Factors associated with the health and reproductive autonomy of Quilombola women in Brazil / Factores asociados a la salud y la autonomía reproductiva de las mujeres quilombolas en Brasil / Fatores associados à saúde e autonomia reprodutiva de mulheres quilombolas no Brasil

Objective.To verify the association between reproductive autonomy and sociodemographic, sexual, and reproductive characteristics in Quilombola women (a term indicating the origin of politically organized concentrations of Afro-descendants who emancipated themselves from slavery).Methods. Cross-sectional and analytical study with 160 women from Quilombola communities in the southwest of Bahia, Brazil. Data were collected using the Reproductive Autonomy Scale and the questionnaire from the National Health Survey (adapted).Results. Out of the 160 participating women, 91.9% declared themselves as black, one out of every three were aged ≤ 23 years, 53.8% were married or had a partner, 38.8% had studied for ≤ 4 years, over half (58.1%) were unemployed, only 32.4% had a monthly income > R$ 430 (80 US dollars), 52.5% had their first menstruation at the age of 12, 70.7% had not accessed family planning services in the last 12 months, and over half used some method to avoid pregnancy (59.0%). The women had a high level of reproductive autonomy, especially in the "Decision-making" and "Freedom from coercion" subscales with a score of 2.53 and 3.40, respectively. A significant association (p<0.05) was found between the "Total reproductive autonomy" score and marital status, indicating that single or unpartnered women had higher autonomy compared to married or partnered women. Conclusion.The association of social determinants of health such as marital status, education, and age impacts women's reproductive choices, implying risks for sexual and reproductive health. The intergenerational reproductive autonomy of Quilombola women is associated with sociodemographic and reproductive factors.

Objetivo. Verificar la asociación entre autonomía reproductiva y características sociodemográficas, sexuales y reproductivas en mujeres quilombolas (término que indica procedencia de concentraciones de afrodescendientes políticamente organizadas que se emanciparon de la esclavitud). Métodos. Estudio transversal y analítico con 160 mujeres de comunidades quilombolas del sudoeste de Bahía, Brasil. Los datos fueron recolectados utilizando la Escala de Autonomía Reproductiva y el cuestionario de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (adaptado). Resultados. De las 160 mujeres participantes 91.9% se declararon negras, una de cada tres tenía edad ≤ 23 años, 53.8% estaban casada o tenían pareja, 38.8% había estudiado por ≤ 4 años, más de la mitad (58.1%) no trabajaba, solo 32.4% tenía renta > R$ 430 mensual (87 $US dólares), el 52.5% tuvo la primera menstruación a los 12 años, 70.7% no había acudido a servicios de planificación familiar en los últimos 12 meses y más de la mitad usaba algún método para evitar embarazo (59%). Las mujeres tuvieron un alto nivel de autonomía reproductiva, especialmente en las subescalas "Toma de decisiones" y "Ausencia de coerción" con una puntuación de 2.53 y 3.40, respectivamente. Se encontró asociación significativa (p<0.05) entre la puntuación de "Autonomía reproductiva total" con el estado civil, indicando el análisis que las mujeres solteras o sin pareja tenían mayor autonomía en comparación con las casadas o con pareja. Conclusión. La asociación de determinantes sociales de la salud como el estado civil, la escolaridad y la edad interfieren en las opciones reproductivas de las mujeres, implicando riesgos para la salud sexual y reproductiva. La autonomía reproductiva intergeneracional de las mujeres quilombolas está asociada a factores sociodemográficos y reproductivos.

Objetivo. Verificar a associação entre a autonomia reprodutiva e características sociodemográficas, sexuais e reprodutivas em mulheres quilombolas (termo que indica a origem de concentrações politicamente organizadas de pessoas de ascendência africana que se emanciparam da escravatura). Métodos. Estudo transversal e analítico com 160 mulheres (80 mães e 80 filhas) de comunidades quilombolas no sudoeste baiano, no Brasil. Os dados foram construídos através da aplicação da Escala de Autonomia Reprodutiva e do questionário da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (adaptado). Resultados. das 160 mulheres participantes 91.9% se autodeclararam negra, a maioria com idade ≤ 23 anos (35.6%), 53.8% são casadas ou com companheiro, 38.8% com estudos ≤ 4 anos, mais da metade (58.1%) não trabalham, apenas 32.4% têm renda > R$ 430, a maioria teve a primeira menstruação até os 12 anos de idade (52.5%), não participou de grupo de planejamento familiar nos últimos 12 meses (70.7%), mais da metade utilizava método para evitar a gravidez (59%). Apresentaram elevada autonomia reprodutiva, com destaque para as subescalas "Tomada de decisão" e "Ausência de coerção" medindo 2.53 e 3.40, respectivamente. Encontrou-se associação significativa (p<0.05) entre o escore de "Autonomia reprodutiva total" e estado conjugal, com a análise indicando que mulheres solteiras ou sem companheiro apresentaram maior autonomia, comparadas às mulheres casadas ou com companheiro. Conclusão. A associação dos determinantes sociais de saúde como estado civil, menarca, escolaridade e idade interferem nas escolhas reprodutivas das mulheres, implicando em riscos à saúde sexual e reprodutiva. A autonomia reprodutiva intergeracional das mulheres quilombolas está associada a fatores sociodemográficos e reprodutivos.

Construcción y validación de un cuestionario sobre actitudes hacia la higiene de manos / Construction and validation of a questionnaire on attitudes towards hand hygiene

INTRODUCCIÓN: La higiene de manos es la medida más eficaz para prevenir las infecciones asociadas al cuidado de la salud. Las actitudes hacia esta práctica tan sencilla, influyen en el grado de adherencia. OBJETIVO: Desarrollar y validar un instrumento para evaluar las actitudes hacia la higiene de manos en estudiantes de Licenciatura en Enfermería. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio observacional y de corte transversal. Una vez construido el instrumento se realizó la validez de contenido mediante el juicio de expertos. Para la validez de constructo se realizó análisis factorial exploratorio. Posteriormente se calculó la confiabilidad, que incluyó la consistencia interna y la estabilidad del cuestionario. RESULTADOS: Participaron 313 estudiantes de Licenciatura en Enfermería de ocho universidades de Argentina. Se calculó el Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO = 0,720) y se obtuvo una prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett significativa (x2 = 831,2; = 0,000). El análisis factorial exploratorio determinó la existencia de un único factor. El modelo explicó el 54% de la varianza. Se utilizó la implementación mejorada de la estimación Bayesiana EAP integrada en el programa FACTOR, que fue de 0,85 y se realizó test-retest utilizando análisis de correlación que arrojó un r = 0,64 (p ≤ 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: El cuestionario sobre actitudes hacia la higiene de manos (CAHM) presenta una adecuada validez y confiablidad, por lo que puede ser utilizado para indagar sobre este factor predisponente de adherencia hacia la higiene de manos.

BACKGROUND: Hand hygiene is the most effective measure to prevent health care-associated infections. Attitudes towards this simple practice influence the level of adherence. AIM: To develop and validate an instrument for the evaluation of attitudes towards hand hygiene in nursing students. METHOD: An observational and cross-sectional study was carried out. Once the instrument was constructed, content validity was carried out through expert judgment. For construct validity, exploratory factor analysis was performed. Subsequently, the analysis of construct validity and reliability was calculated, which included the internal consistency and stability of the questionnaire. RESULTS: 313 Nursing undergraduate students from 8 universities in Argentina participated. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO = 0.720) was calculated, and a significant Bartlett sphericity test was obtained (x2 = 831.2; = 0.000). The exploratory factor analysis determined the existence of a single factor. The model explained 54% of the variance. The improved implementation of the Bayesian EAP estimation integrated in the FACTOR program was used, which was 0.85; and test-retest was also performed using correlation analysis that yielded r = 0.64 (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The Questionnaire on attitudes towards hand hygiene (CAHM) has adequate validity and reliability, so it can be used to investigate this predisposing factor of adherence to hand hygiene.

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: A survey of unvaccinated adults

Background: Concerns and misconceptions surrounding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines may account for vaccine hesitancy and low uptake. Aim: To determine prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, vaccine-related misconceptions, and predictors of vaccine hesitancy among South Africans. Setting: Community setting in five districts in KwaZulu- Natal province. Methods: Between August 20, 2021, and September 27, 2021, we conducted a cross-sectional survey, interviewing 300 unvaccinated adults amid the national vaccination campaign. Predictors of hesitancy were identified through multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: Participants had a median age of 29 years (IQR: 23­39), 86.7% were Black African, 63.2% were male, 53.3% resided in rural communities, and 59.3% (95% CI: 53.8% ­ 64.9%) were classified as vaccine hesitant. The primary reason for not vaccinating was a lack of trust in the vaccine (62.1%). Factors associated with reduced vaccine hesitancy included age (participants aged 35­49 years: OR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.18­0.64, p = 0.003; participants over 50 years: OR: 0.18, 95% CI: 0.07­0.47, p = 0.0004), previous COVID-19 infection (OR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.11­0.87, p = 0.03), and receiving vaccine information from healthcare workers (OR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.10­1.0, p = 0.05). Unemployed (OR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.1­4.2, p = 0.03) and self-employed individuals (OR: 2.98, 95% CI: 1.27­7.02, p = 0.01) were more likely to be vaccine hesitant. Conclusion: COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy rates are high in KwaZulu-Natal. Uptake could be enhanced by healthcare workers leading information campaigns with messages targeting younger individuals, the unemployed, and the self-employed. Contribution: This survey provides evidence to improve COVID-19 vaccination uptake in South Africa.

Investigation of Anisakis infections in coastal marine fishes and awareness of anisakiasis control knowledge among residents in Yantai City in 2021 / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To investigate the prevalence of Anisakis infections in coastal marine fishes and awareness of anisakiasis control knowledge among local residents in Yantai City, Shandong Province in 2021, so as to provide insights into formulation of anisakiasis control interventions. Methods Marine fishes were purchased from Shunxin Port, Yantai City, Shandong Province in November 2021, and the presence of Anisakis was detected in different species of fishes and different fish sites. The correlations between body length and weight of marine fish and intensity of Anisakis infections were examined using Spearman’s rank correlation analysis, and the dietary habits and anisakiasis control knowledge were investigated using questionnaire surveys among local residents. Results A total of 201 marine fishes belonging to 20 species were dissected, and Anisakis was detected in 77 marine fishes (38.31%) belonging to 11 species (55.00%), with a mean infection intensity of 45.04 parasites per fish (3 468/77). Spearman’s rank correlation analysis revealed that the body length (rs = 0.74, P < 0.05) and weight (rs = 0.79, P < 0.01) of the monkfish correlated positively with the intensity of Anisakis infections, and the body length (rs = 0.68, P < 0.05) of the flatfish correlated positively with the intensity of Anisakis infections, while no correlations were examined between the body length or weight of other marine fishes and the intensity of Anisakis infections. Of all respondents, 53.38% men and 56.67% women did not know anisakiasis control knowledge at all, and there was a significant difference in the proportion of respondents using separate chopping boards for raw and cooked food from different villages (χ2 = 17.89, P < 0.01), while there was an age-specific proportion of respondents with habitats of eating raw or semi-raw seafood (χ2 = 28.27, P < 0.01). Conclusions The prevalence and intensity of Anisakis infections were high in coastal marine fishes in Yantai City in 2021, and the awareness of anisakiasis control knowledge was low among local residents. Intensified health education pertaining to anisakiasis control knowledge is recommended to reduce the risk of Anisakis infections.

Clinical efficacy of periodontal endoscopy-assisted subgingival scaling and root planning and its effect on psychology and quality of life in patients with periodontitis / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To investigate the clinical efficacy and effects of periodontal endoscope (PE)-assisted subgingival scaling and root planning (SRP) and traditional SRP on the psychological and quality of life of patients with periodontitis.@*Methods@#This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee, and informed consent was obtained from the patients. Patients with periodontitis who were treated in the Department of Periodontology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University from April 2018 to December 2022 with residual periodontal pockets (PD ≥ 5 mm) 6 weeks after traditional SRP treatment were enrolled, and the residual periodontal pockets were further treated with PE-assisted SRP (PE+SRP). After 6 weeks of traditional SRP treatment and 3 months of PE+SRP treatment, clinical indicators, including plaque index (PLI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and bleeding on probing (BOP), were measured, and periodontal tissue self-awareness scale scores, oral health impact profile-14 (OHIP-14) score and dental fear scale (DFS) score were collected. Moreover, visual analog scale (VAS) scores were collected after traditional SRP and PE-assisted SRP treatments.@*Results@#Twenty-three patients with periodontitis, including 832 sites of 486 affected teeth, were included in the clinical study. Three months after PE+SRP treatment, all clinical periodontal indicators, PLI (t = 9.254, P<0.001), PD (t = 50.724, P<0.001), CAL (t = 22.407, P<0.001) and BOP (t = 9.217, P<0.001), were significantly improved. Compared with traditional SRP (VAS: 2.48 ± 1.70), the pain caused by PE+SRP (VAS: 2.57±1.80) was not significantly different (t = 0,192, P = 0.850). There was no significant difference in the scores of the periodontal tissue self-awareness scale between the two groups (t = 1.485, P = 0.152). The OHIP-14 (SRP: 12.13±7.63; PE+SRP: 10.26 ± 5.25, t = -1.589, P = 0.126) and DFS (SRP: 40.70 ± 12.63; SRP+PE: 41.57 ± 12.61, t = 0.404, P = 0.690) scores were not significantly different.@*Conclusion@#All clinical periodontal indicators were significantly improved after PE-assisted SRP treatment of residual periodontal pockets, and compared with traditional SRP, PE-assisted SRP had no negative impact on the quality of life or psychological status of patients with periodontitis. Therefore, PE+SRP can be promoted in clinical practice.

Genetic diversity analysis and fingerprinting of 175 Chimonanthus praecox germplasm based on SSR molecular marker / 生物工程学报

The elucidation of resources pertaining to the Chimonanthus praecox varieties and the establishment of a fingerprint serve as crucial underpinnings for advancing scientific inquiry and industrial progress in relation to C. praecox. Employing the SSR molecular marker technology, an exploration of the genetic diversity of 175 C. praecox varieties (lines) in the Yanling region was conducted, and an analysis of the genetic diversity among these varieties was carried out using the UPDM clustering method in NTSYSpc 2.1 software. We analyzed the genetic structure of 175 germplasm using Structure v2.3.3 software based on a Bayesian model. General linear model (GLM) association was utilized to analyze traits and markers. The genetic diversity analysis revealed a mean number of alleles (Na) of 6.857, a mean expected heterozygosity (He) of 0.496 3, a mean observed heterozygosity (Ho) of 0.503 7, a mean genetic diversity index of Nei՚s of 0.494 9, and a mean Shannon information index of 0.995 8. These results suggest that the C. praecox population in Yanling exhibits a rich genetic diversity. Additionally, the population structure and the UPDM clustering were examined. In the GLM model, a total of fifteen marker loci exhibited significant (P < 0.05) association with eight phenotypic traits, with the explained phenotypic variation ranging from 14.90% to 36.03%. The construction of fingerprints for C. praecox varieties (lines) was accomplished by utilizing eleven primer pairs with the highest polymorphic information content, resulting in the analysis of 175 SSR markers. The present study offers a thorough examination of the genetic diversity and SSR molecular markers of C. praecox in Yanling, and establishes a fundamental germplasm repository of C. praecox, thereby furnishing theoretical underpinnings for the selection and cultivation of novel and superior C. praecox varieties, varietal identification, and resource preservation and exploitation.

Association and Contribution of Patient and Bereaved Family Background to Outcomes of Survivor Surveys

A secondary analysis of data from national bereavement surveys conducted in 2014, 2016, and 2018 was conducted with the aim of identifying the contribution of various patient and bereavement backgrounds to the outcomes of the Bereavement Survey. The data were evaluated in terms of structure and process of care (CES), achievement of a desirable death (GDI), complexity grief (BGQ), and depression (PHQ-9). The large data set and comprehensive analysis of bereavement survey outcomes clarified the need for adjustment of confounding variables and which variables should be adjusted for in future analyses. Overall, the contribution of the background factors examined in this study to the CES (Adj-R2=0.014) and overall satisfaction (Adj-R2=0.055) was low. The contribution of the GDI (Adj-R2=0.105) was relatively high, and that of the PHQ-9 (Max-rescaled R2=0.200) and BGQ (Max-rescaled R2=0.207) was non-negligible.

Comparison of attitudes toward community-based medicine between regional-quota and general-selected medical student in Japan / Journal of Rural Medicine

Objective: This study compared the regional-quota and general-selected medical students’ understanding, interest, and confidence in the community medicine practice and their attitudes toward the concept guidelines.Methods: We conducted a Web-based questionnaire survey regarding the understanding, interest, and confidence in future community medicine practice and attitudes toward concept guidelines among medical students of all grades (regional-quota and general-selected: n=82 and n=617, respectively).Results: The overall response rates were 68.5% (56/82) and 66.0% (409/617) in the regional-quota and general-selected groups, respectively. Although there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of understanding (P=0.998), interest and confidence in future practice were significantly higher in the regional-quota group (both P<0.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups for any of the six questions regarding community medicine guidelines.Conclusion: The understanding of community medicine or its conceptual guidelines did not significantly differ between the two groups; however, interest and confidence in future practice were significantly higher in the regional-quota group. These results suggest that the regional-quota system positively upregulates the interest in community medicine, which could be associated with confidence in future practice. Comprehensive and longitudinal improvements in the regional-quota system may be effective in cultivating community medicine.

Scale development and validation of perimenopausal women disability index in the workplace

BACKGROUND@#Menopausal disorders include obscure symptomatology that greatly reduce work productivity among female workers. Quantifying the impact of menopause-related symptoms on work productivity is very difficult because no such guidelines exist to date. We aimed to develop a scale of overall health status for working women in the perimenopausal period.@*METHODS@#In September, 2021, we conducted an Internet web survey which included 3,645 female workers aged 45-56 years in perimenopausal period. We asked the participants to answer 76 items relevant to menopausal symptomatology, that were created for this study and performed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses for the scale development. Cronbach's alpha, receiver operating characteristic analysis, and logistic regression analysis were used to verify the developed scale.@*RESULTS@#Approximately 85% participants did not have menstruation or disrupted cycles. Explanatory factor analysis using the maximum likelihood method and Promax rotation identified 21 items with a four-factor structure: psychological symptoms (8 items, α = 0.96); physiological symptoms (6 items, alpha = 0.87); sleep difficulty (4 items, alpha = 0.92); human relationship (3 items, alpha = 0.92). Confirmatory factor analyses found excellent model fit for the four-factor model (RMSR = 0.079; TLI = 0.929; CFI = 0.938). Criterion and concurrent validity were confirmed with high correlation coefficients between each of the four factors, previously validated menopausal symptom questionnaire, and Copenhagen Burnout Inventory scales, respectively (all ps < 0.0001). The developed scale was able to predict absenteeism with 78% sensitivity, 58% specificity, and an AUC of 0.727 (95%CI: 0.696-0.757). Higher scores of each factor as well as total score of the scale were more likely to be associated with work absence experience due to menopause-related symptoms even after adjusting for Copenhagen Burnout Inventory subscales (all ps < 0.0001).@*CONCLUSION@#We found that the developed scale has high validity and reliability and could be a significant indicator of absenteeism for working women in perimenopausal period.

Investigation of the current situation of pharmaceutical clinics in medical institutions in China / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To investigate the current situation of pharmaceutical clinic service in medical institutions in China and provide experience and suggestions for promoting the development of pharmaceutical clinics. METHODS Questionnaire survey was used to investigate the development of pharmaceutical clinics in medical institutions of 31 provinces （autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government） in March to April 2023， and the descriptive analysis was conducted. The regression analysis was carried out for the influential factors of pharmaceutical clinic service. RESULTS A total of 1 368 questionnaires were distributed in this survey and 1 304 valid questionnaires were collected with the effective response rate of 95.32%. A total of 463 medical institutions carried out pharmaceutical clinic service， the rate of which was 35.51% （463/1 304）； the rates of pharmaceutical clinics in tertiary， secondary， primary and other medical institutions were 52.80%， 17.18% and 5.88%， respectively. The frequency of opening pharmaceutical clinics was 3.17 days per week on average， with an average of 5.99 visiting pharmacists in each medical institution. Among the visiting pharmacists， clinical pharmacists accounted for the vast majority （88.68%， 2 459/2 773）. There were various categories of pharmaceutical clinics， including joint clinics and pharmacist-independent clinics； among pharmacist-independent clinics， pharmaceutical specialty/specialty disease clinics were the main ones， accounting for 89.72% of the total number of pharmaceutical clinics. The value of pharmacists in pharmaceutical clinics was manifested in various forms， among which the proportion of medical institutions charging pharmaceutical clinics was 10.80%. The main experiences in developing pharmaceutical clinics were to attach importance to discipline construction and personnel training. The main difficulties in developing pharmaceutical clinics were low compensation levels and a shortage of talent.The number of clinical pharmacists， the number of visiting pharmacists in pharmaceutical clinics and additional compensation were positively correlated with the amount of pharmaceutical clinic services（P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS In recent years， pharmaceutical clinics have made significant progress； in the future， it is still necessary to further strengthen discipline construction and talent cultivation， pay attention to the value embodiment of pharmacists， to promote the healthy development of pharmaceutical clinics.

Status of the poor vision among 3 014 primary school students in Wucheng district of Jinhua city and analysis of the influencing factors / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To explore the prevalence and influencing factors of poor vision among 3 014 primary school students in Wucheng District, Jinhua City, in order to provide evidence for the intervention measures of poor vision.METHODS: Using a cross-sectional study, a self-designed questionnaire was done, including general conditions and influencing factors of vision. The international standard logarithmic visual acuity chart was used for visual acuity detection. The risk factors that were statistically significant among the single factor groups were used as independent variables for multivariate Logistic regression analysis.RESULTS: A total of 1 367 students with poor vision were detected, the detection rate was 45.36%, among which mild poor vision rare was 26.08%; moderate rate was 11.51%; and severe rate was 7.76%. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that senior grades, parental myopia, daily insufficient sleep and outdoor activity, overuse of electronics or computers and no eye exercise were risk factors for poor vision.CONCLUSION: The rate of poor vision among the primary school students was severe, schools should take measures to improve and prevent students' poor vision by increasing outdoor activity time, correcting poor reading and writing posture, and reducing the time spent on electronic products.

Percepción de la inteligencia artificial en la comunidad radiológica argentina / Perception of artificial intelligence in the Argentine radiological community

Resumen Introducción: La aplicación de la inteligencia artificial (IA) en radiología se encuentra en fases iniciales y estaría influenciada por la percepción de sus usuarios. Objetivo: Valorar el grado de conocimiento, interés y expectativas acerca de la IA en la comunidad radiológica argentina. Método: Entre septiembre y noviembre de 2022 se distribuyó una encuesta online acerca del conocimiento, la actitud y las expectativas con respecto a la IA. Resultados: De un total de 161 encuestados, la mayoría eran mujeres (55,3%), tenían entre 31 y 40 años (43,4%), eran médicos de planta (42%), trabajaban en el ámbito privado (55,6%) y estaban localizados en la CABA/Buenos Aires (59%). El 52,5% no habían utilizado software de IA y el 87,7% no habían realizado cursos de IA. El 88,2% manifestaron interés en la formación en este campo. Casi la totalidad concordaba en que la IA modificaría su labor diaria en los próximos 10 años (87,6%), aunque no los reemplazaría (56,8%), ni cambiarían de carrera (69,8%). Conclusiones: Aunque el grado de conocimiento acerca de la IA en la comunidad radiológica argentina es moderado, encontramos un alto interés y expectativas, y un bajo nivel de miedo o rechazo. Las sociedades radiológicas argentinas deberían desarrollar cursos de formación en IA.

Abstract Introduction: The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in radiology is in early stages and could be influenced by the perception of its users. Objectives: To assess the degree of knowledge, interest, and expectations about AI in the Argentine radiological community. Method: Between September and November 2022, an online survey about knowledge, attitude and expectations of AI was distributed. Results: Of a total of 161 respondents, the majority were women (55.3%), had between 31 and 40 years old (43.4%), were staff physicians (42%), worked in the private sector (55.6%) and were located in CABA/Buenos Aires (59%). 52.5% had not used AI software and 87.7% had not taken any previous AI courses. 88.2% were interested in training in this field. Almost all agreed that AI would modify their daily work in the next 10 years (87.6%), although it would not replace them (56.8%), nor would they change their careers (69.8%). Conclusions: Although the degree of knowledge about AI in the Argentine radiological community is moderate, we found high interest and expectations, and low level of fear or rejection. Argentine radiological societies should develop AI training courses.

Social inequalities in indicators of use of healthcare services by adolescents in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil / Desigualdades sociais em indicadores de uso de serviços de saúde por adolescentes de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil / Desigualdades sociales en indicadores de uso de servicios de salud por adolescentes de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil

Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of indicators of use of healthcare services according to sex, income and race/skin color, in adolescents (aged 10-19 years old) based on data from the Health Survey of the Municipality of Campinas (ISACamp), carried out in 2014/2015 in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. The chi-square test was used to evaluate the differences between the outcome variables (indicators of use of healthcare service) and sex, income and race/skin color. Adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated using Poisson multiple regression models. The demand for medical care was high in the last year of the interview (79.2%), mostly attended by the Brazilian Unified National Health System (65.2%), with routine consultations being more prevalent for females (PR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.01-1.34) and injury for the male population (PR = 0.47; 95%CI: 0.26-0.84). Economic and racial differences were found in the evaluation of the last medical consultation, with a higher prevalence of worse care among those with lower income (PR = 1.46; 95%CI: 1.14-1.87) and black people (PR = 1.27; 95%CI: 1.01-1.61). Inequalities remained for delay or failure to carry out exams (PR = 1.64; 95%CI: 1.02-2.64) and worse quality of dental care (PR = 2.10; 95%CI: 1.38-3.21) in those with lower income. Also, black people had fewer appointments with dentists (PR = 0.90; 95%CI: 0.82-0.99).

Resumo: O estudo objetivou estimar a prevalência dos indicadores de uso de serviços de saúde de acordo com sexo, renda e etnia/cor da pele entre adolescentes (10 a 19 anos) com base nos dados do Inquérito de Saúde no Município de Campinas (ISACamp), realizada em 2014/2015 em Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para avaliar as diferenças entre as variáveis de desfecho (indicadores de utilização de serviços de saúde) e sexo, renda e etnia/cor da pele. As razões de prevalência (RP) ajustadas foram estimadas por meio de modelos de regressão múltipla de Poisson. A demanda por atendimentos médicos foi elevada no último ano da entrevista (79,2%), atendidos majoritariamente pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (65,2%), sendo as consultas de rotina mais prevalentes no sexo feminino (RP = 1,17; IC95%: 1,01-1,34) e lesão na população masculina (RP = 0,47; IC95%: 0,26-0,84). Diferenças econômicas e raciais foram encontradas na avaliação da última consulta médica, com maior prevalência de pior atendimento entre aqueles com menor renda (RP = 1,46; IC95%: 1,14-1,87) e negros (RP = 1,27; IC95%: 1,01-1,61). Desigualdades permaneceram em termos de atraso ou falha na realização de exames (RP = 1,64; IC95%: 1,02-2,64) e pior qualidade do atendimento odontológico (RP = 2,10; IC95%: 1,38-3,21) naqueles com menor renda. E os negros consultaram menos os serviços de dentistas (RP = 0,90; IC95%: 0,82-0,99).

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de los indicadores de uso de servicios de salud según el sexo, ingresos y etnia/color de la piel entre adolescentes (10 a 19 años) basado en los datos de la Encuesta de Salud de la Ciudad de Campinas (ISACamp), realizada entre 2014 y 2015 en Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. Se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado para evaluar las diferencias entre las variables de resultado (indicadores de uso de servicios de salud) y sexo, ingresos y etnia/color de la piel. Se estimaron las razones de prevalencia (RP) ajustadas a través de modelos de regresión múltiple de Poisson. La demanda de atención médica fue alta en el último año de la entrevista (el 79,2%), mayoritariamente asistidos por el Sistema Único de Salud (el 65,2%), con las consultas de rutina más frecuentes para el sexo femenino (RP = 1,17; IC95%: 1,01-1,34) y la atención por lesiones más frecuentes para la población masculina (RP = 0,47; IC95%: 0,26-0,84). Se encontraron diferencias económicas y raciales en la evaluación de la última consulta médica, con mayor prevalencia de peor atención entre aquellos con menores ingresos (RP = 1,46; IC95%: 1,14-1,87) y personas negras (RP = 1,27; IC95%: 1,01-1,61). Las desigualdades persistieron en términos de retraso o no realización de exámenes (RP = 1,64; IC95%: 1,02-2,64) y peor calidad de la atención odontológica (RP = 2,10; IC95%: 1,38-3,21) en aquellos con menores ingresos. Y las personas negras fueron las que menos consultaron los servicios de dentistas (RP = 0,90; IC95%: 0,82-0,99).

Evaluation and Treatment of Dysphagia in Public and Private Intensive Care Units (ICUs) in Greece

Abstract Introduction Dysphagia is a significant but underrecognized clinical issue in the intensive care unit (ICU), and it is associated with various complications. Despite its clinical importance, there is limited research and no Creek ICU-specific guidelines for managing dysphagic patients. Additionally, only a few ICUs in Greece have dysphagia specialists, specifically speech-language pathologists (SLPs) providing their expertise. Objective To identify the current practices for dysphagia management (screening, assessment, treatment) and gain insight into ICU directors' awareness/perceptions of the prevalence, complications, and risk of dysphagia. Materials and Methods We identified 138 Creek ICUs. Data were collected from ICU (including pediatric and neonatal) directors, working in public and private hospitals, via a 24-item, anonymous online questionnaire, within a 4-month period. Results Our survey was completed by 45 ICU directors. Most participants (84.4%) reported that dysphagia is a relevant clinical problem in their ICU, and 51.1 % estimated a frequency rate < 20%. Non-instrumental approaches are mainly utilized to screen and diagnose dysphagia, whereas enteral nutrition and diet modifications are used to manage dysphagia. Additionally, 64.4% of ICU directors agreed that SLPs are essential for the management of dysphagic patients, and 66.7%, that awareness of dysphagia in their ICU could be increased. Conclusion The current study documented the methods and approaches used to manage dysphagic patients in Creek ICUs. The ICU directors seem to recognize the clinical significance of dysphagia and its complications. According to our findings, the employment of SLPs could result in a more comprehensive and intensive approach and improve the quality of care for these patients.

Assessing the reaction to and efficacy of the Screener drug discovery and development board game as a pedagogical tool in postgraduate courses

Screener, a board game supplemented with online resources, was introduced and distributed by the Brazilian Society of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics to postgraduate programs as an instructional tool for the process of drug discovery and development (DDD). In this study, we provided a comprehensive analysis of five critical aspects for evaluating the quality of educational games, namely: 1) description of the intervention; 2) underlying pedagogical theory; 3) identification of local educational gaps; 4) impact on diverse stakeholders; and 5) elucidation of iterative quality enhancement processes. We also present qualitative and quantitative assessments of the effectiveness of this game in 11 postgraduate courses. We employed the MEEGA+ online survey, comprising thirty-three close-ended unipolar items with 5-point Likert-type response scales, to assess student perceptions of the quality and utility of Screener. Based on 115 responses, the results indicated a highly positive outlook among students. In addition, we performed a preliminary evaluation of learning outcomes in two courses involving 28 students. Pre- and post-quizzes were applied, each consisting of 20 True/False questions directly aligned with the game's content. The analysis revealed significant improvement in students' performance following engagement with the game, with scores rising from 8.4 to 13.3 (P<0.0001, paired t-test) and 9.7 to 12.7 (P<0.0001, paired t-test). These findings underscore the utility of Screener as an enjoyable and effective tool for facilitating a positive learning experience in the DDD process. Notably, the game can also reduce the educational disparities across different regions of our continental country.

Uma pesquisa de manejo médico e neuropsiquiátrico em uma coorte brasileira de pacientes com doença inflamatória intestinal (DII) / A medical and neuropsychiatric management survey in a brazilian cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd)

ABSTRACT Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can be accompanied by several neurological disorders. Since 2004, we started a Brazilian cohort to assess neuropsychiatric complications in IBD patients. Changes in therapeutic strategy and differences in the prevalence and relevance of neuropsychiatric disorders have been reported in the literature. We conducted a short patient-reported survey about the medical management of IBD (with a special focus on neuropsychiatric management) and its complications. During the enrollment period (9/1/2021 to 8/31/2022), 279 patients with IBD answered the survey (128 patients with ulcerative colitis and 151 with Crohn's disease). This is the first medical management survey aimed to verify the level of perception of IBD patients about their neuropsychiatric conditions. We found a high prevalence of neurologic (59%), psychiatric (32%), and neuropsychiatric co-morbidities (69%). There is a marked discrepancy between the findings of neurological disorders reported in our studies over the first 10 years of the cohort in comparison with the current perception/knowledge among the patients registered in the present management survey. Patients tend to have a better understanding of central rather than peripheral nerve conditions.

RESUMO A doença inflamatória intestinal (DII) pode ser acompanhada por vários distúrbios neurológicos. Desde 2004, iniciamos uma coorte brasileira para avaliar complicações neuropsiquiátricas em pacientes com DII. Mudanças na estratégia terapêutica e diferenças na prevalência e relevância dos transtornos neuropsiquiátricos têm sido relatadas na literatura. Realizamos uma breve pesquisa relatada pelos pacientes sobre o manejo médico da DII (com foco especial no manejo neuropsiquiátrico) e suas complicações. Durante o período de 01/09/2021 a 31/08/2022, 279 pacientes com DII responderam à pesquisa (128 pacientes com retocolite ulcerativa e 151 com doença de Crohn). Esta é a primeira pesquisa de gestão médica que visa verificar o nível de percepção dos pacientes com DII acerca de suas condições neuropsiquiátricas. Encontramos uma alta prevalência de comorbidades neurológicas (59%), psiquiátricas (32%) e neuropsiquiátricas (69%). Há uma discrepância marcante entre os achados de distúrbios neurológicos relatados em nossos estudos durante os primeiros 10 anos da coorte em comparação com a percepção/conhecimento atual entre os pacientes da presente pesquisa de manejo. Os pacientes tendem a ter uma melhor compreensão das condições que afetam o sistema nervoso central do que as que afetam o sistema nervoso periférico.

Prevalence, trends, and factors associated with hypertensive crisis among Peruvian adults / Prevalencia, tendencias y factores asociados a la crisis hipertensiva en adultos peruanos / Prevalência, tendências e fatores associados à crise hipertensiva em adultos peruanos

There are few studies focused on the epidemiology of hypertensive crisis at the population level in resource-constrained settings. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and trends over time of hypertensive crisis, as well as the factors associated with this condition among adults. A secondary data analysis was carried out using the Peruvian Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES). Hypertensive crisis was defined based on the presence of systolic (≥ 180mmHg) or diastolic (≥ 110mmHg) blood pressure, regardless of previous diagnosis or medication use. The factors associated with our outcome were evaluated using multinomial logistic regression, and the trend of hypertensive crisis was evaluated using the Cochrane-Armitage test. Data from 260,167 participants were analyzed, with a mean age of 44.2 (SD: 16.9) years and 55.5% were women. Hypertension prevalence was 23% (95%CI: 22.7-23.4) and, among them, 5.7% (95%CI: 5.4-5.9) had hypertensive crisis, with an overall prevalence of 1.5% (95%CI: 1.4-1.6). From 2014 to 2022, a significant decrease in the prevalence of hypertensive crisis was observed, from 1.7% in 2014 to 1.4% in 2022 (p = 0.001). In the multivariable model, males, increasing age, living in urban areas, high body mass index, and self-reported type 2 diabetes were positively associated with hypertensive crisis, whereas higher educational level, socioeconomic status, and high altitude were inversely associated. There is a need to improve strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and control of hypertension, especially hypertensive crisis.

Pocos estudios se han centrado en la epidemiología de la crisis hipertensiva a nivel poblacional en entornos de recursos limitados. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y tendencia, a lo largo del tiempo, de la crisis hipertensiva y los factores asociados a esta condición en adultos. Se realizó un análisis de datos secundarios utilizando la Encuesta Demográfica de Salud Familiar (ENDES) de Perú. La crisis hipertensiva se definió en función de la presencia de presión arterial sistólica (≥ 180mmHg) o diastólica (≥ 110mmHg), independientemente del diagnóstico previo o del uso de medicamentos. Los factores asociados a los resultados se evaluaron mediante regresión logística multinomial, y la tendencia a la crisis hipertensiva se estimó mediante la prueba Cochran-Armitage. Los datos de 260.167 participantes, con una media de 44,2 años (DE: 16,9) y 55,5% mujeres, fueron analizados. La prevalencia de hipertensión fue del 23% (IC95%: 22,7-23,4), de la cual el 5,7% (IC95%: 5,4-5,9) tuvo crisis hipertensiva, con una prevalencia general del 1,5% (IC95%: 1,4-1,6). En el período 2014-2022 se constató una disminución significativa en la prevalencia de crisis hipertensiva, del 1,7% en 2014 al 1,4% en 2022 (p = 0,001). En el modelo multivariable, el sexo masculino, el aumento de la edad, vivir en áreas urbanas, el alto índice de masa corporal y la diabetes autoinformada se asociaron positivamente con la crisis hipertensiva, mientras que mayor nivel educativo, nivel socioeconómico y elevada altitud estuvieron asociadas de manera inversa. Es necesario mejorar las estrategias para el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y el control de la hipertensión, especialmente de la crisis hipertensiva.

Há poucos estudos focados na epidemiologia da crise hipertensiva em nível populacional em ambientes com recursos limitados. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência e a tendência, ao longo do tempo, da crise hipertensiva e fatores associados a essa condição em adultos. Uma análise de dados secundários foi realizada usando a Pesquisa Demográfica de Saúde Familiar (ENDES) do Peru. Crise hipertensiva foi definida com base na presença de pressão arterial sistólica (≥ 180mmHg) ou diastólica (≥ 110mmHg), independentemente de diagnóstico prévio ou uso de medicação. Os fatores associados aos resultados foram avaliados por meio de regressão logística multinomial, e a tendência de crise hipertensiva foi avaliada pelo teste de Cochrane-Armitage. Os dados de 260.167 participantes, com média de 44,2 anos (DP: 16,9) e 55,5% mulheres, foram analisados. A prevalência de hipertensão foi de 23% (IC95%: 22,7-23,4), dentre eles, 5,7% (IC95%: 5,4-5,9) apresentaram crise hipertensiva, com prevalência geral de 1,5% (IC95%: 1,4-1,6). De 2014 a 2022, observou-se queda significativa na prevalência de crise hipertensiva, de 1,7% em 2014 para 1,4% em 2022 (p = 0,001). No modelo multivariável, sexo masculino, idade crescente, residir em área urbana, índice de massa corporal elevado e diabetes autorreferido associaram-se positivamente à crise hipertensiva, enquanto maior escolaridade, nível socioeconômico e altitude elevada associaram-se inversamente. Há necessidade de aprimorar as estratégias de diagnóstico, tratamento e controle da hipertensão arterial, especialmente da crise hipertensiva.

Aplicaciones de un instrumento para evaluar factores de riesgo comportamentales asociados a enfermedades no transmisibles en población trabajadora / Applications of an instrument to assess behavioral risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases in the working population

Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud diseñó un instrumento para la vigilancia de los factores de riesgo asociados con las enfermedades crónicas, este abarca tres pasos que incluyen los datos personales y comportamentales, antropométricos y bioquímicos. Objetivo: Describir las aplicaciones del Instrumento STEPS (paso 1) para la identificación de factores de riesgo comportamentales asociados a enfermedades no transmisibles en adultos trabajadores, según país y año de publicación. Metodología: Revisión narrativa de estudios originales que utilizaron el STEPS, publicados entre 2015 y 2019 en español, inglés y portugués en las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO y el motor de búsqueda Google Scholar. Resultados: Se revisaron 20 documentos de los cuales 6 fueron de Asia y África, y el año de mayor publicación fue 2017. El consumo nocivo del alcohol, tabaquismo, inactividad física y alimentación no saludable son los riesgos más estudiados. Conclusiones: La utilización del instrumento STEPS en publicaciones es más frecuente en países de África y Asia. Se requiere que su implementación sea sistemática y difundida en otros países, con la finalidad de diseñar e implementar estrategias de salud pública para la prevención, mitigación y tratamiento oportuno de las enfermedades no transmisibles.

Introduction: The World Health Organization designed an instrument for the surveillance of risk factors associated with chronic diseases, it has three steps that include personal and behavioral, anthropometric, and biochemical data. Objective: To describe the applications of the STEPS Instrument (step 1) to identify behavioral risk factors associated with noncommunicable diseases in working adults, according to country and year of publication. Methodology: Narrative review of original studies that used STEPS, published between 2015 and 2019 in Spanish, English and Portuguese in the databases PubMed, SciELO, and the search engine Google Scholar. Results: A total of 20 studies were reviewed, of which 6 were from Asia and Africa, and the year of most significant publication was 2017. The most studied risks are harmful alcohol consumption, smoking, physical inactivity, and unhealthy eating. Conclusions: the use of the STEPS instrument in publications is more frequent in countries of Africa and Asia. Its implementation must be systematic and disseminated in other countries to design and implement public health strategies for the prevention, mitigation, and timely treatment of noncommunicable diseases.

Validación transcultural de cuestionario sobre literacidad en salud en el contexto chileno

Objetivos: Validar transculturalmente para contexto chileno, cuestionario en inglés que evalúa competencias comunicacionales empleadas por el odontólogo con sus pacientes. Métodos: Se realizaron seis etapas: traducción, panel de expertos, entrevistas cognitivas, adaptación en línea, método test y re-test, evaluando la consistencia interna y estabilidad, y retrotraducción al inglés. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables sociodemográficas y un análisis descriptivo de los ítems del cuestionario considerando la media de las puntuaciones, desviación estándar y proporción de respuestas positivas, neutras y negativas. Resultados: 70 participantes contestaron el cuestionario (42 mujeres y 28 hombres, edad promedio 38 años). Las entrevistas cognitivas y comité de expertos permitieron hacer adaptaciones a la cultura chilena. Con respecto a la consistencia interna y estabilidad del cuestionario, el valor obtenido para α-Cronbach fue mayor a 72% y λ-Guttman mayor a 81%. Para la estabilidad del cuestionario el coeficiente de correlación Spearman fue de 72% y los coeficientes de concordancia fueron mayores a 76% (valor-p<0,05). Conclusiones: El cuestionario sobre la literacidad de salud oral en el contexto chileno es válido desde la perspectiva de la adaptación transcultural y confiable desde la perspectiva de la consistencia interna y estabilidad.

Objectives: Transcultural validation of a survey in the Chilean context that assesses communication skills of dentists with patients, from English to Spanish. Methods: The process considered six stages: translation, a panel of experts, cognitive interviews, online adaptation, test and re-test practice to assess internal consistency and stability, and finally, back-translation into English. The method included the analysis of the sociodemographic variables and a descriptive analysis of the questionnaire items, considering the mean of the scores, standard deviation, and proportion of positive, neutral, and negative responses. Results: 70 participants answered the questionnaire (42 women and 28 men, average age 38 years). The cognitive interviews and the suggestions of the panel of experts allowed for some changes to better adapt to the Chilean culture. Regarding the internal consistency and stability of the questionnaire, the value obtained for α-Cronbach was greater than 72% and for λ-Guttman greater than 81%. Furthermore, the Spearman correlation coefficient was 72%, and the concordance coefficients were higher than 76% (p-value <0.05). Conclusions: The questionnaire on health literacy in the Chilean context is valid from the perspective of cross-cultural adaptation and reliable from the internal consistency and stability standpoint.

Explorando la evidencia de las asimetrías raciales en la feminización del periodismo brasileño

El objetivo del artículo es relacionar aspectos interseccionales de la raza en el fenómeno de la feminización del periodismo, además de contribuir a la producción de datos sobre el perfil femenino en el periodismo brasileño. La literatura señala que las mujeres son mayoría en el periodismo, por lo que proponemos avanzar en las discusiones para observar su perfil y las asimetrías raciales en contrapunto a la homogeneización. La metodología utilizada para la construcción del trabajo es la cuantitativa, teniendo como método la encuesta. El corpus de la investigación está compuesto por 217 mujeres que ejercen o han ejercido el periodismo en Brasil, 135 autodeclaradas blancas, 75 negras, 3 indígenas y 2 amarillas - 2 informantes optaron por no identificar su color/raza. A partir del análisis descriptivo, verificamos que el perfil de las entrevistadas corrobora las investigaciones sobre profesionales del periodismo brasileño: mujeres cisgénero, blancas y con alto nivel de escolaridad. Los resultados inducen que las mujeres negras tienen el menor nivel de estudios, lo que puede repercutir en su posición en el mercado. En cuanto a la situación laboral, la mayoría de los informantes de la investigación trabajan fuera de los medios de comunicación, principalmente en consultorias. Considerando los grupos raciales, las mujeres blancas se distribuyen en todas las categorías delimitadas (medios de comunicación, fuera de los medios, docencia, etc.), mientras que las mujeres negras son las que acumulan más espacios laborales diferentes y las que actualmente están más fuera del periodismo. Los datos interseccionales apuntan a posibles desventajas de las mujeres negras en relación con las mujeres blancas en el periodismo en Brasil.

The objective of the article is to relate intersectional aspects of race in the phenomenon of the feminization of journalism, as well as to contribute to the production of data on female profiles in Brazilian journalism. The literature points out that women are the majority in journalism, therefore, we propose to advance the discussions to observe their profile and the racial asymmetries in counterpoint to homogenization. The methodology used for the construction of this work is quantitative, with the survey as a method. The research corpus is made up of 217 women who work, or have worked, in journalism in Brazil, 135 self-declared as white, 75 as black, 3 as indigenous, and 2 as "yellow" (meaning East Asians) - 2 informants chose not to identify their color/race. From the descriptive analysis, we verified that the profile of the respondents corroborates research on professionals in Brazilian journalism: cisgender women, white, and with a high level of education. The results indicate that the self-declared black female respondents have the lowest level of education, which may impact their position in the job market. Regarding work situations, most of the women in the survey work outside the media, mainly in consulting firms. Considering the racial groups, white women are distributed in all the delimited categories (media, outside the media, teaching, etc.), while black women are the ones who most accumulate different work spaces, and the ones who are currently outside journalism. The intersectional data points to possible disadvantages of black women compared to white women in journalism in Brazil.