Exploration of Teaching Methods for "Case Report Writing" in Medical Schools / 医学教育

This report presents a case report writing activity, consisting of didactic lectures and actual writing instruction, conducted for medical students since 2013. This activity is based on previous studies discussing the educational significance of writing case reports and the author’s experience. It is structured in a way that not only teaches students how to write but also motivates them. In the lecture, the educational significance of writing case reports will first be emphasized. It will also explain that various aspects of academic skills, as well as clinical skills such as diagnostic reasoning, can be enhanced through the activity. The lecture will begin with topics designed to motivate students toward case writing. First, the “new points” of a case and its clinical significance will be identified. The process is divided into four parts to facilitate learning actual case writing. The purpose and “what to do” are clearly demonstrated with examples of published case reports to avoid excessive cognitive load on the students. In addition, when teaching actual writing, we document meta-linguistic examples and provide direct corrective feedback to facilitate the transfer of writing skills. The key to sustaining the educational activities will be to archive lectures and create an educational environment that encourages students to think and write independently about their clinical experiences.

Aproximación marxista a la relación conocimiento-valor en la economía capitalista contemporánea / Marxist approach to the knowledge-value relationship on the contemporary capitalist economy

El conocimiento es una mercancía especial que presenta una diferencia importante entre su costo de producción y de reproducción. Este hecho, sumado a la cuestión de constituirse en bienes que no poseen rivalidad en el consumo, de no degradarse con el uso, implica que no sea susceptible de ser apropiable. Sin embargo, bajo las condiciones del capitalismo contemporáneo, el capital logra privatizar el conocimiento, excluyendo de sus beneficios a los que no tienen la posibilidad de adquirirlo. El conocimiento humano deja de ser valor de uso y se presenta, desvirtuándose, como valor de cambio; su potencial emancipador se enfrenta siempre con las barreras que erige la propiedad privada para transformarlo artificialmente en valor de cambio. Esta contradicción cesará a medida que el sistema, regido por la lógica destructiva de la producción mercantil, se transforme en la sociedad del tiempo disponible y de la producción de bienes socialmente útiles y necesarios.

Knowledge is a special commodity that presents an important difference among its production and reproduction costs. This fact, added to the question of being commodities with nonrivalry on their consumption, and not being degraded by use, implies that knowledge is not susceptible to appropriation. Nevertheless, under the contemporary capitalism conditions, capital is allowed to privatize knowledge, excluding from its benefits those who have no possibility of acquiring it. Human knowledge stops being an value of use, and then it is presented as value of exchange; its potential for emancipation is always facing the barriers erected by private property in order to artificially transform it into a value of exchange. This contradiction will cease on the same measure that the system, ruled by the destructive logic of the commodities production, is transformed into a society of the available time and the production of socially useful goods.

Validação do Questionário de Perfis de Valores (QPV) no Brasil / Validity of the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) in Brazil

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi validar para o Brasil o Questionário de Perfis de Valores (QPV), desenvolvido por Schwartz. Para a tradução do questionário, utilizou-se a estratégia de tradução-retradução. O QPV foi aplicado a uma amostra de 614 estudantes do Ensino Fundamental, Médio e Superior. Os dados foram analisados por meio da técnica de escalonamento multidimensional em uma estrutura bidimensional. A configuração espacial obtida oferece indicações positivas de validade de construto do instrumento. As regiões encontradas foram: Conformidade, Tradição, Segurança, Estimulação, Universalismo/Benevolência, Poder/Realização e Autodeterminação/Hedonismo. As três últimas regiões ficaram compostas por tipos motivacionais adjacentes. A convergência de resultados descritivos e comparativos com achados de pesquisas internacionais constitui também um conjunto de elementos importantes de que o instrumento mede o que pretende medir.

The objective of this research was to validate to Brazil the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) developed by Schwartz. The PVQ was translated into Portuguese using the back-translation procedure and was applied to a sample of 614 students from primary, high and college education. The data were analyzed by means of the multidimensional scaling technique using a bi-dimensional structure. The spatial configuration obtained offers a positive indication for the construct validity of the instrument. The regions found were: Conformity, Tradition, Security, Stimulation, Universality/Benevolence, Power/Achievement and Self-Determination/Hedonism. The last three regions were composed of adjacent motivational types. Descriptive and comparative results converging with international findings also constitute a set of important elements that supports the validity of the instrument.

Grasping the Three Key Propositions in the Developing Direction of Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory / 中华中医药杂志

How to grasp the developing direction of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) theory is the kernel of the TCM subject.In studying the theory of TCM,the three key propositions,how to keep the self main body,how to show the theoretic value and how to perform the durative innovation,must be answered.For keeping the main body,it must be clarified in unscrambling the origin,and be hold in the changeable reform,and be stand out under the scientific background.For showing the theoretic value of TCM,its academic value must be embodied in life(sciences),its leading value must be displayed during the subject development,and its guiding value must be emerged in clinical practice.For performing the durative theoretic innovation,it must be extended during inheriting the classical theory,and be improved in clinical practice,and be created in interdisciplinary crossing.Only in this way,would the basic theory of TCM acquire a breakthrough.