Consenso de epistaxis en pediatría: causas, clínica y tratamiento / Consensus on pediatrics epistaxis: Causes, clinic and treatment

Se define la epistaxis como el sangrado proveniente del vestíbulo, la cavidad nasal o la nasofaringe. Representa el 3 % de las consultas de guardia. El 30 % de los niños menores de 5 años presentan, al menos, un episodio de epistaxis. La edad media de presentación es entre los 7,5 y los 8,5 años. Predomina en el sexo masculino (el 56-67 %). La rinorrea es el síntoma más frecuentemente asociado (el 46 %). El origen puede ser anterior o posterior, y las anteriores son las más frecuentes. Es necesario un enfoque integral para determinar la etiología (primaria o secundaria). Los principales objetivos del tratamiento son el control de la hemorragia, de la causa subyacente y la prevención de la recurrencia.La mayoría de las hemorragias son autolimitadas; sin embargo, el taponamiento nasal y la cauterización son requeridos ante casos recurrentes o graves. Cuando estas técnicas fracasan, puede utilizarse un manejo endoscópico, angiografía-embolización y ligadura quirúrgica abierta

Epistaxis is defined as bleeding from the vestibule, nasal cavity or nasopharynx. It represents 3 % of Emergency Room consultations. Thirty per cent of children under 5 years of age have an episode of epistaxis. The average age of presentation is between 7.5 and 8.5 years. It predominates in males (56-67 %). Nasal obstruction (nasal discharge) is the most associated symptom (46 %). The origin can be anterior or posterior, with the previous ones being the most frequent. An integral approach is necessary to determine the etiology (primary or secondary). The main purposes of the treatment are bleeding control and the underlying cause and the prevention of recurrence. Most hemorrhages are self-limiting; however, nasal tamponade and cauterization are required in cases of recurrence and/or severity. When these techniques fail, endoscopic management, angiography-embolization, and open surgical ligation may be used.

Síndrome de Gardner-Diamond. Presentación de un caso / Gardner-Diamond syndrome: A case report

RESUMEN El sindrome de Gardner- Diamond conocido también como púrpura psicógena o síndrome de autosensibilización eritrocitaria es muy poco frecuente. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 50 años, blanco, ingresado en el Servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Docente "Faustino Pérez Hernández" por síndrome febril agudo, cefalea holocraneana, epistaxis y hemolacria. En el examen físico realizado se notó la salida de lágrimas con sangre, por el ángulo interno de ambos ojos y epistaxis. La inyección intradérmica en la cara dorsal del muslo izquierdo de 0,1 mL de sangre autóloga, no indujo reacción equimótica. La inyección de 0,1 mL de solución salina al 0,9 % como control en el muslo contralateral resultó negativa. Sobre la base del examen clínico y otras pruebas, se concluyó como un Síndrome de Gardner-Diamond. Esta infrecuente enfermedad debe ser considerada en el diagnóstico diferencial de un síndrome purpúrico de etiología no bien precisada, fundamentalmente en pacientes con problemas psiquiátricos.

ABSTRACT The Gardner-Diamond syndrome, also known as psychogenetic purpura or erythrocyte autosensitization syndrome is very few frequent. The case of a white patient aged 50 years is presented. He entered the Service of Internal Medicine of the Teaching Clinic-surgical Hospital "Faustino Pérez Hernández" because of an acute fever syndrome, holocraneal headache, epistaxis and haemolacria. At the physical examination it was stated the flow of tears with blood, through the internal angle of both eyes and epistaxis. The intradermal injection of 0.1 ml of autologous blood in the left thigh dorsal side did not induce an ecchymotic reaction. The injection of 0.1 ml of 0.9 % saline solution as control in the contralateral side was negative. On the basis of the clinical examination and other tests, the authors arrived to the conclusion it is a Gardner-Diamond syndrome. This infrequent disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a purpuric syndrome of non-good précised etiology, mainly in patients with psychiatric problems.

Síndrome de Rendu-Osler-Weber: relato de caso / Rendu-Osler-Weber Syndrome: a case report

A Síndrome de Rendu-Osler-Weber, ou Telangiectasia Hemorrágica Hereditária, é doença autossômica dominante com incidência mundial em torno de 1-2/100.000. Caracteriza-se por alteração estrutural dos vasos sanguíneos. O diagnóstico da Síndrome de Rendu-Osler-Weber é feito seguindo os critérios de Curaçao. Múltiplas manifestações sistêmicas são correlacionadas com a Síndrome de Rendu-Osler-Weber, porém seu diagnóstico é difícil de ser estabelecido, em parte pelo desconhecimento da doença e seu manejo (AU)

Rendu-Osler-Weber Syndrome, or Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia, is an autosomal dominant disease with a worldwide incidence of around 1-2/100,000. It is characterized by structural alteration of the blood vessels. The diagnosis of Rendu-Osler-Weber Syndrome is made by following the Curaçao criteria. Multiple systemic manifestations are correlated with the Rendu-Osler-Weber Syndrome, but its diagnosis is difficult to establish, partly due to the lack of knowledge about the disease and its management (AU)

Epistaxe / Epistaxis

Existem diversas alternativas de tratamento para o manejo da epistaxe. O objetivo desse artigo é fornecer parâmetros teóricos para o médico emergencista intervir com segurança no sangramento nasal, sabendo identificar situações que necessitem da avaliação do especialista.

There are several treatment modalities to manage epistaxis. The aim of this article is to provide theorical parameters to the emergency physician safely handle nasal bleeding and guide him when to request specialist evaluation.

Epistaxe: da etiologia ao manejo / Epistaxis: from etiology to management

A hemorragia nasal ou epistaxe é a mais frequente entre as hemorragias e apresenta alta prevalência na população em geral. Na maioria das vezes, tem resolução espontânea. Entretanto, quando o atendimento médico for requisitado, é essencial o domínio das principais causas desta patologia para realização de correta abordagem diagnóstica e adequado manejo terapêutico.

Nasal bleeding or epistaxis is the most common cause of bleeding and has a high prevalence in the general population. Most often it solves spontaneously. However, when it becomes necessary medical care, it is essential the knowledge of the main causes of this condition to perform correct diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic management approach.

Nasopharyngeal bleeding due to leech bites in a 9-month-old infant.

Leeches are annelids, comprising the subclass Hirudinea. There are freshwater, terrestrial and marine leeches. Haemophagic leeches attach to their hosts and remain there until they become filled up with blood and then they fall off to digest. Leech bites can manifest various symptoms, which lead to anemia. Here is reported, a case of leech bites in a 9-month-old infant, with a long history of hematemesis, melena, epistaxis and anemia which demanded repeated transfusions. So, leech bites may be a differential diagnosis of anemia particularly in the endemic rural areas where villagers use non boiled water.

Nasal hirudiniasis-an unusual cause of epistaxis

Common causes for unilateral nasal bleeding in adults are benign or malignant tumours, deviated nasal septum, nasal trauma and foreign bodies. Nasal leech infestation has not been identified as a cause of nasal bleeding in most of the textbooks of Ear Nose and Throat. Over 3 years, at Combined Military Hospital Muzaffarabad, and Combined Military Hospital Abbottabad, we have dealt with 38 such cases presenting with epistaxis where the cause was found to be leech infestation. A descriptive study was carried out at Combined Military Hospital Muzaffarabad and Combined Military Hospital Abbottabad over a period of 3 years. All patients whose epistaxis was due to leech infestation were included in the study regardless of age and sex. A total of 38 such cases presented with nasal Hirudiniasis as a cause of unilateral epistaxis. 29 were male and 09 female. All of the patients related their problem to the intake of fresh water of stream origin. The mean duration of symptoms was 12 weeks SD 3.0. It is concluded that nasal Hirudiniasis [nasal leech infestation] is a cause of unilateral epistaxis in areas like Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir and Abbottabad, where leeches are a common inhabitants of fresh water streams

Step by step clinical diagnosis

A 49 years old man admitted in the emergency room with gingival hemorrhage. He was thrombocytopenic, had a huge splenomegaly, and a history of epistaxis. Huge splenomegaly has a large list of differential diagnosis [DDx] with infectious disease, Liver disease and cancers that we rolled out these DDx with step by step diagnosis. And finally we found hereditary Gucher's disease, in spite of his age [49yrs]. By the recurrent hemorrhage and severity of thrombocytopenia and leucopenia, spleenectomy was done and the patient discharged with good general appearance. Gaucher's disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with unexplained organomegaly, easy bruisability and/or bone pain. Bone marrow examination usually reveals the presence of Gaucher cells; however all suspected diagnoses should be confirmed by demonstrating deficient acid b-glucosidase activity in isolated leucocytes or cultured fibroblasts

Pattern of Epistaxis in Sokoto; Nigeria: a Review of 72 Cases

Background: Epistaxis remains a common otorhinolaryngological emergency in most hospital emergency departments with varied manifestations. The pattern as seen in a tertiary health institution in sokoto; Nigeria is the subject of this paper. Method: This is a 5 year retrospective study (January 1995-December 1999) of all cases of epistaxis presenting at or referred to the Ear; Nose and Throat (ENT) Department of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH) Sokoto; Nigeria whose data were analyzed. Results: A total number of 72 cases were seen with epistaxis out of 3;706 new cases seen at the ENT clinic. The incidence of epistaxis amongst UDUTH ENT patients was 19/1000.There were 45 males (62.5) and 27 Females (37.5) with a male to female ratio of 1.7:1.Their ages ranged between 1and 70 years with the 0-10 age range recording the highest number (26.4).The commonest cause of epistaxis was idiopathic (29.2); followed by trauma (27.8) and hypertension (18.0).Non surgical methods (97.2) such as observation alone (34.7) without active intervention to arrest bleeding; and nasal packing (34.7);being the commonest intervention measures used to actively arrest bleeding followed by cauterization of the bleeding points (11.1) were the frequent treatment measures. Surgical extirpation was carried out in 2 cases (2.8) to arrest the epistaxis Conclusion: Although epistaxis is a common otorhinolaryngological emergency and varied in its manifestation; it affects mainly the young peoplein this environment with idiopathic; trauma; and hypertension being the common causes which are amendable to treatment with excellent results

Epistaxis. Consideraciones sobre aspectos clínicos y terapéuticos en la atención primaria de salud / Epistaxis: Considerations on the clinical and therapeutical treatment in primary health care

El presente trabajo de revisión se realizó con el propósito de poner a disposición del médico de Atención Primaria de Salud, los aspectos básicos y elementales para brindar una terapéutica adecuada a los pacientes afectados por sangrado por las fosas nasales y cavidades anexas (epistaxis). Esta es una afección que se presenta con relativa frecuencia. Lo dramático del cuadro genera ansiedad y temor en el paciente y personas que lo acompañan, lo cual en oportunidades invade al médico de asistencia y no permite lograr una dinámica diagnóstica y terapéutica. Por ello ponemos en sus manos este material, que esperamos sea de utilidad.

Enfermedad de Hansen: a propósito de un caso / Hansen`s disease: a purpose of a case

La lepra o enfermedad de Hansen es una enfermedad infecto contagiosa producida por el bacilo Mycobacterium leprae. Presenta dos tipos principales: la lepra tuberculoide, que produce grandes manchas hiperestésicas posteriormente anestésicas, y la lepra lepromatosa, que origina grandes nódulos en la piel. El tratamiento, hoy en día, varía entre seis meses y dos años, y se basa en la administración de sulfonas. Presentamos caso de masculino de 25 años de edad ingresado en el servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz con el diagnóstico de lepra lepromatosa confirmado posterior a reporte de biopsia de piel.

Epistaxis: diagnóstico y alternativas terapéuticas actuales / Epistaxis: diagnosis and current therapeutic alternatives

The epistaxis is one of the most common emergencies. While most of these bleeding can be resolved successfully by emergency medical, epistaxis some are complex and may require intervention by specialists with intensive management and hospitalization. There are multiple risk factors to produce an epistaxis, and this can affect any age group. The epistaxis is not alien morbidity able to get to the death if not resolved quickly hemorrhagic shock. The treatment strategies have generally been similar for decades. But with the advent of surgical nasal endoscopy and evolving methods of angiography and selective embolization, have allowed new options for handling fast and highly effective. In this review we reviewed and discussed the various alternatives for managing the epistaxis starting with those easy resolutions to those intractable. It discusses the pros and cons of the new techniques.

Bilateral epistaxis after face washing in a pond in a two year old child

We report a 2 year old boy with epistaxis, melena, fever and anaemia. In an otolaryngologist consultation a leech was seen in the nasopharynx. His face was washed in a pond 3 days prior to admission

Epistaxis in Chiang Mai University Hospital.

OBJECTIVES: Epistaxis is a common otolaryngologic emergency, and can be severe or even fatal. The causes can be from local or systemic illnesses. The aim of this study was to review and analyze the general and specific data causes, management and results of epistaxis in patients admitted in Chiang Mai University Hospital. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective study by reviewing charts of new epistaxis inpatients, admitted to Chiang Mai University Hospital between January 2001 and July 2004, was done. RESULTS: From 55 cases reviewed, 41 were males (74.5%) and 14 females (25.5%). The mean age was 46.98 +/- 17 years (12-87 years). The peak of prevalence was between January and April. The average length of hospital stay was 6.2 +/- 3.8 days, (1-17 days). The most common cause of epistaxis was hypertension (32.72%) followed by tumor, local trauma and coagulopathy, subsequently. About 18 per cent of the patients had more than one cause of the illness. According to the bleeding site, 33 patients (60%) had anterior bleeding, 14 (25.45%) had posterior bleeding, and the rest had non-identifiable bleeding sites. There were 5 abnormalities from 52 patients (9.6%) tested for clotting profile. A bout one third of the patients received more than one type of procedure, while 2 patients (3.6%) treated by a local hospital before being transfered, were observed with successful outcome. CONCLUSION: The most common and preventable causes of epistaxis in this review are hypertension and facial and paranasal sinus injuries. The other common curable cause is tumor Otolaryngologists and general physicians should find out the causes and know characteristics of the patients and diseases, especially in their own area of practice in order to be able to perform optimal management.

Endoscopia nasal e a localizacão do sítio de sangramento na epistaxe: a revolucão da última década / Nasal endoscopy and localization of the bleeding source in epistaxis: last decade's revolution

A epistaxe continua sendo uma das emergências otorrinolaringológicas mais comuns e preocupantes. Apesar do grande interesse no assunto, ainda não há consenso com relacão à sua melhor abordagem inicial. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o sítio de sangramento em pacientes com epistaxe ativa ou recorrente. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Clínico prospectivo. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Trinta pacientes adultos com epistaxe ativa ou recorrente foram avaliados com rinoscopia anterior clássica e endoscopia para identificacão do sítio de sangramento na cavidade nasal. RESULTADO: O uso do endoscópio permitiu o diagnóstico do sítio de sangramento em todos os pacientes. CONCLUSAO: O exame endoscópico cuidadoso da porcão posterior da cavidade nasal permite a identificacão do sítio de sangramento na maioria dos casos de epistaxe e deve ser considerado um exame de rotina.

Causes of epistaxis in inpatients in the Kingdom of Bahrain

Epistaxis is a common symptom for patients to present with to the emergency and routine Ear, Nose and Throat [ENT] clinic, actually it is well known condition in the old literature described by Hippocrates in the fifth century BC[1]. The aim of this paper is to describe the causes of Epistaxis in inpatients presented to Salmaniya Medical Complex [SMC] from 1997-2001, and the different modalities of treatment. This is a retrospective study, in which 96 inpatients charts were reviewed during the above-mentioned period, the age of the patients, mode of presentation, associated symptoms; causes of Epistaxis and modality of treatment were reviewed and analyzed. The main causing factors of Epistaxis were found to be idiopathic in 23 patients [23.9%], hypertension was associated in 23 patients [23.9%], other causes like inflammatory diseases in 17 patients [17.7%], deviated nasal septum [DNS] in 14 patients [14.5], nasal trauma in 9 patients [9.3%], vascular causes in 6 patients [6.2%], and other causes in 4 patients [4.1%]. Patients who had Epistaxis with hypertension were not known hypertensive; half of them discovered to have hypertension after the attacks of Epistaxis and needed regular anti hypertensive treatment. From this study, the different causes of Epistaxis in Bahrain were identified, out of which a significant number of patients were found to have hypertension for the first time during the attack of Epistaxis, so screening patients for hypertension may help to detect hypertensive patients and treat them before they get attacks of severe Epistaxis in which they may need blood transfusion

Estudo Comparativo das abordagens transmaxilar e retromolar à artéria maxilar, na epistaxe severa posterior / Comparative study of transmaxillar and retromolar approach on posterior severe epistaxis

Esse estudo apresenta em um caso de epistaxe severa posterior tratado por duas abordagens cirúrgicas, pelas vias bucais retromolar e transmaxilar, que em ambas as técnicas a artéria maxilar é alcançada na mesma regiäo anatômica, ou seja, na regiäo zigomática, junto à tuberosidade da maxila, o que foi corroborado por estudo complementar em dez peças anatômicas.

Epistaxis masiva asociada a trauma: una indicación de angiografía y embolización superselectiva: caso clínico / Massive epistaxis associated to trauma, treated with angiography and selective embolization: clinical case

We report a 23 years old male admitted to the hospital after a fall from a great altitude with severe trauma. During the second week of hospitalization he presented a severe nosebleed that did not respond to conventional tamponade. A selective angiography was performed and the branches of the internal maxillary artery were embolized in two occasions, stopping the bleeding. The patient was discharged from the hospital after 71 days of hospitalization