Résumé
Resumen Se presenta la caracterización del ambiente acuático, el ecosistema ribereño y las comunidades de macroinvertebrados en siete cuencas del flanco oeste del Parque Nacional Yanachaga Chemillén (PNYCh). Se aplicó el protocolo CERA que incluye el Índice Biótico Andino (IBA), el Índice de Hábitat Fluvial (IHF), el Índice de quebrada Andina (Qbr-And) y la combinación de los tres índices para determinar el Índice de Estado Ecológico de Ríos Andinos (ECOSTRIAND) en cada punto de muestreo. Asimismo, se estimaron los índices FBI y BMWP-Col para comparar la calidad de agua. Los muestreos se realizaron en las siete cuencas, entre los 1800 y los 2500 m de altitud, en la parte alta dentro del PNYCh, y en las cuencas media y baja, ambas en la zona de amortiguamiento del PNYCh. En las cuencas evaluadas se colectaron 179 taxa, 66 familias y 14 órdenes. Dentro del PNYCh los valores de IHF y Qbr-And fueron óptimos y en general fueron disminuyendo en calidad al alejarse del PNYCh. El IBA fue muy bueno en todas las cuencas y en todos los puntos de muestreo. Sin embargo, al combinar los 3 índices se observó una disminución del estado ecológico (ECOSTRIAND) de Muy bueno a Bueno y Regular. Los resultados finales muestran que el índice de estado ecológico disminuye al alejarse del PNYCh y esto coincide con un mayor disturbio de los bosques ribereños. Por último, se discute la protección legal de este tipo de ecosistemas ribereños en varios países de América y específicamente en Perú.
Abstract We present the characterization of the aquatic environment, riparian ecosystem and macroinvertebrate communities in 7 basins of the west slope of the Yanachaga Chemillén National Park (PNYCh). The CERA protocol, including the Andean Biotic Index (ABI), the Fluvial Habitat Index (IHF), the Andean Creek Index (Qbr-And) were estimated and the combination of these 3 indexes allowed to calculate the Ecological Status Index of Andean Rivers (ECOSTRIAND) at each sampling point. Additionally the FBI and BMWP-Col indexes were calculated. Sampling was carried out in the 7 basins, between 1800 and 2500 meters of altitude, including the upper basins inside the PNYCh, in the middle and lower basins, both in the buffer zone of the park. We found 179 taxa, 66 families and 14 orders in all basins evaluated. Within the PNYCh, the values of IHF and Qbr-And were optimal, but to go down basins, the indexes generally were decreasing in quality. The IBA was very good in all basins and all sampling points. However, when the 3 indexes were combining, the ECOSTRIAND index decreased, changed from very good to good and regular in some basins. The final results show that the ecological status index decreased as it moves away from PNYCh, this is associated with a greater riparian forests disturbance. Finally, we discussed the legal protection of this type of forest in several countries of America and specifically in Peru
Résumé
Aims: This study sought to evaluate the adoption of water resource management strategies in hotels in an attempt to attain water sustainability. Specifically, the research sought to assess the current structural and non-structural water resource management strategies adopted by selected hotels in the environs of Lake Naivasha; establish the perceived effectiveness of both the structural and non-structural water resource management strategies adopted to enhance water sustainability; and compare the structural and non-structural water management strategies in terms of their effectiveness in promoting water sustainability in hotels within environs of Lake Naivasha. Study Design: The study adopted a case study design. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in hotels within the environs of Lake Naivasha between May and December 2010. Methodology: A census of 30 Class (A) registered hotels was conducted, and purposive sampling was used to select 120 respondents from the management staff within the selected hotels. Convenience sampling was used to select 8 managers of water management bodies who acted as key informants during personal interviews. Primary data was collected from the hotel management staff using questionnaires and from managers of water management through personal interviews. Data from questionnaires were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) to derive descriptive statistics on the implementation of WRM strategies. Results: Findings revealed that a majority of the sampled hotels had embraced water resource management strategies through the development of alternative water resources, use of water saving technology, treatment of recycled water and use of water saving manuals. Further, the structural water resource management strategies were perceived to be more effective as they impacted more on reducing the operating costs, promoted environmental conservation and were more preferred than the non- structural strategies despite being more expensive to implement. Conclusion: It is concluded that water sustainability is however achievable through a combination of a variety of WRM strategies.
Résumé
The upper Teles Pires River basin is located in the Brazilian agriculture frontier in the north of Mato Grosso state and has experienced significant changes in land use and cover, which can cause major changes in its hydrological dynamics. Climatic and hydrologic data are scarce in the region, which poses uncertainties in the decision-making process aiming at the sustainable management of water resources in this strategic area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the Large-Scale Distributed Hydrological Model (MGB-IPH) to assess water availability of the upper Teles Pires basin and support water resource management in the Amazon-Cerrado ecotone. The MGB-IPH model was calibrated and validated using data from three streamflow stations available in the basin. In order to verify the model performance, the Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) and the PBIAS statistical parameters were applied. Our results show that, by using the MGB-IPH model with generally available data, the maximum and minimum flow regimes can be successfully assessed in the upper Teles Pires basin. The continuity curves of daily flow simulated by the model showed a good fit with the observed flow. Overall, the results demonstrated the applicability of the MGB-IPH model for water resource assessment and management in the basin. (AU)
A bacia do alto Rio Teles Pires está localizada na região de fronteira agrícola no norte de Mato Grosso, onde significativas mudanças no uso e cobertura do solo vem ocorrendo, o que, por sua vez, pode resultar em alterações importantes na dinâmica hidrológica da bacia. Dados climáticos e hidrológicos são escassos na bacia, o que gera dificuldades para a gestão sustentável dos recursos hídricos nesta região estratégica. No presente trabalho, avaliamos o desempenho do Modelo de Grandes Bacias (MGB-IPH) para a estimativa da disponibilidade hídrica da bacia do alto Teles Pires, visando o suporte à tomada de decisões para a gestão hídrica no ecótono Amazônia-Cerrado. O modelo MGB-IPH foi calibrado e validado utilizando séries históricas de três estações hidrométricas presentes na bacia. Para avaliação da qualidade do modelo, foram empregados os índices estatísticos de desempenho de Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) e a porcentagem BIAS (PBIAS). Com base nos resultados é possível afirmar que a utilização do modelo MGB-IPH possibilita a estimativa das vazões mínimas e máximas da bacia do alto Teles Pires de forma satisfatória. As curvas de continuidade das vazões diárias simuladas pelo modelo apresentaram um bom ajuste com os dados observados. Os resultados demonstram a aplicabilidade do modelo MGB-IPH como ferramenta de apoio à avaliação e gestão dos recursos hídricos na bacia.(AU)