de encéfalo y médula espinal completa como primer paso diagnóstico y, por otro lado, señalamos los exámenes destinados a determinar la fuga de líquido cefalorraquídeo. Tal es el caso de la mielo-resonancia, la mielo-tomografía computarizada, tanto estándar, dinámica y por sustracción digital, además de la cisternografía con 111-Indium-DPTA. Sin embargo, determinar cuál de estos exámenes es el óptimo es objeto de debate. Lo mismo ocurre con el tratamiento: reposo; parche sanguíneo epidural a ciegas, parche guiado por fluoroscopia o tomografía computarizada, parche de fibrina; o cirugía. Conclusiones Se requiere de una mayor investigación, especialmente con trabajos multicéntricos controlados, para una mejor comprensión de la fisiopatología, el diagnóstico por imágenes, los enfoques terapéuticos y evaluación objetiva de los resultados clínicos. Solo así se establecerán pautas diagnósticas y de tratamiento validadas.

Introducction: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is a syndrome caused by decreased CSF volume secondary to its leakage into the extradural space Although ICHD-3 provides a high level of diagnostic specificity, manifestations may be atypical, making diagnosis challenging. The site of leakage may be undetermined in point Up to 30% of cases, although with recent refinement of imaging, this percentage has been reduced to 15-20%. Currently, management is not standardized and recommendations are based on inconclusive evidence, with variability of protocols between centres. Development. In this review, we update diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. We analyse the role of whole brain and spinal cord MRI as a first investigation and review tests aimed at determining cerebrospinal fluid leakage, such as MRI myelography, conventional CT myelography, dynamic CT myelography, and digital subtraction CT myelography, as well as 111-Indium-DPTA cisternography. Determining optimal use of these investigations remains a matter of debate. The same is true for treatment: rest, blind epidural blood patch, fluoroscopy or CT-guided epidural blood patch, fibrin patch and surgery are discussed. Conclusión: Further research, especially multicentre controlled studies, is required to improve understanding of pathophysiology, diagnostic imaging, therapeutic approaches and to objectively assess clinical outcomes. Only then will diagnostic and treatment guidelines be evidence-based.

Falla en la extubación en el paciente con trauma raquimedular: parálisis diafragmática. Una entidad por considerar

La parálisis diafragmática es una entidad con epidemiologia no constatada, sin embargo, debe considerarse en el paciente con antecedente de trauma raquimedular asociado que presente signos tempranos de dificultad respiratoria, para de esta forma investigar y ofrecer manejos oportunos en esta condición clínica. Se presenta caso de varón de 65 años con debilidad diafragmática crónica por antecedente de herida por arma de fuego a nivel de la columna cervical.

Diaphragmatic paralysis is an entity with an unproven epidemiology. However, it should be considered in patients with a history of associated spinal cord trauma who present early signs of respiratory difficulty, to investigate and offer timely management to this clinical condition. We present the case of a 65-year-old man with chronic diaphragmatic weakness due to a history of gunshot wounds at the level of the cervical spine.

Consensus from the Brazilian Academy of Neurology for the diagnosis, genetic counseling, and use of disease-modifying therapies in 5q spinal muscular atrophy / Consenso da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia para diagnóstico, aconselhamento genético e uso de terapias modificadoras na atrofia muscular espinhal 5q

Abstract Spinal muscular atrophy linked to chromosome 5 (SMA-5q) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in the SMN1. SMA-5q is characterized by progressive degeneration of the spinal cord and bulbar motor neurons, causing severe motor and respiratory impairment with reduced survival, especially in its more severe clinical forms. In recent years, highly effective disease-modifying therapies have emerged, either acting by regulating the splicing of exon 7 of the SMN2 gene or adding a copy of the SMN1 gene through gene therapy, providing a drastic change in the natural history of the disease. In this way, developing therapeutic guides and expert consensus becomes essential to direct the use of these therapies in clinical practice. This consensus, prepared by Brazilian experts, aimed to review the main available disease-modifying therapies, critically analyze the results of clinical studies, and provide recommendations for their use in clinical practice for patients with SMA-5q. This consensus also addresses aspects related to diagnosis, genetic counseling, and follow-up of patients under drug treatment. Thus, this consensus provides valuable information regarding the current management of SMA-5q, helping therapeutic decisions in clinical practice and promoting additional gains in outcomes.

Resumo Atrofia muscular espinhal ligada ao cromossomo 5 (AME-5q) é uma doença genética de herança autossômica recessiva causada por mutações no gene SMN1. A AME-5q cursa com degeneração progressiva dos motoneurônios medulares e bulbares, acarretando grave comprometimento motor e respiratório com redução da sobrevida, especialmente nas suas formas clínicas mais graves. Nos últimos anos, terapias modificadoras da doença altamente eficazes, ou que atuam regulando o splicing do exon 7 do gene SMN2 ou adicionando uma cópia do gene SMN1 via terapia gênica, têm surgido, proporcionando uma mudança drástica na história natural da doença. Dessa forma, o desenvolvimento de guias terapêuticos e de consensos de especialistas torna-se importante no sentido de direcionar o uso dessas terapias na prática clínica. Este consenso, preparado por especialistas brasileiros, teve como objetivos revisar as principais terapias modificadoras de doença disponíveis, analisar criticamente os resultados dos estudos clínicos dessas terapias e prover recomendações para seu uso na prática clínica para pacientes com AME-5q. Aspectos relativos ao diagnóstico, aconselhamento genético e seguimento dos pacientes em uso das terapias também são abordados nesse consenso. Assim, esse consenso promove valiosas informações a respeito do manejo atual da AME-5q auxiliando decisões terapêuticas na prática clínica e promovendo ganhos adicionais nos desfechos finais.

Orthostatic support in paraplegic and amputee patients: a controlled trial / Suporte ortostático em paraplégicos e amputados: um ensaio controlado

ABSTRACT Introduction: Functional incapacity caused by physical alterations leads to significant limitations in daily activities and has a major impact on the return of people with disabilities to the social space and the workplace. This calls for an evaluation of the long-term influence of the use of a device specially developed for orthostatic posture on the physiological, biomechanical and functional parameters of amputees and spinal cord patients. Objective: The objective was evaluate the effect of postural support device use on function, pain, and biomechanical and cardiologic parameters in spinal cord injury and amputees patients compared to a control group. Methods: The orthostatic device was used by the participants for a period of ten consecutive days, for three cycles of 50 minutes each day, and a 15-day follow-up. Participants were positioned and stabilized using adjustable straps on the shoulders, trunk, and hips. The primary outcome was brief pain inventory. Fifteen participants were included the control group, 15 in the amputee group, and 15 in the spinal cord group. Results: Our results demonstrate that the use of the device allows the orthostatic position of amputees and spinal cord patients evaluated for ten days, leading to improved functionality and pain in the spinal cord and amputee groups compared to the control group. In addition, no changes were observed for secondary outcomes, indicating that the use of the device did not cause harm interference to patients. Conclusion: The long-term use of the orthostatic device is beneficial for improving functionality, reduce pain in amputees and spinal cord injury patients. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the results of treatment.

RESUMO Introdução: A incapacidade funcional causada por alterações físicas leva a limitações significativas nas atividades diárias e gera um grande impacto no retorno das pessoas com deficiência ao espaço social e ao local de trabalho, demandando a avaliação da influência em longo prazo do uso de um dispositivo especialmente desenvolvido para a postura ortostática nos parâmetros fisiológicos, biomecânicos e funcionais de pacientes amputados e com medula espinhal. Objetivo: O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito do uso do dispositivo de suporte postural na função, dor e parâmetros biomecânicos e cardiológicos em pacientes com lesão medular e amputados em comparação com um grupo controle. Métodos: O aparelho ortostático foi utilizado pelos participantes por um período de dez dias consecutivos, em três ciclos de 50 minutos diários, com acompanhamento de 15 dias. Os participantes foram posicionados e estabilizados por meio de alças ajustáveis nos ombros, tronco e quadris. O desfecho primário foi o questionário Breve Inventário de Dor. Quinze participantes foram incluídos no grupo controle, 15 no grupo amputado e 15 no grupo medular. Resultados: Nossos resultados demonstram que o uso do dispositivo permite a posição ortostática de amputados e pacientes com lesão medular avaliados por dez dias, levando a melhora da funcionalidade e dor nos grupos de amputados e medula espinhal em relação ao grupo controle. Além disso, não foram observadas alterações nos resultados secundários, indicando que o uso do dispositivo não causou interferência prejudicial aos pacientes. Conclusão: O uso prolongado do dispositivo ortostático é benéfico para melhorar a funcionalidade, reduzir a dor em amputados e pacientes com lesão medular. Nível de Evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados de tratamento.