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This research article aims to examine the impact of emerging technologies on cybersecurity and evaluate the effectiveness of legal frameworks in addressing transnational cyber-attacks. With the rapid advancement of technology, cyber threats have become more sophisticated and interconnected, requiring robust legal measures to combat them. With the emergence of new technologies, the threat landscape for cyber security has also evolved. The continuous development of new technologies like (A.I) artificial intelligence, (I.O.T) Internet of Things & cloud computing has led to a rapid increase in cyber-attacks and has made it even more challenging for organizations to protect their assets. This study utilizes a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The qualitative aspect involves an analysis of existing literature, case studies, and legal frameworks, while the quantitative component includes surveys and interviews with cybersecurity professionals and legal experts. By integrating these methods, this research aims to provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of current legal measures in mitigating transnational cyber-attacks and propose strategies to enhance cybersecurity in the face of emerging technologies.
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ABSTRACT The paper presents the Scientometric Analysis of selected Thirty Transactions (Journals) of IEEE Computer Society for the period 2007-2016. The data for the study has been retrieved from the sources of Web of Science, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore. The study reveals that the publications productivity of the outcome of Computer Society Transactions on IEEE has obtained optimum level with 29258 publications from 30 number scholarly Transactions It has been recorded the highest publication as 4211 in the year 2016 with 14.3% followed by 3844 papers in 2015 with13.1% and 3835 papers in 2014 with 13.1%. The findings of source-wise distribution of Computer Society Transactions on IEEE research output bring out the facts that the journal articles’ has constituted 27389 (94%) of the total document’s Source. The Maximum Transactions (33%) were published on the subject ICT.
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OBJECTIVE：To provide reference for the related research and policy-making of drug network transaction governance model. METHODS ：Based on the highly chimerism of agile governance concept and drug network transaction ，the governance dilemma of the existing drug network transaction mode were analyzed ，and the optimization path was refined from the perspectives of governance objectives ，tools and subjects. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：The unique complexity and innovation of drug network transactions had brought many challenges to the regulatory authorities ，which not only manifested that it was difficult to choose governance objectives and governance tools ，but also manifested that the addition of multiple subjects had broken the traditional single supervision mode. In order to further optimize the governance of drug network transactions ，it is necessary to adhere to the concept of agile governance ，intervene in the market with a more positive attitude ，and pursue the balance between safety and efficiency ；respond to risks with more flexible tools ，and achieve the unity of inclusiveness and prudence ；participate in governance with more diversified subjects ，and form a pattern of joint efforts of government ，enterprises and society.
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O objetivo deste artigo foi identificar a influência da estrutura de governança no desenvolvimento das competências organizacionais, na perspectiva da Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT). Analisaram-se duas empresas de uma corporação da área da saúde atuantes em Campinas e região. O portfólio de ambas são exames de diagnóstico por imagem (ressonância magnética [RM], tomografia, ultrassom e mamografia). O presente estudo caracterizou-se como um estudo de caso exploratório (Yin, 2001). Devido a um forte crescimento da demanda de exames de RM na matriz, foi necessária a contratação de um fornecedor especializado nessa modalidade, para quem foi transferida apenas e tão somente a atividade de laudos de baixa complexidade, e assim a estrutura de governança da matriz passou a ser híbrida. Os resultados do estudo apontaram que as estruturas de governança não somente influenciaram no desenvolvimento de novas, como interagiram para o fortalecimento e a eliminação de algumas competências organizacionais vigentes.
The objective of this paper was to identify the influence of the governance structure in the development of organizational skills from the perspective of Economics of Transaction Costs (ECT). Two companies were analyzed (corporation) in the city of Campinas and region. This study was characterized as an exploratory case study (Yin, 2001). The portfolio of both tests are diagnostic imaging (MRI, CT, ultrasound and mammography). Due to strong growth of magnetic resonance imaging in the matrix demand, hiring a specialized supplier in this mode to who was transferred was only necessary and only the activity of low complexity reports, and so the matrix governance structure has become hybrid. It was focused on this transaction that the study results showed that the governance structures not only influenced the development of new, as interacted for strengthening and elimination of some existing organizational skills.
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Humains , Gestion de la Santé , Gouvernance , Services de santéRésumé
Objective To study transaction log and apply its analysis to hospital information security to prevent data loss and treat abnormal data.Methods The application of transaction log was described in log backup and database recovery,and the optration of log analysis was explored in HIS.Sqlplus and Ftp tools in Oracle were used to analyze the transaction log.Results The tracking and analysis of the log files contributed to making clear the incident,finding program bug,getting back lost data.Conclusion Log backup,database recovery and log analysis were of great importance for hospital information security,and log analysis has to be emphasized on in the future.
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OBJECTIVE:To analyze the research and development (R&D) of orphan drug in China from the respect of economics,and to provide suggestions for the development and policy formulation of orphan drug in China.METHODS:The theories of external economy and transaction costs were adopted to analyze the reasons about no enthusiasm in orphan drug R&D,and find some appropriate solutions for them.RESULTS:Orphan drug was still lack of identification standard in China.The extemal economy,much of transaction costs in orphan drug and R&D risk aggravated the economic burden on pharmaceutical enterprises,combated R&D and production enthusiasm of pharmaceutical enterprises.CONCLUSIONS:Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises can take part in orphan drug cooperative R&D,and play the advantage of TCM treatment so as to reduce R&D cost.The government should establish and develop orphan drug system,play the role of taxation and health insurance,accelerate approval,give market exclusivity for pharmaceutical enterprises and encourage cooperative R&D.
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No cure and no safe or acceptable treatment exist yet against bowel problems and chronic constipation in spinal cord-injured (SCI) patients. Although some non-central nervous system (CNS)-acting drugs have already been identified and used clinically as symptomatic treatment, most have been associated with significant side effects and deleterious complications. To ease basic research aimed at identifying new drug candidates against bowel control problems, we developed a standardized approach and corresponding assays for quantitatively measuring prokinetic and acute defecatory effects in paraplegic animals. Following a period of acclimation, a single subcutaneous injection of 0.5 ml of vehicle (sterile water) was performed in normal animals or in early chronic (> 7 days post-surgery) low-thoracically (Th9/10)-transected (Tx) mice. A 30 minute-period of observation of freely moving animals using a transparent Plexiglas arena was used to subsequently measure timing (latency of each episode), amounts (fecal pellets in mg) and frequency (number of episodes/30 min). Residual activity levels, clearly determined in control animals, were used as baseline level to determine statistically greater effects induced by compounds of potential interest. Tests with SR57227 (5-HT3 receptor agonist) and quipazine (5-HT2/3 receptor agonist) revealed that only quipazine acutely elicited significantly greater amounts of fecal pellets in Tx mice. Using this straightforward and reliable method, future drug screening experiments that may yield the identification and development of new potent and safe centrally acting-drug treatments (e.g., upon the Lumbosacral Defecation Center) for potent ‘on-demand’ facilitation or induction of reflex bowel control and acute episodes of defecation in patients with SCI.
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Objective To discuss the effect of pericardial devascularization plus gastric fundus transaction in advance schis?tosomiasis patients with portal hypertension. Methods Thirty?six advanced schistosomiasis patients with portal hypertension treated with devascularization plus gastric fundus transaction(a portal hypertension group),as well as 10 patients treated with modified Sugiura operation(a modified Sugiura operation group)in the Third People’s Hospital of Yangxin County since 2006 were chosen as the observation objects,and the clinical effects of the two groups were observed and compared. Results The op?eration time,indwelling time of stomach tube,time to taking food after operation,drainage tube removal time of the portal hy?pertension group were all shorten than those of the modified Sugiura operation group(all P0.05). In addition,1 case with delayed gastric emptying and 1 case with stomal leak of esopha?gus happened in the modified Sugiura operation group,while no corresponding complications happened in the portal hyperten?sion group. Conclusions Pericardial devascularization plus gastric fundus is a relatively easy procedure which has a good short?term clinical effect,and therefore it is suitable for application in primary hospitals. However,its long?term effect still needs fur?ther observation.
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AlM:To understand the effect on comprehensive ability of“Teaching-learning transaction” professional education of ophthalmic postgraduates which involving the teachers and students to participate in, and to explore new education model for ophthalmic postgraduate.METHODS:We carried out retrospective investigation questionnaire in the 31 ophthalmic postgraduates of Luzhou Medical College 2010 ~ 2014 grade and the 47 medical staffs of Department of Ophthalmology of the Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, to clarify the new professional education model whether could improve the comprehensive ability of ophthalmic postgraduates or not. RESULTS: Carrying out the “ Teaching - learning transaction” professional education could improve the comprehensive ability of ophthalmic postgraduates.CONCLUSlON: Putting teaching and learning together can improve and promote each other, and it is helpful to cultivate comprehensive ability of ophthalmic postgraduates.
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Public hospital's public property is mainly reflected in providing people with equitable access, quality and efficiency of basic medical services. However, due to lack of understanding in importance of the medical services positive and negative externalities, lead to the dilution of commonweal of public hospital. Meanwhile, externalities caused by transaction costs and unclear property rights in medical services activities further exacerbate welfare fade. The government should take effective measures to protect and encourage positive externalities, prevent and control the negative externali-ties, and, by way of reducing transaction costs, clear property rights to resolve external effects, as far as possible to pro-tect the public interest in public hospitals.
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The authoritative tribunal for the settlement of banking and financial disputes in most jurisdictions is the civil law court. However, the practices of the civil law court are repugnant to Islamic Commercial law and its judges lack the appropriate knowledgeable. More so, the jurisdiction of the Shariah court in most countries is restricted to the cases of Islamic family law. It does not cover the cases of the Islamic commercial transaction which includes, the Islamic banking, Islamic insurance, Islamic financial market and etc. This problem leaves arbitration as the only process for the settlement of Islamic commercial dispute. Nevertheless, arbitration cannot be resorted to, except if an arbitration clause is inserted in the respective commercial agreement. This article expounds the importance of the arbitration clause to the Islamic commercial contracts. It proposes arbitration as the panacea for court jurisdictional logjam.
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Objective: To analyze the regulation of hospital accounting procedure under the new hospital accounting system. Methods: Summarize the achievement in accounting and find the existing problems by field investigation. Results: Because the content of accounting system reform is big and the requirement is high, the accounting is not in coincident. Conclusion: Since there is imperfection in accounting and unrelated accounting procedure, it is needed to repeat, clarify and unify the management, so as to standardize the hospital financial behavior and reflect the accounting information accurately.
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Based on the survey data of Bozhou city in Anhui province, the paper analyzes the present situation of choice behavior of vertical coordination forms by Chinese herbal medicine planters, and empirically studies the choice desire of planters on vertical coordination forms. The results show that the loose vertical coordination is the main form of choice behavior of planters, and there is no significant difference between different vertical coordination forms in obtaining of elements and planting scale, but the planting benefit of close vertical coordination is better than that of loose vertical coordination. The planters show positive intentions on close vertical coordination forms, and the empirical analysis indicates that the main factors as follows would influence the choice desire of planters: the education level of household head, whether there being a village cadre, professionalization degree of cultivation, source of seedling, reliability of price information, and attitude of sales risk.
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Objective: This article aims to provide empirical evidence for procurement cohesion policies be-tween essential medicine and low-price medicine. Methods: The paper reviews the relevant transaction cost theory and presents the study framwork that was confirmed by the content analysis from relevant provincial policy documents on low-price medicine. Results:Compared with essential medicine lists, low-price medicine lists lacked standardized procedures and institutional control for market entry and exit. More than 65% of provinces directly purchased low-price medicine online, but only 25% of provinces insisted on an economic and technological standards review. 60%of provinces did not build relationships with essential medicine suppliers and public hospitals. There was no pharma-ceutical delivery policy in 60% of provinces and no pharmaceutical payment policy in 80% of provinces. 32% of provinces intended to establish connections between low-price medicine and medical insurance lists, however there were no reimbursement policies of low-price medicine in China. Conclusions:Two polices lacked cohesion in terms of list promulgation, market entry and exist mechanisms, bidding, procurement, utilization, deliveries, payment and reimbursements, which led to difficulties in resolving the shortage of low-price medicine because of pharmaceutical market fragmentation, complex competition, and increasing transaction costs.
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Em caráter exploratório, o objetivo deste artigo é analisar o Programa de Controle da Tuberculose (PCTs) dos Estados da Bahia e Goiás e respectivas capitais, Salvador e Goiânia, a partir da Teoria dos Custos de Transação. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo de caso nos PCTs citados, utilizando-se, junto aos seus gestores, do método de entrevistas aprofundadas semidiretivas. Os resultados sugerem: (a) baixa especificidade em ativos humanos; (b) baixo grau de incerteza - relacionada à flutuação da demanda e à introdução de novas tecnologias (medicamentos); (c) aspectos relacionados à racionalidade limitada (informação incompleta) são pouco relevantes - no que tange à redação do contrato (Programa Nacional de Controle da Tuberculose - PNCT) e ao Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN); (d) e alta probabilidade de ocorrência de comportamento de tipo oportunista (risco moral) - devido ao não monitoramento das ações, à ausência de punições em caso de descumprimento das ações pactuadas no PNCT e ao regime de incentivos vigente.
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Humains , Coûts des soins de santé , Dépenses de santé , Politique de santé , Politique publique , Tuberculose , Entretiens comme sujet , Études cas-témoins , MotivationRésumé
Objective: To analyze the institutional design and key issues of essential medicine designated production. Methods: It analyzed the institutional design and key issues based on theoretical and policy study. Results: The relevant institutional design included coordination and incentive mechanism. But coordination mechanism was short of control to supply activity; the quantity uncertainly weakened the role of incentive mechanism; bulk material, production capacity and supply network made the transaction activity complicated. Conclusion: Government should strengthen the coordination of supply activity , release the uncertainty of essential medicine’s quantity by internet information system, monitor the bulk material’s price and production capacity by the pharmaceutical industry association and reduce the complexity of transaction activity by the intermediate supply.
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Objective: To analyze the compatibility and reason of government and market’s function of essential medicine’s supply security system. Methods: Based on the institutional economics, synergistic effect of relevant policy was analyzed. Results: There was incompatible performance among the policy goals of essential medicine; the biding policy was harmful for competition of supply stage and weakened the role of price signal; the supply policy mitigated the responsibility of pharmaceutical manufacturer and made the transaction activity complecated. Conclusion: The key to essential medicine’s reform should optimize the combination of government and market’s function to generate the synergistic effect of essential medical policy measurement.
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Intellectual property protection is an indispensable management measure in the process of knowledge innovation in the National Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Clinical Research Bases. Longhua Hospital, a National TCM Clinical Research Base , has actively participated in studies and construction of TCM intellectual property policy , laws and regulations , and endeavored to enhance international research cooperation and broaden the international repercussions of TCM . Longhua Hospital made great efforts to strengthen management on intel-lectual property management team and measures, advocacy training, property rights formation and transactions. Intellectual property protection played an important role in the construction of the National TCM Clinical Re-search Base in Longhua Hospital .
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PURPOSE: The present study investigated whether rapamycin activated autophagy in retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and evaluated its effect on RGC survival following optic nerve transection (ONT). METHODS: The activation of autophagy in RGCs after intravitreal injection of rapamycin was evaluated with the immunohistochemical staining of phospho-S6 ribosomal protein. Rapamycin or 0.1% DMSO was injected intravitreally immediately after ONT. At 1 and 2 weeks after ONT, the RGCs were counted. Rapamycin and autophagy inhibitors, 3-methyladenine or Wortmannin were co-injected intravitreally after ONT and the RGCs were counted 1 week later. RESULTS: Expression of phospho-S6 ribosomal protein was decreased in RGCs after intravitreal injection of rapamycin. The RGC number was significantly higher in the rapamycin group than in the control group 1 week after ONT. However, the RGC number was not different between the 2 groups 2 weeks after ONT. Repeated intravitreal injection of rapamycin at 1-week intervals showed neuroprotection 2 weeks after ONT. The RGC number was not different between the control group and the co-injection group of rapamycin-autophagy inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS: Activated autophagy by rapamycin was neuroprotective in RGC after ONT.
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Adénine , Androstadiènes , Autophagie , Diméthylsulfoxyde , Injections intravitréennes , Neuroprotecteurs , Nerf optique , Lésions traumatiques du nerf optique , Cellules ganglionnaires rétiniennes , Protéines ribosomiques , SirolimusRésumé
OBJETIVO: reconstruir la ruta jurídica de la tutela en salud y determinar los costos de este proceso y de los servicios de salud invocados en una muestra de tutelas de la ciudad de Medellín. METODOLOGIA: estudio descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo para la reconstrucción de la ruta jurídica y una orientación cuantitativa para la estimación de los costos; se utilizaron tarifas de Seguro Obligatorio de Accidentes de Tránsito a precios de 2009 para la valoración de los servicios; para el costeo de los recuros del proceso jurídico se utilizó la perspectiva del micro-costeo incorporada en la metodología de costos Basados en Actividades y su valoración a precios de mercado de 2009. RESULTADOS: por cada $100 correspondiente al costo de los servicios negados por las entidades promotoras de salud, el sistema judicial de Medellín gastó $48 en el trámite de cada tutela. En más del 50% de los casos el costo de la acción jurídica resultó ser superior al costo de los servicios. DISCUSION: el costo del proceso jurídico de las tutelas en salud presentadas en el país en el período 1999-2009 podría estar representando el 2% de los dineros que circulan en todo el sistema de salud. Este costo constituye sólo parte de los costos de transacción que se derivan del incumplimiento de las EPS de un contrato social contemplado en la constitución política y en la mayoría de los casos del incumplimiento del contrato privado que ellas han sucrito con los usuarios afiliados al sistema de salud.
OBJECTIVE: to retrace the legal route of writs for the protection of constitutional rights involving health care services and to determine the cost of such processes and those of the health care services invoked in a sample of such writs taken in Medellín city. METHODOLOGY: a descriptive study with a qualitative focus for retracing the legal route of the writs, and a quantitative approach for the purpose of cost estimation. The 2009 SOAT (Mandatory Car Insurance) fees were used for assessing the cost of the health care services. As for the assessment of the legal costs, we used the micro-costing approach together with the activity-based costing methodology. RESULTS: for each $100 corresponding to the cost of the services denied by the health care services provider, the Medellín judicial system spent around $48 on each legal process. In more than half of the cases, the cost of the legal action was higher than the services' cost. DISCUSSION: the cost of the legal process involving the writs for the protection of constitutional rights regarding health care services that were filed in the country between 1999 and 2009 could represent 2% of the budget circulating throughout the entire health system. This cost is just a part of the transaction costs generated by the health care services providers' breach of the social contract established by the Colombian Constitution. Furthermore, in most cases there is also a breach of the private contract between these service providers and the health system users.