Association of biomarkers with successful ventilatory weaning in COVID-19 patients: an observational study / Associação entre biomarcadores e sucesso do desmame ventilatório em pacientes com COVID-19: um estudo observacional

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association of biomarkers with successful ventilatory weaning in COVID-19 patients. Methods: An observational, retrospective, and single-center study was conducted between March 2020 and April 2021. C-reactive protein, total lymphocytes, and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio were evaluated during attrition and extubation, and the variation in these biomarker values was measured. The primary outcome was successful extubation. ROC curves were drawn to find the best cutoff points for the biomarkers based on sensitivity and specificity. Statistical analysis was performed using logistic regression. Results: Of the 2,377 patients admitted to the intensive care unit, 458 were included in the analysis, 356 in the Successful Weaning Group and 102 in the Failure Group. The cutoff points found from the ROC curves were −62.4% for C-reactive protein, +45.7% for total lymphocytes, and −32.9% for neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. These points were significantly associated with greater extubation success. In the multivariate analysis, only C-reactive protein variation remained statistically significant (OR 2.6; 95%CI 1.51 - 4.5; p < 0.001). Conclusion: In this study, a decrease in C-reactive protein levels was associated with successful extubation in COVID-19 patients. Total lymphocytes and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio did not maintain the association after multivariate analysis. However, a decrease in C-reactive protein levels should not be used as a sole variable to identify COVID-19 patients suitable for weaning; as in our study, the area under the ROC curve demonstrated poor accuracy in discriminating extubation outcomes, with low sensitivity and specificity.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a associação de biomarcadores com o sucesso do desmame ventilatório em pacientes com COVID-19. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo observacional, retrospectivo e de centro único realizado entre março de 2020 e abril de 2021. Foram avaliados a proteína C-reativa, os linfócitos totais e a relação neutrófilos/linfócitos durante o atrito e a extubação; mediu-se a variação desses valores de biomarcadores. O desfecho primário foi o sucesso da extubação. As curvas ROC foram desenhadas para encontrar os melhores pontos de corte dos biomarcadores segundo a sensibilidade e a especificidade. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio de regressão logística. Resultados: Dos 2.377 pacientes admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva, 458 foram incluídos na análise, 356 no Grupo Sucesso do desmame e 102 no Grupo Fracasso do desmame. Os pontos de corte encontrados nas curvas ROC foram −62,4% para proteína C-reativa, +45,7% para linfócitos totais e −32,9% para relação neutrófilo/linfócito. Esses pontos foram significativamente associados ao maior sucesso da extubação. Na análise multivariada, apenas a variação da proteína C-reativa permaneceu estatisticamente significativa (RC 2,6; IC95% 1,51 - 4,5; p < 0,001). Conclusão: Neste estudo, uma diminuição nos níveis de proteína C-reativa foi associada ao sucesso da extubação em pacientes com COVID-19. Os linfócitos totais e a relação neutrófilos/linfócitos não mantiveram a associação após a análise multivariada. No entanto, uma diminuição nos níveis de proteína C-reativa não deve ser usada como única variável para identificar pacientes com COVID-19 adequados para o desmame; como em nosso estudo, a área sob a curva ROC demonstrou baixa precisão na discriminação dos resultados de extubação, com baixas sensibilidade e especificidade.

A Simplified Protocol for Tracheostomy Decannulation in Patients Weaned off Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation

Abstract Introduction The criteria for the removal of the tracheostomy tube (decannulation) vary from center to center. Some perform an endoscopic evaluation under anesthesia or computed tomography, which adds to the cost and discomfort. We use a simple two-part protocol to determine the eligibility and carry out the decannulation: part I consists of airway and swallowing assessment through an office-based flexible laryngotracheoscopy, and part II involves a tracheostomy capping trial. Objective The primary objective was to determine the safety and efficacy of the simplified decannulation protocol followed at our center among the patients who were weaned off the mechanical ventilator and exhibited good swallowing function clinically. Methods Of the patients considered for decannulation between November 1st, 2018, and October 31st, 2020, those who had undergone tracheostomy for prolonged mechanical ventilation were included. The efficacy to predict successful decannulation was calculated by the decannulation rate among patients who had been deemed eligible for decannulation in part I of the protocol, and the safety profile was defined by the protocol's ability to correctly predict the chances of risk-free decannulation among those submitted to part II of the protocol. Results Among the 48 patients included (mean age: 46.5 years; male-to-female ratio: 3:1), the efficacy of our protocol in predicting the successful decannulation was of 87.5%, and it was was safe or reliable in 95.45%. Also, in our cohort, the decannulation success and the duration of tracheotomy dependence were significantly affected by the neurological status of the patients. Conclusion The decannulation protocol consisting of office-based flexible laryngotracheoscopy and capping trial of the tracheostomy tube can safely and effectively aid the decannulation process.

Relação entre desmame precoce e alergias alimentares / Relationship between early weaning and food allergies / Relación entre el destete precoz y las alergias alimentarias

Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre o desmame precoce e o desenvolvimento de alergias alimentares por meio de uma revisão integrativa. Método:Revisão integrativa da literatura realizada através das bases de dados Pubmed, Mesh e Scielo.Resultados:Através da busca pelos descritores determinados, foram selecionados 25 estudos científicos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Devido sua grande composição, o leite humano é responsável pela promoção do crescimento das bactérias com efeito bifidogênico, estando em quantidades superiores nos lactentes em AME. Conclusão: Apesar de alguns dos estudos não mostrarem resultados significativos em relação ao leite materno ser um fator protetor contra as alergias alimentares, nenhum deles deixoude incentivar o AM ou mostrar os seus benefícios já cientificamente comprovados.

Objective: To analyze the relationship between early weaning and the development of food allergies through an integrative review. Method: Integrative literature review performed through the Pubmed, Mesh and Scielo databases. Results: Through the search for the descriptors determined, 25 scientific studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Due to its large composition, human milk is responsible for promoting the growth of bacteria with bifidogenic effect, being in higher amounts in infants in EBF. Conclusion: Although some of the studies did not show significant results regarding breast milk being a protective factor against food allergies, none of them failed to encourage BF or show its scientifically proven benefits.

Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre el destete precoz y el desarrollo de alergias alimentarias a través de una revisión integradora. Metodo:Revisión integradora de la literatura realizada a través de las bases de datos Pubmed, Mesh y Scielo. Resultados: A través de la búsqueda de los descriptores determinados, se seleccionaron 25 estudios científicos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Debido a su gran composición, la leche humana es responsable de promover el crecimiento de bacterias con efecto bifidogénico, estando en mayores cantidades en bebés en LME. Conclusión:Aunque algunos de los estudios no mostraron resultados significativos con respecto a que la leche materna sea un factor protector contra las alergias alimentarias, ninguno de ellos falló en fomentar la BF o mostrar sus beneficios científicamente probados.

Relationship between handgrip strength and inspiratory muscles with the success of the spontaneous breathing trial

Introduction: In critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation, the loss of inspiratory and peripheral muscle strength is associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation and failed weaning. Objective: To determine the relationship between handgrip strength and inspiratory muscle strength with the success of the Spontaneous Breathing Trial in adults with ventilatory support greater than 48 hours. Methodology: Prospective observational cross-sectional study performed at a tertiary hospital in Colombia. Handgrip strength and Maximal Inspiratory Pressure were measured once a day before Spontaneous Breathing Trial testing. Pearson's test and Cohen's D test were used to analyze correlations. Results: A total of 51 patients were included, 57% male, with a mean age of 51.9±20 years. A positive correlation was identified between Maximal Inspiratory Pressure and grip strength; and a negative correlation between grip strength and Maximal Inspiratory Pressure with the days of stay in the intensive care unit, (r -0.40; p<0.05) and (r -0.45; p<0.05). Conclusions: Handgrip strength and Maximal Inspiratory Pressure were positively correlated with Spontaneous Breathing Trial success. The importance of these measures to guide ventilator disconnection processes is highlighted.

Introducción: En el paciente críticamente enfermo con ventilación mecánica, la pérdida de la fuerza de los músculos inspiratorios y periféricos se asocia con ventilación mecánica prolongada y destete fallido. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la fuerza de prensión manual y la fuerza de músculos inspiratorios con el éxito de la prueba de respiración espontánea en adultos con soporte ventilatorio mayor a 48 horas. Metodología: Estudio prospectivo observacional de corte transversal realizado en un hospital de tercer nivel en Colombia. La fuerza de prensión manual y la presión inspiratoria máxima se midieron una vez al día antes de la prueba de prueba de respiración espontánea. Se utilizaron la prueba de Pearson y la prueba D de Cohen para analizar las correlaciones. Resultados: Se incluyeron 51 pacientes, 57 % de sexo masculino, con una edad promedio de 51,9 ± 20 años. Se identificó una correlación positiva entre Presión Inspiratoria Máxima y fuerza de la mano; y una correlación negativa entre la fuerza de la mano y la Presión Inspiratoria Máxima con los días de estancia en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, (r -0,40; p < 0,05) y (r -0,45;p < 0,05). Conclusiones: La fuerza de prensión manual y la Presión Inspiratoria Máxima se correlacionaron positivamente con el éxito de la Prueba de Respiración Espontánea. Se destaca la importancia de estas mediciones para guiar procesos de desconexión del ventilador.

FACTORES PROMOTORES, DIFICULTADES Y ESTRATEGIAS PARA EMPRENDER Y CONTINUAR LA LACTANCIA MATERNA EN ESPAÑA: LA VOZ DE LAS MUJERES / FACTORS THAT PROMOTE, HINDER, AND SUPPORT PROMOTION, HINDERING AND STRATEGIC FACTORS TO BREASTFEEDING IN SPAIN: THE VOICE OF WOMEN

OBJETIVO: Identificar factores promotores, dificultades y estrategias para el inicio y continuación de la lactancia materna (LM), en base a la experiencia de mujeres lactantes. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio cualitativo fenomenológico realizado en la Región de Murcia (España) en el 2019. Se reclutaron a veintisiete mujeres que alimentaron a sus hijos/as con LM en el periodo de 2012-2018 mediante una asociación de LM y un muestreo de bola de nieve. Se realizaron entrevistas personales abiertas y un análisis temático de las transcripciones. RESULTADOS: Se estructuraron en tres temas: 1) Facilidades para el inicio y mantenimiento de la LM, 2) Dificultades ante la LM y 3) Estrategias utilizadas por las mujeres para solventar las barreras. Mientras que la motivación para amamantar y el apoyo recibido facilitaron la LM, las barreras más comunes se relacionaron con miedos e inseguridades personales, cansancio, problemas físicos y la respuesta social frente a la LM. Los motivos de abandono fueron el déficit de producción de leche, la incorporación laboral y la actitud del bebé. Las participantes desarrollaron autocuidados, búsqueda de información y asociaciones de LM y estrategias de conciliación familiar-laboral para paliar las dificultades. CONCLUSIÓN: Es necesaria una mayor implicación por parte de las/os profesionales de la salud para apoyar a las mujeres a través de la herramienta de educación para la salud, el apoyo por pares y medidas institucionales que favorezcan la LM en el lugar de trabajo.

OBJECTIVE: To identify promoting factors, difficulties, and strategies related to the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding (BF), based on the experiences of breastfeeding women. METHODOLOGY: A phenomenological qualitative study conducted in the Region of Murcia (Spain) in 2019. Twenty-seven women who breastfed their children from 2012 to 2018 were recruited through a breastfeeding association and snowball sampling. Personal open interviews were conducted, and a thematic analysis of the transcriptions was performed. RESULTS: The findings were organized into three themes: 1) Facilitators for the initiation and maintenance of BF, 2) Difficulties faced during BF, and 3) Strategies employed by women to overcome the difficulties. While the motivation to breastfeed and provision of support facilitated BF, common challenges were noted, including personal fears and insecurities, fatigue, physical problems, and societal response to BF. Reasons for discontinuation included low milk production, the need to return to work, and the baby's attitude. Participants developed self-care practices, sought information, joined breastfeeding associations, and implemented work-family reconciliation strategies to address the challenges. CONCLUSION: Greater involvement from healthcare professionals is necessary to support women who breastfeed through health education, peer support, and institutional measures that promote BF in the workplace.

Physicochemical and Nutritional Properties of Baby-Led Cookies Produced from Rice, Banana and Cashew-nut Flour Blends

Aim: Cookies from rice, banana and cashew-nut flour blends were prepared as alternative to gluten-free baby-led food for children. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria and Food Processing Laboratory, Department of Food Technology, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, Nigeria between August, 2022 and January, 2023. Methodology: Baby-led weaning cookies were formulated from flour blends as 100% raw rice (RRC), 50% rice and 50% wheat (RWC) and 40% rice, 20% cashew and 40% unripe banana (RCB) and their physical properties, sensory attributes, proximate properties, mineral compositions, vitamin profiles and anti-nutrients were determined and compared with 100% commercial cookie (CMC) with the view to substituting wheat flour with suitable flour blends with enhanced nutritional quality. Results: The peak diameter (10.40±0.20 mm), thickness (6.37±0.06 mm) and weight (17.65±0.04 g) were obtained in RCB. Spread ratio was highest (2.66±0.11) and lowest (1.42±0.01) in CMC and RWC respectively while spread factor decreased from 100% in CMC to 77.19% (RRC), 53.46% (RWC) and 62.47% (RWC). The grittiness, texture, aroma, taste and general acceptability of RCB were significantly similar to those of CMC (P < 0.05). Na, K, Mg and Zn contents increased in RCB. Proximate compositions (%) of the cookies formulated varied significantly from CMC. Peak crude protein (14.49±0.59), crude fibre (4.03±0.02) and fat (32.22±0.00) in RCB, ash (3.28±0.02) and carbohydrate by difference (58.15±0.13) in CMC and moisture (18.19±0.11) in RRC. The peak values of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, B12, C) were most abundant in RCB. The proportions (mg/g) of phytate, oxalate, tannins and phenols in the cookies formulated were comparatively lower than the lethal dose, implying that the cookies would be safe for consumption. Conclusion: RCB cookie had excellent nutritional quality, which, as a novel baby-led weaning cookie, could serve as a suitable alternative to commercial cookies.

Crisis Miasténica: Reporte de Caso y Revisión de la Literatura / Myasthenic Crisis: Case Report and Literature Review

Introducción. La crisis miasténica es la complicación más grave que sufren los pacientes con Miastenia Gravis. Esta enfermedad se caracteriza clínicamente por debilidad muscular generalizada, que particularmente mejora con el reposo y empeora con el ejercicio debido al agotamiento de la conducción nerviosa a nivel post sináptico. El manejo de la crisis miasténica tiene como piedra angular tratar la causa desencadenante, así como utilizar los fármacos de acción rápida y los descritos en la literatura para enfrentar este escenario, como la plasmaféresis, inmunoglobulinas o terapia biológica. Además, es crucial tener un adecuado manejo desde el punto de vista ventilatorio manteniendo la protección pulmonar y sobre todo diafragmática, con las herramientas disponibles en la actualidad al lado de la cama del paciente. Asimismo, el weaning o destete del ventilador mecánico debe llevarse a cabo de manera objetiva y bajo evaluaciones específicas para lograr un desenlace optimo.

Introduction. Myasthenic crisis is the most serious complication suffered by patients with Myasthenia Gravis. This disease is clinically characterized by generalized muscle weakness, which particularly improves with rest and worsens with exercise due to depletion of nerve conduction at the post-synaptic level. The cornerstone of managing myasthenic crisis is treating the triggering cause, as well as using fast-acting drugs and interventions described in the literature to deal with this scenario, such as plasmapheresis, immunoglobulins, or biological therapy. In addition, it is imperative to ensure adecuate management from the ventilatory perspective, preserving lung function and safeguarding the diaphragm with the tools currently available at the patient's bedside. Likewise, weaning from the mechanical ventilator must be conducted objectively and guided by specific evaluations to achieve an optimal outcome.

Seguimiento a largo plazo de pacientes traqueostomizados post injuria cerebral adquirida grave / Long-term follow-up of tracheostomized patients post severe acquired brain injury

Resumen Introducción: Alrededor del 50% de los pacientes hos pitalizados por injuria cerebral adquirida grave requie ren traqueostomía y cuidados a largo plazo. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue describir la evolución de enfermos con injuria cerebral adquirida grave (ICAg) traqueostomizados que ingresaron a rehabilitación. Se cundariamente se estudió el fracaso de la decanulación y la supervivencia a los 12 meses del alta. Métodos: estudio cuantitativo observacional prospec tivo de centro único. Se incorporó al estudio, de forma prospectiva y consecutiva, usuarios mayores de 18 años, traqueostomizados posterior a ICAg ingresados a un cen tro de rehabilitación entre abril de 2018 y marzo de 2020. Resultados: se incluyeron para el análisis 50 pacien tes. La estancia en el centro fue de 203 (RIQ 93-320) días. Al alta de la institución, 32 (64%) pacientes pudieron ser decanulados exitosamente. El tiempo transcurrido desde el ingreso al centro hasta la decanulación fue de 49 (12-172) días. No se observó fracaso de la decanula ción. La mortalidad a los 12 meses de seguimiento fue de 32%, cinco (16%) de los 32 pacientes que pudieron ser decanulados y 11 (61%) de los 18 que no lograron la decanulación fallecieron dentro de los 12 meses de seguimiento. La relación entre la decanulación y la mortalidad a los 12 meses de seguimiento resultó esta dísticamente significativa (p = 0.002). Discusión: La supervivencia global fue relativamente elevada, el proceso de decanulación resulta relevante ya que puede tener impacto en la supervivencia a largo plazo.

Abstract Introduction: About 50% of patients hospitalized for severe acquired brain injury require tracheostomy, and many of them need long-term care. The main objective of this study was to describe the evolution of patients with severe acquired brain injury (sABI) tracheotomized who entered rehabilitation. Secondarily, mortality re lated to the success or failure of decannulation and survival at 12 months of discharge were studied. Methods: A single-center prospective observational quantitative study. Users over 18 years of age were recruited prospectively and consecutively, tracheosto mized after sABI, and admitted to a rehabilitation center between April 2018 and March 2020. Results: Fifty patients were included for analysis. The stay in the center was 203 (RIQ 93-320) days. At discharge to the institution, 32 (64%) patients managed to be successfully decannulated. The median number of days from admission to the center to decannulation was 49 (12-172). No decannulation failure was observed. Mortality at 12 months follow-up was 32%, five (16%) of the 32 patients who managed to be decannulated, and 11 (61%) of 18 who failed to achieve decannulation died within 12 months of follow-up. The relationship between decannulation success and mortality at 12 months of follow-up was statistically significant (p= 0.002). Discussion: Addressing the decannulation process early and properly guided is relevant as it may impact long-term survival.

Conocimientos de madres y padres sobre lactancia materna exclusiva / Knowledge level of parents on exclusive breast feeding i:en

Introducción: La leche materna es considerada la vacuna perfecta de todos los tiempos y la mejor fuente de nutrición para los niños. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de conocimientos de madres y padres sobre lactancia materna exclusiva. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 27 madres y 27 padres de lactantes con destete precoz, pertenecientes al área de salud del Policlínico Docente Camilo Torres Restrepo de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero hasta diciembre del 2021, para lo cual el instrumento empleado fue la encuesta. Resultados: Se halló que los conocimientos sobre lactancia materna fueron considerados altos en 13 madres (48,1 %) y medios en 11 padres (40,7 %). Todos los integrantes de la serie recibieron información sobre el tema y las vías fundamentales para ello fueron los medios de difusión masiva (85,0 %), seguidos de los familiares y amigos (55,0 %). Conclusiones: El conocimiento acerca de la lactancia materna exclusiva en los padres resultó insuficiente y, en las madres, fue necesario ampliar dichos conocimientos sobre las técnicas para amamantar.

Introduction: Breast milk is considered the perfect vaccine of all times and the best nutrition source for children. Objective: To determine the knowledge level of mothers and fathers on exclusive breast feeding. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out of 27 mothers and 27 fathers of early weaning infants. They were from the health area of Camilo Torres Restrepo Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, from January to December, 2021, for which the survey was used. Results: It was found that knowledge on breast feeding was considered high in 13 mothers (48.1 %) and medium in 11 fathers (40.7 %). All members of the series received information on the topic and the fundamental ways were mass media (85.0 %), followed by relatives and friends (55.0 %). Conclusions: The knowledge about exclusive breast feeding in fathers was insufficient and, in mothers, it was necessary to increase this knowledge on the techniques to breastfeed.

Multiparameters Associated to Successful Weaning from VA ECMO in Adult Patients with Cardiogenic Shock or Cardiac Arrest: Systematic Review and Meta?Analysis

Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) is a form of temporary mechanical circulatory support and simultaneous extracorporeal gas exchange for acute cardiorespiratory failure, including refractory cardiogenic shock (CS) and cardiac arrest (CA). Few studies have assessed predictors of successful weaning (SW) from VA ECMO. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify a multiparameter strategy associated with SW from VA ECMO. PubMed and the Cochrane Library and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched. Studies reporting adult patients with CS or CA treated with VA ECMO published from the year 2000 onwards were included. Primary outcomes were hemodynamic, laboratory, and echocardiography parameters associated with a VA ECMO SW. A total of 11 studies (n=653) were included in this review. Pooled VA ECMO SW was 45% (95%CI: 39�%, I2 7%) and in?hospital mortality rate was 46.6% (95%CI: 33�%; I2 36%). In the SW group, pulse pressure [MD 12.7 (95%CI: 7.3�) I2 = 0%] and mean blood pressure [MD 20.15 (95%CI: 13.8�.4 I2 = 0) were higher. They also had lower values of creatinine [MD �59 (95%CI: �9 to �2) I2 = 7%], lactate [MD �1 (95%CI: �4 to �7) I2 = 89%], and creatine kinase [�79.5 (95%CI: �87 to �1) I2 = 38%]. And higher left and right ventricular ejection fraction, MD 17.9% (95%CI: �2�.2) I2 = 91%, and MD 15.9% (95%CI 11.9�) I2 = 0%, respectively. Different hemodynamic, laboratory, and echocardiographic parameters were associated with successful device removal. This systematic review demonstrated the relationship of multiparametric assessment on VA ECMO SW.

Construção e validação de instrumento para detecção do risco do desmame precoce / Construction and validation of an instrument to detect the risk of early weaning / Construcción y validación de un instrumento para detectar el riesgo de destete precoz

Objetivo: descrever o processo de criação e validação de um instrumento para a detecção do risco do desmame precoce. Métodos: estudo metodológico desenvolvido após aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, para elaboração do instrumento do tipo checklist composto por 8 blocos, a partir da análise da literatura e diagnóstico situacional de uma maternidade da baixada maranhense. A validação ocorreu conforme a técnica de Delphi, por meio da avaliação de 9 juízes na primeira etapa e 8 na segunda etapa. Foram considerados o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo para cada item e o Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo geral com valores mínimos ≥ a 0,80, bem como a concordância mínima de 80% para validação. Resultados: os blocos "Substitutos do leite materno" e "Orientações profissionais" alcançaram a validação máxima na primeira etapa. Após as adequações sugeridas pelos juízes, a validação do checklist foi obtida com o valor de Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo = 0,96 na avaliação geral da segunda etapa. Conclusão: o instrumento foi considerado válido e contribuirá para o aperfeiçoamento da abordagem do aleitamento materno, direcionamento da atenção e identificação das necessidades de cuidado para detecção do risco do desmame precoce. (AU)

Objective: to describe the process of creating and validating an instrument for detecting the risk of early weaning. Methods: methodological study developed after approval by the Research Ethics Committee for the development of a checklist-type instrument composed of 8 blocks, based on literature review and situational diagnosis of a maternity hospital in Maranhão. The validation occurred according to the Delphi technique, through the evaluation of 9 judges in the first stage and 8 in the second stage. The Content Validity Index for each item and the overall Content Validity Coefficient were considered with minimum values ≥ 0.80, as well as a minimum agreement of 80% for validation. Results: the blocks "Breast milk substitutes" and "Professional guidelines" achieved maximum validation in the first stage. After the adjustments suggested by the judges, validation of the checklist was obtained with a Coefficient of Content Validity value = 0.96 in the overall assessment of the second stage. Conclusion: the instrument was considered valid and will contribute to the improvement of the approach to breastfeeding, directing attention and identifying care needs to detect the risk of early weaning. (AU)

Objetivo: describir el proceso de creación y validación de un instrumento para detectar el riesgo de destete precoz. Métodos: estudio metodológico desarrollado tras la aprobación del Comité de Ética de la Investigación para elaborar un instrumento tipo checklist compuesto por 8 bloques, basado en la revisión de la literatura y el diagnóstico situacional de una maternidad de Maranhão. La validación se produjo según la técnica Delphi, mediante la evaluación de 9 jueces en la primera etapa y 8 en la segunda. Se consideró el Índice de Validez de Contenido para cada ítem y el Coeficiente de Validez de Contenido global con valores mínimos ≥ 0,80, así como un acuerdo mínimo del 80% para la validación. Resultados: Los bloques "Sucedáneos de la leche materna" y "Orientaciones profesionales" obtuvieron la máxima validación en la primera fase. Tras los ajustes sugeridos por los jueces, la validación de la lista de comprobación se obtuvo con el valor del Coeficiente de Validez de Contenido = 0,96 en la evaluación global de la segunda etapa. Conclusión: el instrumento fue considerado válido y contribuirá a la apertura del abordaje del aleitamento materno, a la dirección de la atención y a la identificación de las necesidades de cuidado para la detección del riesgo del desmán precoz. (AU)

Experiência do processo de desmame materno entre primíparas: estudo qualitativo / Experience of the maternal weaning process among primiparous women: qualitative study / Experiencia del proceso de destete materno entre las primíparas: estudio cualitativo

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender a experiência do processo de desmame para as mães primíparas de um município do interior do Ceará, Brasil. Método: estudo descritivo e qualitativo, realizado com oito mulheres, mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas. Coleta de dados de agosto de 2022 a março de 2023, na Atenção Primária à Saúde, adotando-se a análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: emergiram três categorias temáticas: motivos para a mãe decidir sobre o desmame; estratégias empregadas pela mãe para realizar o desmame; e consequências do desmame para a mãe e a criança. As percepções maternas sobre a motivação do desmame relacionaram aspectos comportamentais da criança e necessidades maternas. Variadas estratégias foram classificadas em desmame gradual ou abrupto, que geraram mudanças no comportamento das crianças e sentimentos contraditórios nas mães. Considerações finais: o desmame é vivenciado de forma desagradável, gerando sofrimento. Desvela-se a desassistência por profissionais e a necessidade de ampliação de estudos.

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the experience of the weaning process for primiparous mothers in a municipality in the interior of Ceará, Brazil. Method: Using semi-structured interviews, a descriptive, qualitative study was conducted with eight women. Data collection from August 2022 to March 2023 in Primary Health Care, using Bardin's content analysis. Results: three thematic categories emerged: reasons for the mother's decision to wean, strategies employed by the mother to wean, and the consequences of weaning for the mother and child. Maternal perceptions of the motivation for weaning were related to behavioral aspects of the child and maternal needs. Various strategies were classified as gradual or abrupt weaning, which generated changes in the children's behavior and contradictory feelings in the mothers. Final considerations: weaning is experienced unpleasantly, generating suffering. It reveals the lack of professional assistance and the need to expand studies.

RESUMEN Objetivo: conocer la experiencia del proceso de destete de las madres primíparas en un municipio del interior de Ceará, Brasil. Método: estudio descriptivo y cualitativo realizado con ocho mujeres, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas. Recogida de datos de agosto de 2022 a marzo de 2023, en Atención Primaria, utilizando el análisis de contenido de Bardin. Resultados: surgieron tres categorías temáticas: motivos de la decisión materna de destetar; estrategias empleadas por la madre para llevar a cabo el destete; y consecuencias del destete para la madre y el niño. Las percepciones maternas de la motivación para el destete estaban relacionadas con aspectos conductuales del niño y con las necesidades maternas. Se clasificaron diversas estrategias como destete gradual o brusco, que provocaron cambios en el comportamiento de los niños y sentimientos contradictorios en las madres. Consideraciones finales: el destete se vive de forma desagradable, generando sufrimiento. Esto revela la falta de ayuda de los profesionales y la necesidad de ampliar los estudios.

Prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo e fatores associados em um município do extremo sul catarinense / Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and associated factors in a city of southern of Santa Catarina State, Brazil

Identificar a prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo e fatores relacionados durante os seis primeiros meses de vida do lactente. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com 102 nutrizes residentes no município de Balneário Gaivota(SC) que efetivaram o pré-natal na rede pública ou privada e tiveram parto no ano de 2018. Os dados foram coletados por aplicação de questionário contemplando as variáveis sociodemográficas, gestacionais e pós-gestacionais. A prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo foi de 43,1%. Aqueles bebês que usavam mamadeira tiveram 45% menos probabilidade de ter recebido aleitamento materno exclusivo até os 6 meses de idade, e aqueles que receberam prescrição de fórmula infantil na alta hospitalar apresentaram 54% menos chance comparados aos seus pares. Os fatores relacionados ao aleitamento materno exclusivo são comportamentais e modificáveis, sendo necessária a orientação pelos profissionais de saúde durante a consulta pré-natal, puericultura e no acompanhamento do desenvolvimento infantil.

To identify the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and its related factors during the first six months of the infant's life. This is a cross-sectional study carried out with 102 nursing mothers residing in the city of Balneário Gaivota( SC) who performed prenatal care in the public or private network and gave birth in 2018. Data were collected by application of a questionnaire and included sociodemographic, gestational and post-gestational variables. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was 43.1%. Those babies who used a bottle were 45% less likely to have been exclusively breastfed up to six months of age, and those who were prescribed infant formula at hospital discharge were 54% less likely compared to their peers. Factors related to exclusive breastfeeding are behavioral and modifiable, thus, guidance by health professionals is necessary during prenatal and childcare consultations and in the monitoring of child development.

O modo PSV apresenta piores desfechos em relação ao desmame quando comparado com outros modos ventilatórios de pacientes com exacerbação aguda da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica: revisão sistemática / The PSV mode has worse weaning outcomes when compared to other ventilatory modes in patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review

INTRODUÇÃO: A Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) é um distúrbio crônico e progressivo, que evolui com o declínio da função pulmonar. Embora sua cronicidade, são comuns períodos de agudização acompanhados de Insuficiência Respiratória Aguda hipercápnica, requisitando permanência nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) e Ventilação Mecânica Invasiva (VMI) para reversão da falência respiratória. O desmame na DPOC ocupa até 58% da VM, logo, se faz necessário estratégias específicas para otimização desse processo, com a utilização de modos e ajustes ventilatórios que promovam um desmame precoce e efetivo. OBJETIVO: Verificar os efeitos da Ventilação com Pressão de Suporte quando comparado com modos e estratégias distintas no desmame de pacientes com DPOC. MÉTODOS: Revisão sistemática, construída seguindo critérios do PRISMA, registrada na PROSPERO (CRD42022362228). Considerados elegíveis ensaios clínicos controlados randomizados que avaliaram o modo PSV em comparação com modos e estratégias distintas, em pacientes com diagnóstico de DPOC, em VMI, sem delimitação de ano/idioma. Foram excluídos artigos incompletos, duplicados e indisponíveis aos recursos de recuperação. Desfechos de interesse foram: duração do desmame, tempo de permanência na UTI e mortalidade. A estratégia foi aplicada nas bases: PubMed, Cochrane, SciELO, e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. As ferramentas Escala PEDro e RevMan Web foram utilizadas para análise da qualidade dos estudos e risco de viés, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Incluídos 8 artigos. 6 mostraram significância estatística, apresentando menor tempo de desmame no grupo ASV (24 (20­62) h versus 72 (24­144) h PSV) (p=0,041); mais dias na UTI quando comparado com o modo PAV (p<0,001). PSV foi mais eficaz nos mesmos desfechos quando comparado com a estratégia Tubo-T. Houve diferenças quanto a taxa de mortalidade com o modo NAVA. CONCLUSÃO: Fica evidente que o modo PSV quando em relação a modos ventilatórios assistidos, tem potencial de fornecer piores desfechos associados ao processo de desmame da ventilação invasiva de pacientes com DPOC.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic and progressive disorder that evolves with the decline in lung function. Despite its chronicity, periods of exacerbation accompanied by hypercapnic Acute Respiratory Failure are common, requiring a stay in Intensive Care Units (ICU) and Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (IMV) to reverse respiratory failure. Weaning in COPD occupies up to 58% of the MV, therefore, specific strategies are needed to optimize this process, using ventilatory modes and adjustments that promote early and effective weaning. OBJECTIVE: To verify the effects of Pressure Support Ventilation when compared with different modes and strategies in weaning patients with COPD. METHODS: Systematic review, constructed following PRISMA criteria, registered at PROSPERO (CRD42022362228). Randomized controlled clinical trials that evaluated the PSV mode in comparison with different modes and strategies, in patients diagnosed with COPD, on IMV, without delimitation of year/language, were considered eligible. Incomplete, duplicate and unavailable articles were excluded. Outcomes of interest were: duration of weaning, length of stay in the ICU and mortality. The strategy was applied in the bases: PubMed, Cochrane, SciELO, and Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. The PEDro Scale and RevMan Web tools were used to analyze study quality and risk of bias, respectively. RESULTS: Included 8 articles. 6 showed statistical significance, showing shorter weaning time in the ASV group (24 (20­62) h versus 72 (24­144) h PSV) (p=0.041), and more days in the ICU when compared to the PAV mode (p<0.001). PSV was more effective on the same outcomes when compared with the T-tube strategy. There were differences in the mortality rate with the NAVA mode. CONCLUSION: It is evident that the PSV mode, when compared to assisted ventilation modes, has the potential to provide worse outcomes associated with the process of weaning from invasive ventilation in patients with COPD.

Factores de riesgo para destete fallido de la ventilación mecánica en adultos

Introducción: El destete o liberación de la ventilación mecánica (VM) es un proceso complejo y cuando es fallido aumentará los riesgos de complicaciones y gastos. Objetivo: Identificar factores de riesgo modificables para destete fallido en adultos con VM. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de casos y controles realizado en pacientes ≥ 18 años ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de un hospital de tercer nivel. Los casos se identificaron como destete fallido (DF) del VM y los controles como destete simple. Se excluyeron los pacientes procedentes de otro hospital con VM. Los factores estudiados fueron el alto riesgo nutricional por el Nutric score modificado, la nutrición enteral tardía, el balance hídrico (BH) positivo y la ausencia de fisioterapia previos al destete. Se calculo el OR con una significancia < 0,05 para el análisis bivariado, multivariado y ajustado. Resultados: Se incluyeron 105 pacientes, 35 casos y 70 controles. El análisis bivariado encontró que el alto riesgo nutricional (OR = 2.5; IC 95% = 1,1 5,9; p=0,027) fue factor de riesgo, pero el análisis multivariado no lo confirmó. La nutrición enteral tardía (OR = 1,2; IC 95% = 0,4 3,4), el BH positivo (OR = 0,7; IC 95% = 0,3 1,7) y la ausencia de fisioterapia respiratoria (OR = 0,2; IC 95% = 0,004 0,011) no fueron factores de riesgo para DF. Conclusiones: El alto riesgo nutricional, la nutrición enteral tardía, el BH positivo y la ausencia de fisioterapia respiratoria antes del destete no fueron factores de riesgo para DF.

Background: Weaning of the mechanical ventilation (MV) is a complex process and when it fails, it can increase the risks of complications and expenses in health systems. Objective: To identify risk factors for failed weaning in adults with MV. Materials and Methods: Case-control study carried out in patients older than 18 years admitted to the intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital. Cases were identified as failed weaning (FW) of MV, and controls were simple weaning. Patients from another hospital with MV were excluded. Risk factors studied were high nutritional risk by the modified Nutric score, late enteral nutrition, positive water balance (WB) and the absence of physical therapy prior to weaning. OR was calculated with a significance < 0.05 for bivariate, multivariate, and adjusted analysis. Results: 105 patients were included, 35 cases and 70 controls. The bivariate analysis found that high nutritional risk (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.1 5.9; p = 0.027) was a risk factor, but the multivariate analysis did not confirm it. Late enteral nutrition (OR = 1.2; 95% CI = 0.4 3.4), positive WB (OR = 0.7; 95% CI = 0.3 1.7) and the absence of respiratory physiotherapy (OR = 0.2; 95% CI = 0.004 0.011) were not risk factors for FW. Conclusions: High nutritional risk, late enteral nutrition, positive BH and the absence of respiratory physiotherapy before weaning were not risk factors for FW.

Protocol-directed weaning versus conventional weaning from mechanical ventilation for neurocritical patients in an intensive care unit: a nonrandomized quasi-experimental study / Desmame da ventilação mecânica por protocolo versus desmame convencional em pacientes neurocríticos de uma unidade de terapia intensiva: um estudo quase experimental não randomizado

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate whether protocol-directed weaning in neurocritical patients would reduce the rate of extubation failure (as a primary outcome) and the associated complications (as a secondary outcome) compared with conventional weaning. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted in a medical-surgical intensive care unit from January 2016 to December 2018. Patients aged 18 years or older with an acute neurological disease who were on mechanical ventilation > 24 hours were included. All patients included in the study were ready to wean, with no or minimal sedation, Glasgow coma score ≥ 9, spontaneous ventilatory stimulus, noradrenaline ≤ 0.2μgr/kg/ minute, fraction of inspired oxygen ≤ 0.5, positive end-expiratory pressure ≤ 5cmH2O, maximal inspiratory pressure < -20cmH2O, and occlusion pressure < 6cmH2O. Results: Ninety-four of 314 patients admitted to the intensive care unit were included (50 in the Intervention Group and 44 in the Control Group). There was no significant difference in spontaneous breathing trial failure (18% in the Intervention Group versus 34% in the Control Group, p = 0.12). More patients in the Intervention Group were extubated than in the Control Group (100% versus 79%, p = 0.01). The rate of extubation failure was not signifiantly diffrent between the groups (18% in the Intervention Group versus 17% in the Control Group; relative risk 1.02; 95%CI 0.64 - 1.61; p = 1.00). The reintubation rate was lower in the Control Group (16% in the Intervention Group versus 11% in the Control Group; relative risk 1.15; 95%CI 0.74 - 1.82; p = 0.75). The need for tracheotomy was lower in the Intervention Group [4 (8%) versus 11 (25%) in the Control Group; relative risk 0.32; 95%CI 0.11 - 0.93; p = 0.04]. At Day 28, the patients in the Intervention Group had more ventilator-free days than those in the Control Group [28 (26 - 28) days versus 26 (19 - 28) days; p = 0.01]. The total duration of mechanical ventilation was shorter in the Intervention Group than in the Control Group [5 (2 - 13) days versus 9 (3 - 22) days; p = 0.01]. There were no diffrences in the length of intensive care unit stay, 28-day free from mechanical ventilation, hospital stay or 90-day mortality. Conclusion: Considering the limitations of our study, the application of a weaning protocol for neurocritical patients led to a high percentage of extubation, a reduced need for tracheotomy and a shortened duration of mechanical ventilation. However, there was no reduction in extubation failure or the 28-day free of from mechanical ventilation compared with the Control Group. ClinicalTrials.gov Registry:NCT03128086

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar se o desmame por protocolo em pacientes neurocríticos reduz a taxa de falha de extubação (desfecho primário) e as complicações associadas (desfecho secundário) em comparação com o desmame convencional. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo quase experimental em uma unidade de terapia intensiva médico-cirúrgica de janeiro de 2016 a dezembro de 2018. Foram incluídos pacientes com 18 anos de idade ou mais, com doença neurológica aguda e em ventilação mecânica > 24 horas. Todos os pacientes incluídos no estudo estavam prontos para o desmame, com nenhuma ou mínima sedação, escala de coma de Glasgow ≥ 9, estímulo ventilatório espontâneo, noradrenalina ≤ 0,2μgr/kg/minuto, fração inspirada de oxigênio ≤ 0,5, pressão expiratória positiva final ≤ 5cmH2O, pressão inspiratória máxima < -20cmH2O e pressão de oclusão < 6cmH2O. Resultados: Foram incluídos 94 dos 314 pacientes admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva, sendo 50 no Grupo Intervenção e 44 no Grupo Controle. Não houve diferença significativa na falha do ensaio respiratório espontâneo (18% no Grupo Intervenção versus 34% no Grupo Controle, p = 0,12). Foram extubados mais pacientes no Grupo Intervenção do que no Controle (100% versus 79%; p = 0,01). A taxa de falha de extubação não foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos (18% no Grupo Intervenção versus 17% no Grupo Controle, risco relativo de 1,02; IC95% 0,64 - 1,61; p = 1,00). A taxa de reintubação foi menor no Grupo Controle (16% no Grupo Intervenção versus 11% no Grupo Controle; risco relativo de 1,15; IC95% 0,74 -1,82; p = 0,75). A necessidade de traqueotomia foi menor no Grupo Intervenção [4 (8%) versus 11 (25%) no Grupo Controle; risco relativo de 0,32; IC95% 0,11 - 0,93; p = 0,04]. Aos 28 dias, os pacientes do Grupo Intervenção tinham mais dias sem ventilador do que os do Grupo Controle [28 (26 - 28) dias versus 26 (19 - 28) dias; p = 0,01]. A duração total da ventilação mecânica foi menor no Grupo Intervenção do que no Controle [5 (2 - 13) dias versus 9 (3 - 22) dias; p = 0,01]. Não houve diferenças no tempo de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva, 28 dias sem ventilação mecânica, internação hospitalar ou mortalidade em 90 dias. Conclusão: Considerando as limitações de nosso estudo, a aplicação de um protocolo de desmame em pacientes neurocríticos levou à maior proporção de extubação, à menor necessidade de traqueotomia e à menor duração da ventilação mecânica. Entretanto, não houve redução na falha de extubação ou 28 dias sem ventilação mecânica em comparação com o Grupo de Controle. Registro ClinicalTrials.gov:NCT03128086

A boa mãe lactante: percepções maternas sobre amamentação e desmame / The good breastfeeding mother: maternal perceptions about breastfeeding and weaning

Resumo A inexistência ou escassez de uma abordagem mais complexa da amamentação nos materiais oficiais de promoção ao aleitamento materno foi o mote do projeto de pesquisa que investigou percepções maternas sobre o ato de amamentar seus bebês e o processo de desmame e suas implicações para elas, seus filhos e famílias. Este artigo apresenta resultados da pesquisa citada, com base na análise de entrevistas com mulheres que desmamaram há, no máximo, dois anos. As experiências das mulheres são afetadas por modelos de maternidade contidos nos discursos oficiais pró-aleitamento materno e na mídia. Compartilhar aspectos raramente abordados ou silenciados nesses discursos permitiu que elas ressignificassem a experiência de amamentação, deslocando seus sentidos e, em alguma medida, transformando-os.

Abstract The absence or insufficiency of a more complex approach to breastfeeding in official breastfeeding promotion materials induced the research project that investigated maternal perceptions about the act of breastfeeding their babies and the weaning process and its implications for them, their children and families. This article presents the results of the aforementioned research, based on the analysis of interviews with women who weaned a maximum of two years ago. Women's experiences are affected by models of motherhood asserted by official discourses for breastfeeding and those that appear in the media. Sharing subjects seldom addressed or silenced in these discourses have helped them to reframe the breastfeeding experience, displacing their meanings and, to some extent, transforming them.

Experiences of mothers with early weaning: a grounded theory / Experiencias de madres en el destete temprano: teoría fundamentada em los datos / Vivências de mães no desmame precoce: uma teoria fundamentada nos dados

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the experiences of mothers with early weaning. Method: Qualitative research with a theoretical-methodological contribution from Grounded Theory (Straussian perspective), carried out in the context of primary health care in a medium-sized municipality in the northeast of Brazil. 19 collaborators participated by theoretical sampling. Data collection took place between April and September 2018, with in-depth interviews, and was analyzed in three stages: open and axial coding, and integration. Results: The central category "Women experiencing guilt and overload due to early weaning" was supported by three categories: a) conditions: "Showing the factors that limit breastfeeding"; b) actions/interactions: "Trying to balance motherhood and work during breastfeeding" and "Insufficient social support to keep exclusive breastfeeding"; and c) consequences: "Introducing formula and complementary foods before six months" and "Blaming oneself for the early weaning". Final considerations: The theoretical model can give support to managers and health professionals to advocate for longer maternity leaves and confront gender disparities and inequities, professional performance with conflicts of interest, and abusive marketing regarding the use of formula.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprenderlas experiencias de las madres enel destete precoz. Método: Teoría fundamentada em losdatos. La muestra teórica estuvo compuesta por 19 participantes: madres, familiares y profesionales de la salud de una Unidad Básica de Salud de la región Nordeste de Brasil. La recolección de datos ocurrió de abril a septiembre de 2018, con entrevistas enprofundidad, analizadas a través de codificación abierta, axial y de integración. Resultados: Emergió la categoría central "La mujer experimentando culpa y sobrecarga por el destete precoz", sustentada entres categorías: a) condicionantes: "revelando las limitaciones para lalactancia materna"; b) acciones/interacciones: "intentar conciliar la lactancia materna con la práctica profesional" y "recibir apoyo social insuficiente para mantener la lactancia materna exclusiva"; y c) consecuencias: "introducir fórmulas infantiles y alimentación complementaria antes de los seis meses de edad y culpabilizarse por el destete precoz". Consideraciones finales: Las madres experimentaron la falta de una red de apoyo, la insuficiencia del tiempo de licencia por maternidad y el sentimiento de culpa.

RESUMO Objetivo: Compreender vivências de mães no desmame precoce. Método: Estudo qualitativo orientado pelo referencial metodológico da teoria fundamentada nos dados. A amostragem teórica foi composta por 19 participantes: mães, familiares e profissionais da saúde de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde, todos da Região Nordeste, Brasil. A coleta de dados ocorreu de abril a setembro de 2018, com entrevistas individuais em profundidade, analisadas por meio da codificação aberta, axial e de integração. Resultados: Emergiu o fenômeno "A mulher vivenciando a culpa e a sobrecarga pelo desmame precoce", sustentado por cinco categorias inter-relacionadas. Considerações finais: As mães vivenciaram a carência da rede de apoio, a insuficiência do tempo da licença-maternidade e o sentimento de culpa.

Predictors of prolonged ventilator weaning and mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19 / Preditores de desmame ventilatório prolongado e mortalidade em pacientes críticos com COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify factors associated with prolonged weaning and mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted to ICUs and under invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: Between March of 2020 and July of 2021, we retrospectively recorded clinical and ventilatory characteristics of critically ill COVID-19 patients from the day of intubation to the outcome. We classified the patients regarding the weaning period in accordance with established criteria. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify variables associated with prolonged weaning and mortality. Results: The study involved 303 patients, 100 of whom (33.0%) had a prolonged weaning period. Most of the patients were male (69.6%), 136 (44.8%) had more than 50% of pulmonary involvement on chest CT, and 93 (30.6%) had severe ARDS. Within the prolonged weaning group, 62% died within 60 days. Multivariate analysis revealed that lung involvement greater than 50% on CT and delay from intubation to the first separation attempt from mechanical ventilation were significantly associated with prolonged weaning, whereas age and prolonged weaning were significantly associated with mortality. Conclusions: Prolonged weaning can be used as a milestone in predicting mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Lung involvement greater than 50% on CT and delay from intubation to the first separation attempt from mechanical ventilation were identified as significant predictors of prolonged weaning. These results might provide valuable information for healthcare professionals when making clinical decisions regarding the management of critically ill COVID-19 patients who are on mechanical ventilation.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar fatores associados ao desmame prolongado e à mortalidade em pacientes críticos com COVID-19 admitidos em UTI e sob ventilação mecânica invasiva. Métodos: Entre março de 2020 e julho de 2021, registramos retrospectivamente as características clínicas e ventilatórias de pacientes críticos com COVID-19 desde o dia da intubação até o desfecho. Os pacientes foram classificados quanto ao período de desmame de acordo com critérios estabelecidos. Foi realizada análise de regressão logística para identificar variáveis associadas ao desmame prolongado e à mortalidade. Resultados: O estudo incluiu 303 pacientes, 100 dos quais (33,0%) apresentaram período de desmame prolongado. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (69,6%), 136 (44,8%) apresentaram mais de 50% de acometimento pulmonar na TC de tórax, e 93 (30,6%) apresentaram SDRA grave. No grupo desmame prolongado, 62% foram a óbito em 60 dias. A análise multivariada revelou que o acometimento pulmonar maior que 50% na TC e a demora na primeira tentativa de retirada da ventilação mecânica após a intubação apresentaram associação significativa com o desmame prolongado, enquanto a idade e o desmame prolongado apresentaram associação significativa com a mortalidade. Conclusões: O desmame prolongado pode ser utilizado como marco na predição de mortalidade em pacientes críticos com COVID-19. O acometimento pulmonar maior que 50% na TC e a demora na primeira tentativa de retirada da ventilação mecânica após a intubação foram identificados como preditores significativos de desmame prolongado. Esses resultados podem fornecer informações valiosas para os profissionais de saúde na tomada de decisões clínicas sobre o manejo de pacientes críticos com COVID-19 e em ventilação mecânica.

Destete guiado por ecografía / Ultrasound-Guided Extubation

Introducción: La observación del diafragma con el ultrasonido ha sido posible desde hace más de cuatro décadas; recientemente se le ha dado importancia a la valoración ultrasonográfica del diafragma en el proceso de destete del paciente ventilado. Objetivo: Describir la utilización de la ecografía diafragmática en la evaluación del proceso de destete en dos pacientes. Presentación de caso: Se presentan dos casos, el primer caso paciente femenino de 79 años con diagnóstico de infarto cerebral, coma y bronconeumonía; que precisó ventilación mecánica invasiva y previa prueba de ventilación espontánea. Se le realizó ultrasonido de diafragma donde se comprobó alta probabilidad de falla en la extubación, por lo que se modificó el esquema de destete para corregir las causas. El segundo paciente masculino de 68 años con diagnóstico de neumonitis aspirativa por queroseno que necesitó soporte ventilatorio invasivo; cuando presentó mejoría del cuadro inicial y parámetros de oxigenación, se le evaluó la función diafragmática mediante ultrasonografía se comprobó alta probabilidad de éxito en la extubación, se logró sin complicaciones. Conclusiones: Se utilizó la ultrasonografía diafragmática, emerge como una herramienta de fácil acceso y bajo costo, en la evaluación del proceso de destete en los pacientes ventilados, permitió la exploración de la función del diafragma en directo y en pie de cama. La valoración de la excursión diafragmática y la fracción de engrosamiento diafragmático proporcionó una escala predictiva valiosa, para prever que pacientes tendrán una extubación exitosa o no(AU)

Introduction: The observation of the diaphragm with ultrasound has been possible for more than four decades; but only recently has importance been given to the ultra-sonographic assessment of the diaphragm in the weaning process of the ventilated patient. Objective: To describe the use of diaphragmatic ultrasound in the evaluation of the weaning process in two patients. Case presentation: Two cases are presented, the first case is a 79-year-old female patient with a diagnosis of cerebral infarction, coma and bronchopneumonia; that she required invasive mechanical ventilation and after a spontaneous ventilation test, an ultrasound of the diaphragm was performed, where a high probability of failure in extubation was verified, for which the weaning scheme was modified to correct the causes. The second 68-year-old male patient diagnosed with kerosene aspiration pneumonitis that required invasive ventilator support; that when he presented improvement of the initial symptoms and oxygenation parameters, his diaphragmatic function was evaluated by ultrasonography, verifying a high probability of success in extubation, achieved without complications. Conclusions: Diaphragmatic ultrasonography emerges as a tool of easy access and low cost, in the evaluation of the weaning process in ventilated patients, allowing the exploration of the function of the diaphragm in direct and at the foot of the bed. The evaluation of the diaphragmatic excursion and the fraction of diaphragmatic thickening provide us with a valuable predictive scale, to anticipate which patients will have a successful extubation or not(AU)