Propolis from native Stingless Bees: ultrasound-assisted extraction / Propóleos de abejas nativas sin aguijón: extracción asistida por ultrasonido

BACKGROUND: Propolis has been considered a highly valuable material due to its therapeutic properties. However, in Colombia, the commercialization of propolis is limited not only by low production but also by the little knowledge about its efficient extraction. Therefore, finding an optimal and economical extraction method to obtain propolis is a necessity for beekeepers that would open new possibilities for industrial use and, therefore, for the market. OBJECTIVES:The objective of this study was to evaluate a conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction method, seeking to obtain the highest yield and a high amount of content of bioactive compounds in propolis extracts. METHODS: The extraction was carried out for three crude propolis from different types of bees: Tetragoniscaangustula or Angelita (ANG), Meliponaeburnea or Melipona(MEL), and Scaptotrigonaspp (SCT). The extracts were characterized by color, pH, visual appearance, solid content, antioxidant capacity, total polyphenol content, and bacterial inhibition capacity. RESULTS: The highest extraction performance was obtained when the ultrasound-assisted method was used, especially for the ANG extract, which in addition to presenting inhibition for gram-negative (E. coli) and gram-positive (S. Aureus) bacteria, had the best antioxidant activity with a value of 545 mg GAE / 100 g of sample and total polyphenol content of 1,884 mg GAE / 100 g of sample. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-assisted extraction can be considered a low-cost alternative to increase the extraction performance of crude propolis, together with its total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity, without altering its physical properties

ANTECEDENTES: El propóleos ha sido considerado un material de alto valor por sus propiedades terapéuticas. Sin embargo, en Colombia la comercialización de propóleos está limitada no solo por la baja producción sino también por el incipiente conocimiento sobre la extracción eficiente de este. Por ello, encontrar un método de extracción óptimo y económico para la obtención de propóleos es una necesidad para los apicultores que abriría nuevas posibilidades para el uso industrial y por tanto para el mercado. OBJETIVOS: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar un método de extracción convencional y asistido por ultrasonido (US) buscando el mayor rendimiento y alto contenido de compuestos bioactivos en extractos de propóleos. MÉTODOS: La extracción se realizó para tres propóleos crudos de diferentes tipos de abejas Tetragonisca angustula o Angelita(ANG), Melipona eburnea o Melipona (MEL) y Scaptotrigona spp (SCT). Todos los extractos se caracterizaron por su color, pH, apariencia visual, contenido de sólidos, capacidad antioxidante, contenido total de polifenoles y capacidad de inhibición bacteriana. RESULTADOS: El mayor rendimiento de extracción se obtuvo cuando se usó el método asistido por ultrasonido y específicamente para el extracto ANG, que además de presentar inhibición para bacterias gram negativas (E. coli) y gram positivas (S. Aureus), tuvo la mejor actividad antioxidante con un valor de 545 mg GAE / 100 g de muestra y contenido total de polifenoles de 1884 mg GAE / 100 g de muestra. CONCLUSIONES: La extracción asistida por ultrasonido puede considerarse una alternativa de bajo costo para aumentar el rendimiento de extracción del propóleos crudo, así como su contenido total de polifenoles y capacidad antioxidante sin alterar sus propiedades físicas

Phenotypic Characterisation of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Patients in Healthcare Institutions in Zaria Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is a cosmopolitan and pathogenic microorganism associated with various diseases spectra and antimicrobial resistance of public health importance.Aim: This study determined the phenotypic characteristics of S. aureus isolated from patients in healthcare institutions in Zaria metropolis.STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was carried out in 5 healthcare institutions. Four hundred and twenty clinical samples were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Majority of the patients (54.3%) were within the age range 21­40 years and mean age of 26.04 ± 12 years. Approximately, 70% of the respondents had history of antibiotic use prior to consultation in the hospitals and wereselfprescribed, and 91.2% were outpatients. The most commonly abused antibiotics were ampicillin-cloxacillin (19.5%) and cotrimoxazole (10.0%), and the mean duration of their use was 3.5 ± 1.3 days. The detection rate for S. aureus was 10% and 5.2% for MRSA. The S. aureus isolates showed the highest frequency of resistance against ampicillin 42 (100%), followed by penicillin G 39 (92.9%) and least was to gentamicin 5 (11.9%). The frequency of resistance for the MRSA were ampicillin 22 (100%), penicillin G 21(95.5%) and least was to gentamicin 2 (9.1%). The minimum inhibitory concentrations of oxacillin were greater than 128 µg /ml. CONCLUSION: The detection rate of S. aureus and MRSA strains are of great public health concern which requires continuous health education on rational use of antibiotics among others

Susceptibilidad de cepas de S. aureus aisladas en superficies hospitalarias

Resumen Las infecciones nosocomiales por Staphylococcus aureus tiene una alta prevalencia, debido a que esta bacteria forma parte de la microbiota de la piel del personal de salud y pacientes. Este microorganismo debido a su ubicuidad está presente en superficies y fómites, convirtiéndose en vectores para la trasmisión de infecciones. Objetivo. Describir el perfil de susceptibilidad antibiótica de cepas de S. aureus aisladas en superficies de un hospital de la ciudad de Cuenca. Materiales y métodos . Se realizó un estudio con enfoque cuantitativo, de corte transversal, descriptivo. Se recolectaron 200 muestras de diferentes superficies de áreas hospitalarias, en las que se identificó S. aureus mediante la amplificación de genes nucA Y femB. La susceptibilidad fenotípica a los antibióticos se determinó por el método de Kirby Bauer. Resultados . Se identificaron 6 cepas de S. aureus distribuidas de la siguiente manera: 2 cepas en el área de emergencia (33.33%) y 1 cepa (16.66%) en cada una de las áreas de: vestidores, rayos X, ecografía y odontología. La totalidad de estos aislados resultaron resistentes a: penicilina, oxacilina y amoxacilina; sensibles a trimetoprim sulfametoxazol, rifampicina, tetraciclina, cloranfenicol, vancomicina y linezolid. En el caso de la gentamicina se encontró: 3 cepas sensibles, 1 con sensibilidad intermedia y 2 resistentes. Conclusión . Se aislaron 6 cepas de S. aurues, en las cuales se pudo medir la susceptibilidad a diferentes antibióticos.

Abstract Nasocomial infections by Staphylococcus aureus have a high prevalence, because this bacterium is part of skin microbiota of health personnel and patients. This microorganism for its ubiquity is present on surfaces and fomites becoming vectors for the transmission of infecions. Objective . Describe the antibiotic sisceptibility profile of S. aureus strains isolated from surfaces of hospital the city of Cuenca. Materials and methods . Is a quantitative cross sectional, descriptive, 200 samples were collected from different surfaces of hospital areas, in which S. aureus was identified through the amplification of nucA and femB genes. Phenotipic susceptibility to antibiotics was determined by the Kirby Bauer method. Results. 6 strains of S. aureus were identified, distributes as follows: 2 strains in the emergency area (33.33%) and 1 (16.66%) in each of the areas: dressing rooms X-rays, ultrasound and dentistry. All of these isolates were resistant to: penicillin, oxacillin, and amoxacillin; sensitive to trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, rifampin, tetracycline vancomycin and linezolid. In the case of gentamicin, it was found: 3 sensitive strains, 1 with intermediate sensitivity and 2 resistant. Conclusion. Six strains of S. aureus were isolates, in which the susceptibility to different antibiotics could be measured.

Resumo As infecções nosocomiais por Staphylococcus aureus têm uma elevada prevalência, devido ao facto desta bactéria fazer parte da microbiota cutânea do pessoal de saúde e dos pacientes. Devido à sua ubiquidade, este microorganismo está presente nas superfícies e fomenta, tornando-se um vector de transmissão de infecções. Objectivo . Descrever o perfil de susceptibilidade aos antibióticos das estirpes de S. aureus isoladas das superfícies de um hospital na cidade de Cuenca. Materiais e métodos. Foi realizado um estudo quantitativo, transversal e descritivo. Duzentas amostras foram recolhidas em diferentes superfícies de áreas hospitalares, nas quais S. aureus foi identificado por amplificação dos genes nucA e femB. A susceptibilidade fenotípica aos antibióticos foi determinada pelo método de Kirby Bauer. Resultados. Foram identificadas seis estirpes de S. aureus, distribuídas da seguinte forma: duas estirpes na área de emergência (33,33%) e uma estirpe (16,66%) em cada uma das seguintes áreas: camarins, raio-x, ultra-som e odontologia. Todos estes isolados eram resistentes à penicilina, oxacilina e amoxacilina; sensíveis ao trimetoprim sulfametoxazol, rifampicina, tetraciclina, cloranfenicol, vancomicina e linezolida. No caso da gentamicina encontramos: 3 estirpes sensíveis, 1 com sensibilidade intermédia e 2 resistentes. Conclusão . 6 estirpes de S. aurues foram isoladas, nas quais a susceptibilidade a diferentes antibióticos podia ser medida.

Comparison of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry with phenotypic methods for identification and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus causing mastitis

@#The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is one of the greatest threats to both animal and human health. Our investigation was aimed to identify and differentiate between MRSA and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) recovered from mastitic milk using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry compared with phenotypic methods and studying their susceptibility to various antibiotics. Four hundred milk samples from mastitic animals (cows, sheep, goats, and dromedary camels) were investigated. Phenotypic identification of S. aureus was made through MASTASAPH Latex test, STAPH ID 32, and Vitek 2 system. The proteomic characterization of S. aureus was done by MBT. The Kirby Bauer method was accomplished to detect the resistance of S. aureus strains to antibiotics. The results of the MASTASAPH Latex test, revealed that 54 (46%) were recognized as S. aureus. All S. aureus isolates were identified by MBT with a score of more or equal 2.00. Several peaks were identified in the mass of 4590 Da, 4863 Da, and 4938 Da for MSSA and in the mass of 2636 Da and 3009 Da for MRSA. The MSP dendrogram demonstrated that the S. aureus isolates were classified into one group with a distance level of less or equal 400. The percentage of S. aureus resistance against carbenicillin, erythromycin and kanamycin was 94.4%, 38.88%, and 33.33%, respectively. In conclusion, S. aureus bacteria are among the key triggers for mastitis in Saudi Arabia. MBT is reported to be not only the rapid tool to identify S. aureus but also able to discriminate MRSA from MSSA.

Atividade antibacteriana de nanopartículas de polipirrol diante de Staphylococcus aureus isolados de amostras de leite de vacas e cabras com mastite / Antibacterial behavior of polypyrrole nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cows and goats with mastitis

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial behavior of polypyrrole nanoparticles (PPy-NPs) in water against biofilm producer or not S. aureus isolated from cows and goats with mastitis. One hundred and thirty-eight isolates of S. aureus were initially evaluated for biofilm formation by spectrophotometry in microplates. In addition, the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of PPy-NPs in water for planktonic S. aureus were determined. From the bovine samples analyzed, 5 (4.46%) S. aureus isolates showed a strong biofilm production, 17 (15.18%) moderate production, 36 (32.14%) with weak production and 54 (48.21%) did not produce biofilms. Strains from goats (26) showed no biofilm production in 18 (69.23%) strains and weak biofilm production in 8 (30.76%) strains. The MIC and MBC of S. aureus to PPy-NPs were found in the same concentration (125搭/mL) in all strains tested, regardless of biofilm production or not. This finding provides a new insight into the interaction between PPy-NPs and S. aureus, and will offer potential benefits for the control of mastitis.(AU)

Osteoarticular infections in pediatrics / Infecções osteoarticulares em pediatria

Abstract Objective To collect the most up-to-date information regarding pediatric osteoarticular infections, including the epidemiological and microbiological profiles, diagnosis, and treatment. Source of data A non-systematic review was performed on the search engines PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, and Google Scholar, using the keywords "bone and joint infection", "children", "pediatric", "osteomyelitis", "septic arthritis" and "spondylodiscitis" over the last ten years. The most relevant articles were selected by the authors to constitute the database. Synthesis of data Osteoarticular infections are still a major cause of morbidity in pediatrics. Their main etiology is Staphylococcus aureus, but there has been an increase in the detection of Kingella kingae, especially through molecular methods. Microbiological identification allows treatment direction, while evidence of inflammatory activity assists in treatment follow-up. Imaging tests are especially useful in the initial diagnosis of infections. Empirical treatment should include coverage for the main microorganisms according to the age and clinical conditions of the patient, while considering the local resistance profile. Surgical procedures can be indicated for diagnosis, focus control, and function preservation. Acute complications include sepsis, deep venous thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. Deaths are rare. Late complications are uncommon but may lead to deformities that compromise motor development. Conclusion A correct and early diagnosis, prompt implementation of adequate antimicrobial therapy, and focus control, when indicated, are critical to a better prognosis.

Resumo Objetivo Compilar as informações mais atuais referentes às infecções ostoarticulares em pediatria, inclusive perfil epidemiológico e microbiológico, diagnóstico e tratamento. Fonte dos dados Feita revisão não sistemática nos mecanismos de busca Pubmed, Scielo, Lilacs e Google Scholar, com as palavras-chave bone and joint infection, children, pediatric, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis e espondylodiscitis nos últimos 10 anos. Os artigos mais relevantes foram selecionados pelos autores para compor a base de dados. Síntese dos dados As infecções osteoarticulares ainda são causa importante de morbidade na pediatria. A sua principal etiologia é o Staphylococcus aureus, porém há um aumento na detecção de Kingella kingae, especialmente através de métodos moleculares. A identificação microbiológica possibilita direcionamento de tratamento, enquanto que as provas de atividade inflamatória auxiliam no acompanhamento do tratamento. Exames de imagem são especialmente úteis no diagnóstico inicial das infecções. O tratamento empírico deve incluir cobertura para os principais microrganismos, de acordo com a faixa etária e as condições clínicas do paciente, considerando o perfil de resistência local. Procedimentos cirúrgicos podem ser indicados para diagnóstico, controle do foco e preservação da função. As complicações agudas incluem sepse, trombose venosa profunda e embolia pulmonar. Óbitos são raros. As complicações tardias são incomuns, mas podem levar a deformidades que comprometem o desenvolvimento motor. Conclusão O diagnóstico correto e precoce, com pronta instituição de terapia antimicrobiana adequada e controle do foco, quando indicado, é fundamental para um melhor prognóstico.

Análisis crítico de un antimicrobiano sub-óptimo, de frecuente sobre-utilización e inadecuada dosificación: vancomicina / Critical review of a suboptimal antibiotic, frequently overused and inappropriately dosed: vancomycin

Resumen Introducción: Vancomicina, terapia estándar para enterococos y estafilococos resistentes a β-lactámicos tradicionales (Staphylococcus aureus [SARM] y Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa), tiene extenso uso empírico en infecciones nosocomiales. Farmacológicamente débil, de estrecho margen terapéutico y farmacocinética poco predecible, es un fármaco sub-estándar según criterios contemporáneos. Tiene excesivo uso, por sobrediagnóstico de infecciones bacterianas y, en infecciones genuinas, por sobre-estimación etiológica de patógenos β-lactámico-resistentes. Últimamente han surgido nuevas amenazas a su efectividad: peores desenlaces en infecciones por SARM con CIM en rango alto de sensibilidad y resistencia de enterococos. Hay frecuente administración inadecuada en: dosis e intervalos, ausencia de dosis de carga inicial, falta de monitoreo con concentraciones plasmáticas, inadecuada dosificación en presencia de insuficiencia renal o diálisis e, importantemente, mantención de uso en ausencia de clara documentación de su necesidad. Nuevos fármacos anti-estafilocócicos no han permitido un reemplazo generalizado de vancomicina por lo que ésta mantiene un importante rol en la medicina contemporánea. Conclusiones: Una comprensión de las fortalezas y debilidades del fármaco, así como de la cambiante epidemiología y propiedades microbiológicas de los patógenos relevantes, al igual que un uso prudente y selectivo, permitirán optimizar su uso y mantener su rol terapéutico en la medicina actual y futura.

Background: Vancomycin, standard parenteral therapy for Gram positive cocci resistant to traditional beta-lactam antibiotics (Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci [CNS]) and Enterococcus spp, frequent agents of nosocomial infections, is extensively used empirically in that setting. However, its pharmacological weakness, narrow therapeutic margin and poorly predictable pharmacokinetics, make it a suboptimal drug according to contemporary criteria. Vancomycin is over utilized due to both, overestimation of bacterial infections and, in genuine cases, overestimation of the etiological role of these resistant cocci, either nosocomially or community acquired. New threats narrow further its therapeutic role: poorer outcomes in infections with higher vancomycin MIC and resistance by enterococci. It is frequently given at inappropriate dosage and intervals, failing to: give loading dose when recommended, measure blood levels, adjust dosing to changing renal function and continued use when not necessary. Newer anti staphylococcal drugs haven't replaced completely the role of vancomycin, which maintains its usefulness in contemporary medicine. Conclusion: Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of vancomycin, current epidemiology and microbiology of infections for which it may be indicated, as well as the proper administration and monitoring, together with a prudent and selective indication will allow to preserve its present and future utility in the changing medical scenario.

Pure And Srba Dual Doped Zno Nanoparticles Prepared By Co-Precipitation Method And Their Structural, Optical And Antimicrobial Properties

The present investigation, the successful preparation of pure ZnO (Z1) NPs and SrBa dual doped ZnO (Z2) NPs by chemical co-precipitation technique without use of any capping agent. The structural and morphological properties of Z1 and Z2 NPs were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Elemental analysis (EDAX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). An optical property was studied by UV–Vis spectroscopy and Photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The antimicrobial activity of Z1 and Z2 NPs has been investigated against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacterial strains. It has been interestingly observed that Z2 NPs has enhanced the inhibitory activity than that of Z1 NPs against S. aureus and more efficiently than the K. pneumoniae bacterial strain.

The Synthesis, Screening Of Novel 1-Substituted-3-(4-Oxo-2-Phenylquinazolin-3(4h)-Yl) Urea And Thiourea Analogues As Potent Antibacterials

Objective: The proposed study is an attempt to determine antibacterial activity of synthesized novel 1-substituted-3-(4-oxo-2-phenylquinazolin-3(4H)-yl) urea and thiourea analogues as potent antibacterials against S. aureus and E. coli bacteria. Methods: The present study reports new series of 1-substituted-3-(4-oxo-2-phenylquinazolin-3(4H)-yl) urea and thiourea derivatives as potent antibacterial agents. Reagents used in the present study were of synthetic grade and solvents were used after distillation. Novel quinazolinone analogues were synthesized by considering substitution pattern, characterization of the synthesized analogues was performed using various techniques like Thin layer chromatography, Melting point, Infrared spectroscopy, Proton NMR spectrometry and Mass spectrometry. TLC of the synthesized analogues was carried out by using (toluene: methanol in the ratio 2:1), melting point was found by open capillary method, IR spectrum was recorded on JASCO V-530, 1H NMR was recorded on Bruker Avance Spectrometer and Mass spectra were obtained from G6460A, triple quadrupole/MS/MS system. In vitro antibacterial activity was performed against S. aureus and E. coli. Results: Six derivatives of quinazolinone analogues were synthesized. The structures of 1-substituted-3-(4-oxo-2-phenylquinazolin-3(4H)-yl) urea and thiourea derivatives were confirmed by physical and spectral analysis. Synthesized molecules showed Rf of 0.45-0.80 in toluene: methanol mobile phase, melting point was carried out by open capillary method and were in range of 90-210 ° C, IR spectrum was recorded in range of 14000-400 cm-1and showed characteristic peaks of NH and of C-O-NH, 1H NMR of the compounds was distinct to confirm structures with delta values in the range of 7.53-11.960, Mass spectra proved parent peaks of synthesized compounds confirming molecular weight. The compounds were assayed for antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli using ciprofloxacin as standard. The synthesized analogues have shown good yield and comparable antibacterial. Conclusion: The present study delivers a convenient and efficient protocol for the quinazolinone analogues synthesis.

Effects Of Alpha-Mangostin And Citronella Oil Against Acne Causing Bacteria

Objective: This study assessed the effects of alpha-mangostin (AM) and citronella oil (CO) working alone or in combination against Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Methods: The screening for antibacterial activity of AM and CO against P. acnes and S. aureus was carried out using the disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of these two substances were determined using the broth microdilution method. The fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICI) of a combination of AM and CO were obtained by checkerboard dilution assay. Results: The results showed that alpha-mangostin and citronella oil do indeed fight against P. acnes and S. aureus. The MICs and MBCs of AM against P. acnes and S. aureus were the same at 6.25 and 50 µg/ml, respectively. Both the MIC and the MBC of CO against P. acnes were 27.81µg/ml. The MIC and the MBC of CO against S. aureus were 112.13 and 224.25 µg/ml, respectively. The FICI of a combination of AM and CO against P. acnes and S. aureus were 2.00, indicating indifferent interaction with no additional inhibitory effect. Conclusion: AM and CO are very effective against P. acnes and S. aureus, nevertheless their effect when used together was indifferent from using alone. Further research may find that either or both of these substances combined with yet a different natural agent could provide synergy againstP. acnes and S. aureus.

Colonization and risk of infection by multidrug-resistant bacteria in hemodialysis patients: a topic of concern / Colonización e infección por bacterias multirresistentes en pacientes en hemodiálisis: un tema de preocupación

Abstract Antimicrobial resistance worsens the prognosis in patients with chronic diseases. Patients on hemodialysis have infection rates that exceed those reported in other types of patients. Colonization has been suggested as a risk factor for the development of infections. However, the majority of the studies that have evaluated this association have methodological limitations that have called into question the validity of the results; such as the lack of use of molecular methods to confirm that the colonizing species are the same as that which causes infection, the measurement of exposure only at the beginning of the study, the absence of follow-up, the evaluation of bacteremia as the only important outcome and the focus only on Staphylococcus aureus, without including other resistant bacteria of clinical importance such as multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. This lead to the need to use molecular epidemiology methods for refine the association between colonization and infection in endemic countries like Colombia, where the high rates of antimicrobial resistance demand accurate prevention strategies in susceptible patients.

Resumen La resistencia antimicrobiana empeora el pronóstico en pacientes con enfermedades crónicas. Los pacientes en hemodiálisis son un grupo particularmente afectado con porcentajes de infección bacteriana que exceden las reportadas en otro tipo de pacientes. La colonización ha sido sugerida como un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de infecciones. Sin embargo, los estudios que han evaluado esta asociación presentan limitaciones metodológicas que han cuestionado la validez de los resultados; como la falta de utilización de métodos moleculares que confirmen que la especie que coloniza es la misma que causa infección, la medición de la exposición solo al inicio del estudio, la ausencia de seguimiento y la evaluación de bacteriemia como el único desenlace de importancia. Así mismo, la mayoría de los estudios se han enfocado solo en Staphylococcus aureus sin incluir otras bacterias resistentes de importancia clínica como son los bacilos Gram negativos multirresistentes. Lo anterior lleva a la necesidad de utilizar métodos de epidemiología molecular que permitan refinar el análisis de la asociación entre colonización e infección, más aún en países endémicos como Colombia, en el que los altos porcentajes de resistencia demandan estrategias de prevención más certeras en pacientes susceptibles.

The study of reduced susceptibility of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus to various antibiotics with special reference to glycopeptides in a tertiary care hospital in central India

Background: Staphylococcus aureus has emerged over the past several decades as a leading cause of hospital-associated and community acquired infections. Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which are often resistant to several classes of antibiotics, is the most common cause of nosocomial infections and pose a great threat to the world. Vancomycin is regarded as the first-line drug for treatment of MRSA but resistance to this drug is being reported now a day.Methods: It was carried out for a period between January 2014 to June 2017 in the microbiology diagnostic laboratory. MRSA detection was performed by cefoxitin disk diffusion method. Screening for the vancomycin intermediate and the vancomycin resistant S. aureus (VISA and VRSA respectively) was carried out by using vancomycin screen. MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of vancomycin was tested by agar dilution method and E strip on all MRSA isolates.Results: A total of 287 S. aureus clinical isolates were included in the study. All MRSA were inoculated on vancomycin screen agar. Visible growth was present in 8 isolates. Five (3.73%) MRSA isolates with MIC of 4 were termed VISA (vancomycin intermediate S. aureus) by agar dilution method. Six isolates had the MIC of 4 and were termed as VISA.Conclusions: As disc diffusion method is not recommended by CLSI for S. aureus, vancomycin screen agar and MIC determination by either of the methods viz. agar dilution or E test can be used.

A Comparative Analysis of Different Phenotypic Methods Used in \r\nDetection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus\r\n

Introduction: In developing country like Bangladesh rheumaticfever is common diseases occur in children.Objective: In this study our main goal is to evaluate theincidence in rheumatic fever in age 5-15 age groupBangladesh.Method: This cross sectional study was done at differentprivate hospital in Khulna district from January 2016 to January2017 .where 100 patients data were recorded methodically in apreformed data sheet.Results: In the study 71% patients’ mother was illiterate andmost of them were house wife. Also, most of the patients facedserious heart damage.Conclusion: We can conclude that, overcrowding and lowattainment of education by mothers is responsible for incidenceof RF in children. Further study in needed for better outcome.

Daptomycin and vancomycin non-susceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clonal lineages from bloodstream infection in a Brazilian teaching hospital

ABSTRACT Introduction: This study aimed to characterize Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bloodstream infections in patients attending a teaching hospital, between 2011 and 2015. Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration for daptomycin, linezolid, oxacillin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was accessed by broth microdilution. SCCmec type and clonal profile were determined by molecular tests. Vancomycin heteroresistance was evaluated using screening tests and by population analysis profile/area under the curve. Results: Among 200 S. aureus isolates, 55 (27.5%) were MRSA, carrying SCCmec II (45.5%) or IV (54.5%). The most frequent MRSA lineages were USA100 (ST5-II) (45.5%) and USA800 (ST5-IV) (30.9%). Six isolates were confirmed as vancomycin heteroresistant, showing area under the curve ratio 1.1, 1.2 or 1.3 (four USA100, one USA800 and one USA1100 isolates). Conclusions: Daptomycin and vancomycin non-susceptible MRSA clonal lineages were found in bloodstream infections over five years, highlighting the importance of continuous surveillance of multiresistant bacteria in hospitals.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in diabetics: a single-center, retrospective analysis / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Background@#Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pneumonia is an important issue with significant morbidity and mortality in clinical practice, especially in diabetes mellitus (DM). Studies focusing on S. aureus pneumonia in DM is limited, we sought to make a relatively comprehensive exploration of clinical characteristics, antimicrobial resistance, and risk factors for mortality of S. aureus pneumonia in DM and non-diabetics mellitus (non-DM).@*Methods@#A retrospective study was conducted in Ruijin Hospital from 2014 to 2017. The characteristics of DM and non-DM patients were assessed, including demographics, comorbidities, using of invasive mechanical ventilation, Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C), confusion, urea, respiratory rate, blood pressure, age ≥65 years (CURB-65) score, length of hospital stay, clinical outcomes, antimicrobial susceptibility. Independent risk factors for mortality were identified by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.@*Results@#A total of 365 patients with S. aureus pneumonia were included in our study, including 144 with DM and 221 non-DM. DM patients were more susceptible to MRSA infection (65.3% vs. 56.1%, P > 0.05), suffered from much severer pneumonia with a higher CURB-65 score, invasive mechanical ventilation rate (46.5% vs. 28.1%, P < 0.01) and mortality rates (30.6% vs. 23.1%, P > 0.05); almost all DM patients had higher antimicrobial resistance than non-DM patients, the DM group had a higher coinfection rate (47.2% vs. 45.7%, P > 0.05), and Acinetobacter baumannii was the most common bacterium in DM, while Klebsiella pneumoniae ranked first in patients with non-DM. Independent risk factors for pneumonia-related mortality were MRSA and CURB-65. Higher HbA1c levels were linked to a higher MRSA infection and co-infection rate and more severe pneumonia, leading to an increase in mortality.@*Conclusions@#DM patients with poor glucose control are more susceptible to MRSA infection. They suffer from higher antimicrobial resistance, a higher co-infection rate, and much severer pneumonia than non-DM. MRSA itself is an independent risk factor for mortality in all patients.

Analysis of Resistance to Macrolide–Lincosamide–Streptogramin B Among mecA-Positive Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates

OBJECTIVES: Genetic determinants conferring resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B (MLSB) via ribosomal modification such as, erm, msrA/B and ereA/B genes are distributed in bacteria. The main goals of this work were to evaluate the dissemination of MLSB resistance phenotypes and genotypes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates collected from clinical samples. METHODS: A total of 106 MRSA isolates were studied. Isolates were recovered from 3 hospitals in Tehran between May 2016 to July 2017. The prevalence of MLSB-resistant strains were determined by D-test, and then M-PCR was performed to identify genes encoding resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins in the tested isolates. RESULTS: The frequency of constitutive resistance MLSB, inducible resistance MLSB and MSB resistance were 56.2%, 22.9%, and 16.6%, respectively. Of 11 isolates with the inducible resistance MLSB phenotype, ermC, ermB, ermA and ereA were positive in 81.8%, 63.6%, 54.5% and 18.2% of these isolates, respectively. In isolates with the constitutive resistance MLSB phenotype, the prevalence of ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA, msrB, ereA and ereB were 25.9%, 18.5%, 44.4%, 0.0%, 0.0%, 11.1% and 0.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Clindamycin is commonly administered in severe MRSA infections depending upon the antimicrobial susceptibility findings. This study showed that the D-test should be used as an obligatory method in routine disk diffusion assay to detect inducible clindamycin resistance in MRSA so that effective antibiotic treatment can be provided.

Análise microbiológica de queijos tipo minas frescal oriundos de diferentes formas de produção / Microbiological analysis of minas frescal cheese from different forms of production

Introdução: o queijo tipo Minas Frescal, obtido através da coagulação do leite, é amplamente consumido no Brasil, e apresenta um alto teor de umidade, sendo um ótimo meio para crescimento microbiano. Por isso, para sua produção, é necessária a pasteurização do leite cru, além de boas técnicas e práticas de fabricação seguindo as normas sanitárias, evitando, assim, contaminações graves por micro-organismos causadores de doenças transmitidas por alimentos (DTAs). Objetivo: o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de 3 amostras de queijo Minas Frescal oriundas de diferentes processos produtivos. Materiais e métodos: os micro-organismos pesquisados foram coliformes totais e termotolerantes, S. aureus e Salmonella spp. As origens das amostras foram: industrializada, produzida em açougue de bairro em Bauru e oriunda de produção caseira/artesanal. Resultados: das 3 amostras analisadas, os resultados foram: a artesanal e a de açougue apresentaram crescimento de coliformes totais e termotolerantes acima do permitido; as 3 amostras apresentaram crescimento de colônias atípicas incontáveis nas análises de S. aureus, impossibilitando a contagem dos micro-organismos em questão; nenhuma delas apresentou crescimento de Salmonella spp. Conclusão: considerando a qualidade microbiológica, foi possível concluir que somente o queijo Minas Frescal industrializado está dentro dos padrões determinados pela ANVISA, enquanto as outras amostras apresentaram resultados insatisfatórios, o que pode comprometer a saúde do consumidor.

Introduction: Minas Frescal cheese, which is obtained through milk coagulation, is widely consumed in Brazil, and presents a high moisture content, being a great way for microbial growth. That's why, for its production, it's necessary raw milk's pasteurization, besides good manufacturing techniques and practices following sanitary standards, thus avoiding serious contaminations caused by foodborne illness. Objective: the present study had as objective to evaluate the microbiologic quality of 3 Minas Frescal cheese samples coming from different manufacturing processes. Materials and methods: the microorganisms searched were total and thermotolerants coliforms, S. aureus and Salmonella spp. The origins of the samples were: industry, butchery and homemade/craft production. Results: from the 3 analyzed samples, the results were: the craft production and butchery ones presented above the allowed growth of total and thermotolerants coliforms; the 3 samples showed uncountable atypical colonies growth in the analysis of S. aureus preventing the count of the microorganisms in question; and none of them presented Salmonella spp's growth. Conclusion: thus, considering microbiologic quality, it was possible to conclude that only the industrialized Minas Frescal chesse is within standards given by ANVISA, while the other samples presented unsatisfactory results, which can harm the consumer's health.

Biologically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles for Enhancing Tetracycline Activity Against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae

Abstract Phytochemical content of plant extracts can be used effectively to reduce the metal ions to nanoparticles in one-step green synthesis process. In this study, six plant extracts were used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Biologically synthesized AgNPs was characterized using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The individual and combined effects of AgNPs and tetracycline against S. aureus and K. pneumoniae were assessed. Ginger, onion and sidr extracts supported AgNPs formation while arak, garlic and mint extracts failed to convert the silver ions to AgNPs. The present findings revealed significant differences between the tested plant extracts in supporting AgNPs synthesis. AgNPs synthesized by ginger showed the highest individual and combined activity against tested strains followed by AgNPs prepared by sidr then that synthesized by onion. AgNPs significantly enhanced tetracycline activity (p≤0.05) against S. aureus and K. pneumoniae. The results of this study demonstrated that the combination of tetracycline and biologically synthesized AgNPs presented a useful therapeutically method for the treatment of bacterial infection and counterattacking bacterial resistance.

Evaluación in vitro de la actividad antimicrobiana de un propóleo chileno sobre muestras clínicas de exudados bucofaríngeos y cepas ATCC / In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of a Chilean propolis on clinical samples of oropharyngeal exudates

Propolis is a substance manufactured by Apis mellifera and has been widely used in folk medicine due to its high concentration of bioactive compounds. The purpose of the following study was to characterize and evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial properties of propolis on clinical samples and ATCC strains. The chemical characterization of propolis presents a concentration of total polyphenols of 247 ± 9 mg EAG g-1 MS, flavones and flavonols 75± 4 mg EQ g-1 MS, flavanonones and flavanonols 118 ± 11 EP g-1 MS. HPLC-DAD identified apigenin, galangin, phenethyl ester of caffeic acid and pinocembrin, in addition to 16 compounds by HPLC MS/MS. Chilean propolis is a natural antimicrobial, showing effectiveness in strains ATCC Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum and clinical samples of Staphylococcus aureus unlike Escherichia coli. These results demonstrate the antimicrobial effectiveness of the synergy of compounds present in propolis against different human pathogens.

El propóleos es una substancia fabricada por Apis mellifera y ha sido utilizado ampliamente en la medicina popular debido a su alta concentración de compuestos bioactivos. El propósito del siguiente estudio fue caracterizar y evaluar in vitro las propiedades antimicrobianas del propóleos sobre muestras clínicas y cepas ATCC. La caracterización química de propóleos presenta una concentración de polifenoles totales de 247 ± 9 mg EAG g-1 de MS, flavonas y flavonoles 75 ± 4 mg EQ g-1 de MS, flavanononas y flavanonoles 118 ± 11 EP g-1 de MS. Mediante HPLC-DAD se identificó apigenina, galangina, fenetil éster del ácido cafeico y pinocembrina, además de 16 compuestos mediante HPLC MS/MS. El propóleos chileno es un antimicrobiano natural, observándose efectividad en cepas ATCC Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum y muestras clínicas de Staphylococcus aureus a diferencia de Escherichia coli. Estos resultados demuestran la efectividad antimicrobiana de la sinergia de compuestos presentes en el propóleos ante diferentes patógenos humanos.

Evaluación de los indicadores de desempeño de 3M Petrifilm Staph Express (STX) frente a la norma ISO 6888-1: 2003 en el recuento de Staphylococcus aureus en quesos frescos por contaminación artificial / Evaluation of the performance indicators of 3M Petrifilm Staph Express (STX) against the ISO 6888-1: 2003 standard in the count of Staphylococcus aureus in fresh cheeses by artificial contamination

Staphylococcus aureus puede contaminar una gran gama de alimentos, siendo los quesos frescos un medio diferencial y selectivo para el desarrollo de este microorganismo, llegando a la producción de enterotoxina termoestable ocasionando una intoxicación estafilocóccica trasmitida por alimentos. El empleo del método 3M Petrifilm Staph Express (STX) supone considerables ventajas frente al método convencional o de referencia, facilitando y favoreciendo muchos aspectos técnicos y económicos, dentro de ellos tenemos la optimización de tiempo en cuanto se refiere a la preparación de medios de cultivo, necesidad de equipamiento, requerimiento de infraestructura, menor requerimiento de personal y la disminuye los costos del uso de consumo eléctrico, disminuye la generación de residuos sólidos, entre otros. La comparación entre el método alternativo frente al método convencional fue hecha por medio de la contaminación artificial de una matriz libre de S. aureus y un recuento bajo de microbiota acompañante, donde se establecieron diferentes niveles de contaminación, evaluándose los indicadores de desempeño (exactitud relativa, precisión relativa, linealidad, curva de calibración y límite de cuantificación). En indicador de exactitud relativa se obtuvo un 95,6% de recuperación para el nivel más bajo (aproximadamente 8 UFC/g) y 98,7% de recuperación para el nivel de contaminación más alto (aproximadamente 5300 UFC/g), teniendo un rango de 70 a 120% de aceptación. Para la precisión relativa se calcularon la RSD de todos los niveles ensayados, obteniéndose datos que aceptan la precisión relativa del método de placa seca rehidratable porque los valores fueron menores al RSD teórico calculado. El límite de detección fue ensayado con <10UFC/g obteniéndose un CV de 1,16%. Por los resultados obtenidos podemos concluir que el método 3M Petrifilm Staph Express (STX) cumple con los indicadores de desempeño frente a la norma ISO 6888-1:2003.

Staphylococcus aureus can contaminate a wide range of foods, being fresh cheeses a differential and selective medium for the development of this microorganism, reaching the production of thermostable enterotoxin causing a staphylococcal intoxication transmitted by food. The use of the 3M Petrifilm Staph Express (STX) method has considerable advantages over the conventional or reference method, facilitating and favoring many technical and economic aspects, within them we have the optimization of time as regards the preparation of culture media, need for equipment, infrastructure requirements, lower personnel requirements and decreases the costs of the use of electricity consumption, decreases the generation of solid waste, among others. The comparison between the alternative method and the conventional method was made by means of the artificial contamination of a free matrix of S. aureus and a low accompanying microbiota count, where different levels of contamination were established, evaluating the performance indicators (relative accuracy, relative precision, linearity, calibration curve and limit of quantification). In the relative accuracy indicator, 95.6% recovery was obtained for the lowest level (approximately 8 CFU / g) and 98.7% recovery for the highest level of contamination (approximately 5300 CFU / g), with a range of 70 to 120% acceptance. For the relative precision, the RSD of all the tested levels was calculated, obtaining data that accept the relative accuracy of the dry rehydratable plate method because the values were lower than the calculated theoretical RSD. The limit of detection was tested with <10 CFU /g, obtaining a CV of 1.16%. Based on the results obtained, we can conclude that the 3M Petrifilm Staph Express (STX) method complies with the performance indicators against the ISO 6888-1: 2003 standard.