Résumé
Introdução: Leptospirose é uma zoonose transmitida principalmente por roedores e está relacionada com a situação socioambiental de uma população. A transmissão ocorre especialmente pela eliminação de urina do roedor, por exemplo, nas enchentes que aumentam o risco de contaminação. O artigo analisa a presença de leptospirose na cidade de Pelotas/RS, visando identificar fatores de risco para realizar de forma mais adequada o diagnóstico precoce e evitar possíveis consequências da doença. Objetivos: O estudo tem por objetivo analisar o perfil das pessoas que contraíram leptospirose e seu desfecho no município de Pelotas/RS no período de 2007 a 2017. Métodos: Estudo transversal em que foram analisados dados de prevalência de Leptospirose em Pelotas/RS, comparando zona de residência, sexo, raça, escolaridade, faixa etária e evolução da doença. Resultados: Foi possível observar que a prevalência da doença foi maior em indivíduos com baixa escolaridade, do sexo masculino, brancos e residentes de zona urbana. Metade dos casos evoluiu para a cura, e 2,34% evoluíram para óbito devido ao agravo da doença. Contudo, 53,9% não tiveram a evolução notificada, tendo seus resultados registrados como em branco/ignorado. Conclusão: A leptospirose é uma patologia potencialmente fatal, e ainda subdiagnosticada, e consequentemente subnotificada, tendo grande prevalência em locais com as características de Pelotas/RS. É de fundamental importância que haja uma reestruturação do registro da notificação compulsória com uma abrangência maior sobre dados epidemiológicos para haver um melhor planejamento de meios de prevenção, alcançando uma redução da incidência e melhorando o desfecho desses pacientes.
Introduction: Leptospirosis is a zoonosis transmitted mainly by rodents and is related with the socioenvironmental conditions of a population. Transmission occurs especially through rodents' urine, for example, risk for contamination increases in floods. The article analyzes the presence of leptospirosis in the municipality of Pelotas, Brazil, in order to identify risk factors so as to perform a more appropriate early diagnosis and to prevent possible disease consequences. Objectives: The study aimed to assess the profile of people who contracted leptospirosis and its outcome in the municipality of Pelotas, Brazil, from 2007 to 2017. Methods: Cross-sectional study that analyzed data on the prevalence of leptospirosis in Pelotas, Brazil, comparing area of residence, sex, race, schooling, age, and disease outcome. Results: It was observed that the prevalence of the disease was higher in individuals with little education, male, white, and living in the urban area. Half of the cases evolved to cure, and 2.34% evolved to death due to disease worsening. However, 53.9% of the cases did not have their outcome informed, being reported as blank/unknown. Conclusion: Leptospirosis a potentially lethal disease and is still underdiagnosed, and consequently underreported, being highly prevalent in place with the characteristics of Pelotas, Brazil. It is extremely importance to promote a restructuring in disease notification reporting, with a greater coverage on epidemiological data, in order to improve the planning of prevention strategies, achieving a reduction in disease incidence and improving patient outcomes.
Résumé
Abstract: Introduction: Delirium is a neurocognitive disorder, frequently present in advanced cancer patients. It morbidity, mortality, health expenditure, and causes distress to patients, family members, and health care professionals. Despite its impact, the disorder is still underdiagnosed, and consequently, mistreated. Objective: To describe the prevalence, clinical features, impact on the survival and percentage of missed diagnosis of delirium, in palliative care inpatients treated in a tertiary center. Method: We conducted a prospective study, including all the inpatients referred to the Palliative Care Service of the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología in Mexico, from August, 2014 to March, 2015. As a first step, we collected clinical and sociodemographic data, and determined the presence/absence of delirium, using the Confusion Assessment Method. Then, we reviewed the clinical file to determine if a previous delirium diagnosis was stablished by the primary referring team. Finally, thirty days after the initial assessment, we contacted the patients in order to know their survival status (alive/death). We performed a survival analysis to compare mortality among patients with delirium/non-delirium, and reported the percentage of delirium missed diagnosis. Results: We included 174 patients, 40.2% were diagnosed with delirium. Mean survival time in patients with delirium was 11 days, while in non-delirium patient's mean survival time was 21 days; Log Rank 23.50, p < .001. We found a 73% of missed delirium diagnosis by the primary referring team. Discussion and conclusion: Prevalence of delirium in this population is similar to that observed in other palliative care populations. Also, delirium is the principal determinant of short-term mortality, and it is frequently underdiagnosed. Preventive strategies and early identification could help to reduce its burden.
Resumen: Introducción: El delírium es un trastorno neurocognitivo que frecuentemente se presenta en pacientes con cáncer avanzado. Aumenta la morbilidad, mortalidad y costo, y genera malestar en los pacientes, los miembros de la familia y los profesionales de la salud. A pesar de su impacto, el delírium está subdiagnosticado y, en consecuencia, mal manejado. Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia, características clínicas, impacto en la supervivencia y frecuencia del subdiagnóstico de delírium en pacientes hospitalizados referidos al servicio de cuidados paliativos de un centro oncológico de tercer nivel. Método: Se trata de un estudio prospectivo. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes hospitalizados referidos al servicio de cuidados paliativos del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología en México, desde agosto de 2014 a marzo de 2015. Se recolectaron datos clínicos y sociodemográficos, y se determinó la presencia de delírium utilizando el Confusion Assessment Method. Posteriormente se revisó el expediente clínico para determinar si el equipo primario de referencia había establecido el diagnóstico previo de delírium. Finalmente, treinta días posteriores a la evaluación inicial, se contactó a los pacientes para conocer su estado de supervivencia (vivo/muerto). Se realizó un análisis de supervivencia para comparar la mortalidad de los pacientes con y sin delírium, y se reportó el porcentaje de subdiagnóstico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 174 pacientes, de los que 40.2% se diagnosticaron con delírium. La supervivencia promedio en pacientes con delírium fue de 11 días, mientras que aquellos sin delírium fue de 21 días; Log Rank 23.50, p < .001. Se encontró un subdiagnóstico de 73% por parte del equipo primario de referencia. Discusión y conclusión: La prevalencia del delirium en esta población es similar a la reportada en otras poblaciones de cuidados paliativos. Además, el delirium es el principal determinante de la mortalidad, y el subdiagnóstico es frecuente. Se requieren estrategias de prevención e identificación temprana del delírium para ayudar a reducir el desgaste que genera.
Résumé
El síndrome del X frágil (SXF) es una anomalía genética causada por la replicación excesiva en la secuencia del nucleótido CGG que ocasiona anomalías físicas y psicológicas importantes, las cuales repercuten en el desarrollo intelectual del niño, además de que es la segunda causa genética más importante de retraso mental después del síndrome de Down; en ocasiones, y debido a la transición epidemiológica los trastornos de déficit de atención así como la hiperactividad, son confusos en el diagnóstico clínico y puede ser que el SXF sea subdiagnosticado. En la práctica estomatológica los trastornos del comportamiento son de suma importancia, ya que la piedra angular en el manejo de la conducta es la comunicación. Este trabajo está destinado a estimular al clínico para que busque más en los pacientes con retraso mental, trastorno por déficit de atención (TDA) e hiperactividad para encontrar el SXF, ya que el subdiagnóstico complica el tratamiento, el cual es específico y el consejo genético es importante en estos pacientes.
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic anomaly caused by excessive replication in the CGG nucleotide sequence which elicits severe physiological and physical anomalies which impair the child's intellectual development. Moreover, FXS constitutes, after Down's syndrome, the second most frequent genetic cause for mental retardation. Due to epidemiological transition, attention deficit disorders as well as hyperactivity are confused in the clinical diagnosis; this might lead to a situation where FXS might be under-diagnosed. In the realm of stomatological practice, behavior disorders are most important since communication can be considered the cornerstone of behavior management. The present study purports the aim of encouraging the clinician to look further into patients afflicted with mental retardation, TDA and hyperactivity to find FXS since under-diagnosis impairs treatment, is specific and genetic counseling for these patients is of the utmost importance.
Résumé
Se realiza una revisión de trabajos sobre la comorbilidad entre la depresión y el factor de riesgo cardiovascular en la vejez. Se considera la importancia del diagnóstico de depresión en la vejez que suele subdiagnosticarse con los riesgos pertinentes, entre ellos la elevada morbimortalidad cardiovascular, con el objetivo de realizar un tratamiento adecuado de ambas patologías. Se evalúan los factores de riesgo, genéticos, personalidad, la sintomatología semejante de la depresión geriátrica con enfermedades médicas, la comorbilidad, sus mecanismos fisiopatológicos, neuroendócrinos, activación plaquetaria, hipercoagulabilidad, inflamatorios, citoquinas, disfunción endotelial.Se presentan estudios controlados psicofarmacológicos para poder realizar una adecuada elección del antidepresivo teniendo en cuenta la polifarmacia frecuente en este grupo etario y las posibles interacciones. Así mismo, la declaración de la Asociación Psiquiátrica Europea (EPA), con el apoyo de la Asociación Europea para el Estudio de la Diabetes (EASD) y la Sociedad Europea de Cardiología (ESC) para el cuidado interdisciplinario del enfermo psiquiátrico.
A review of studies on the comorbility between depression and cardiovascular risk factor in old age. We consider the magnitude of diagnosis of depression in old age often sub-diagnosed with the relevant risks, including the high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in order to make appropriate treatment of both pathologies. We evaluated risk factores, genetic, personality, similar symptoms of geriatric depression with medical illness, comorbidity, pathophysiologic mechanisms, neuroendocrine, platelet activation, hypercoagulability, inflamatory cytokines, and endothelial dysfunction. Psychopharmacological controlled studies are presented to perform an adquate antidepressant choice considering the frequent polypharmacy and possible interactions in this age group. Likewise the statement of the European Psychaitric Association (EPA), with support from The European Assocation for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) for interdisciplinary care of psychiatric patient.