Effects of local infiltration of analgesia and tranexamic acid in total knee replacements: safety and efficacy in reducing blood loss and comparability to intra-articular tranexamic acid

INTRODUCTION@#The use of periarticular (PA) tranexamic acid (TXA) and its efficacy in comparison with intra-articular (IA) TXA have not been well explored in the literature. This retrospective cohort study aimed to compare the effects of IA and PA TXA with analgesic components in reducing blood loss and improving immediate postoperative pain relief and functional outcomes in patients after unilateral primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA).@*METHODS@#A total of 63 patients underwent TKA, and they were divided into the IA TXA delivery group ( n = 42) and PA TXA delivery group ( n = 21). All patients were administered 1 g of TXA. They also received pericapsular infiltration consisting of 0.5 mL of adrenaline, 0.4 mL of morphine, 1 g of vancomycin, 1 mL of ketorolac and 15 mL of ropivacaine. Outcomes for blood loss and surrogate markers for immediate functional recovery were measured.@*RESULTS@#Of the 63 patients, 54% were female and 46% male. The mean drop in postoperative haemoglobin levels in the PA and IA groups was 2.0 g/dL and 1.6 g/dL, respectively, and this was not statistically significant ( P = 0.10). The mean haematocrit drop in the PA and IA groups was 6.1% and 5.3%, respectively, and this was also not statistically significant ( P = 0.58). The postoperative day (POD) 1 and discharge day flexion angles, POD 1 and POD 2 visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, gait distance on discharge and length of hospitalisation stay were largely similar in the two groups.@*CONCLUSION@#Our study showed that both IA and PA TXA with analgesic components were equally efficient in reducing blood loss and improving immediate postoperative pain relief and functional outcomes.

Analysis of the efficacy of prophylactic tranexamic acid in preventing postpartum bleeding: systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

Abstract Background Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH) is one of the main causes of maternal mortality, mainly in the poorest regions of the world, drawing attention to the need for strategies for preventing it. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of prophylactic administration of Tranexamic Acid (TXA) in decreasing blood loss in pregnant women in delivery, preventing PPH. Methods Systematic review of randomized clinical trials. We searched for publications in PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases, with the uniterms "postpartum, puerperal hemorrhage" and "tranexamic acid", published between January of 2004 and January of 2020. The eligibility criteria were trials published in English with pregnant women assessed during and after vaginal or cesarean delivery about the effect of prophylactic use of TXA on bleeding volume. The random-effects model was applied with the DerSimonian-Laird test and the Mean Difference (MD) was calculated for continuous variables together with each 95% CI. This systematic review was previously registered in the PROSPERO platform under the registration n° CRD42020187393. Results Of the 630 results, 16 trials were selected, including one with two different doses, performing a total of 6731 patients. The intervention group received a TXA dose that varied between 10 mg.kg−1 and 1g (no weight calculation). The TXA use was considered a protective factor for bleeding (MD: -131.07; 95% CI: -170.00 to -92.78; p= 0.000) and hemoglobin variation (MD: -0.417; 95% CI: -0.633 to -0.202; p= 0.000). In the subgroup analysis related to the cesarean pathway, the effect of TXA was even greater. Conclusion The prophylactic use of tranexamic acid is effective in reducing the post-partum bleeding volume. PROSPERO registration ID CRD42020187393.

Clinical use of tranexamic acid: evidences and controversies

Abstract Tranexamic acid (TXA) significantly reduces blood loss in a wide range of surgical procedures and improves survival rates in obstetric and trauma patients with severe bleeding. Although it mainly acts as a fibrinolysis inhibitor, it also has an anti-inflammatory effect, and may help attenuate the systemic inflammatory response syndrome found in some cardiac surgery patients. However, the administration of high doses of TXA has been associated with seizures and other adverse effects that increase the cost of care, and the administration of TXA to reduce perioperative bleeding needs to be standardized. Tranexamic acid is generally well tolerated, and most adverse reactions are considered mild or moderate. Severe events are rare in clinical trials, and literature reviews have shown tranexamic acid to be safe in several different surgical procedures. However, after many years of experience with TXA in various fields, such as orthopedic surgery, clinicians are now querying whether the dosage, route and interval of administration currently used and the methods used to control and analyze the antifibrinolytic mechanism of TXA are really optimal. These issues need to be evaluated and reviewed using the latest evidence to improve the safety and effectiveness of TXA in treating intracranial hemorrhage and bleeding in procedures such as liver transplantation, and cardiac, trauma and obstetric surgery.

Aplicación tópica de ácido tranexámico en urología: ¿Una alternativa de manejo? / Topical Application of Tranexamic Acid in Urology: An Alternative Management?

Los agentes antifibrinolíticos, como el ácido tranexámico, por medio de su administración endovenosa se usan en distintos procedimientos quirúrgicos para prevenir la pérdida de sangrado perioperatorio.[1] Este medicamento es un derivado sintético análogo de la lisina que bloquea los sititos de unión de la lisina en el plasminógeno, inhibiendo su conversión a plasmina e interfiriendo en la fibrinólisis.[2] La aplicación del ácido tranexámico para disminuir el riesgo de sangrado ha sido utilizado en procedimientos urológicos como la resección transuretral prostática (RTUP), prostatectomía radical y nefrolitotomía percutánea (NLP),[3] [4] [5] también se emplea para disminuir las hematurias persistentes en pacientes con poliquistosis renal y en otras hematurias macroscópicas de origen urológico.

Antifibrinolytic agents, such as tranexamic acid, by intravenous administration are used in various surgical procedures to prevent perioperative bleeding loss.[1] This drug is a synthetic lysine analog derivative that blocks the lysine binding sites on plasminogen, inhibiting its conversion to plasmin and interfering with fibrinolysis.[2] The application of tranexamic acid to reduce the risk of bleeding has been used in urological procedures such as transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), radical prostatectomy and nephrolithotomy. The application of tranexamic acid to reduce the risk of bleeding has been used in urological procedures such as transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), radical prostatectomy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL),[3] [4] [5] it is also used to reduce persistent hematuria in patients with polycystic kidney disease and other macroscopic hematuria of urological origin.

Hemostatic efficacy of tranexamic acid and ε-aminocaproic acid in hip and knee arthroplasty:a Meta-analysis / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To systematically evaluate the hemostatic efficacy of tranexamic acid and ε-aminocaproic acid in total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA).@*METHODS@#Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and retrospective case-control studies about tranexamic acid and ε-aminocaproic acid for the comparison of THA or TKA were searched electronically in PubMed, EMbase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, VIP from the time of building databases to July 2020. Two investigators carried out literature screening and data extraction according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria respectively. The methodological quality of the included randomized controlled studies was evaluated through the Cochrane Handbook, and the methodological quality of the included retrospective case-control studies was evaluated through the NOS scale. Blood loss, the incidence of thrombosis complications, per capita input of hemoglobin were Meta-analyzed by Review Manager 5.3 software.@*RESULTS@#A total of 6 articles were included, including 4 RCTs and 2 retrospective case-control studies. A total of 3 174 patients, including 1 353 in the tranexamic acid group and 1 821 in the ε-aminocaproic acid group. Meta-analysis results showed that there were no difference statistical significance in blood loss [MD=-88.60, 95%CI(-260.30, 83.10), P=0.31], blood transfusion rate [OR=1.48, 95%CI(0.96, 2.27), P=0.08], thrombotic complications [OR=0.80, 95%CI(0.07, 8.83), P=0.85], per capita hemoglobin input [MD=0.04, 95%CI(-0.02, 0.10), P=0.18] between tranexamic acid group and ε-aminocaproic acid group during THA. While in TKA, the blood loss of the tranexamic acid group was less than that of the ε-aminocaproic acid group [MD=-147.13, 95%CI(-216.52, -77.74), P<0.0001], the difference was statistically significant. The blood transfusion rate [OR=1.30, 95%CI(0.74, 2.28), P=0.37], thrombotic complications [OR=0.95, 95%CI(0.38, 2.36), P=0.92], per capita hemoglobin input [MD=-0.00, 95%CI(-0.05, 0.06), P=0.48], tourniquet time [MD=1.54, 95%CI(-2.07, 5.14), P=0.40] were similar between two groups, the difference was not statistically significant.@*CONCLUSION@#In THA, tranexamic acid and ε-aminocaproic acid have similar hemostatic effects, while in TKA, tranexamic acid can effectively reduce the patient's blood loss and has a better hemostatic effect. Tranexamic acid is recommended as one of the first choice hemostatic drugs for TKA.

Application of tranexamic acid in the treatment of intertrochanteric fracture of femur / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the application of tranexamic acid in the treatment of intertrochanteric fracture.@*METHODS@#From January 2017 to October 2019, 100 patients with intertrochanteric fracture were randomly divided into observation group (48 cases) and control group(52 cases). All patients received the same surgical treatment. The control group was given tranexamic acid 20 minutes before operation, and 15 mg/kg diluted in 250 ml sodium chloride injection, intravenous drip;the observation group was given tranexamic acid 0.5 g dissolved in 20 ml normal saline injected into femoral bone marrow cavity for local treatment on the basis of the control group. The blood loss, operation time and postoperative hospital stay were compared between two groups. Hematocrit, hemoglobin, D-dimer and fibrinogen levels were analyzed before and after operation, and the incidence of thrombotic complications was observed.@*RESULTS@#The total blood loss, dominant blood loss, hidden blood loss and postoperative drainage volume of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group (@*CONCLUSION@#Tranexamic acid combined with systemic and local application has important clinical significance in reducing perioperative blood lossand blood cell loss in patients with intertrochanteric fracture, and has good safety.

Efficacy of different doses and timing of tranexamic acid in major orthopedic surgeries: a randomized trial / Eficácia de diferentes doses e esquemas de administração de ácido tranexâmico em cirurgias ortopédicas de grande porte: estudo randomizado

Abstract Background: Tranexamic acid was studied in four different dosage regimens and their efficacy was compared for perioperative blood loss reduction, blood transfusion requirements and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) complication. Methods: Two hundred patients undergoing major orthopedic procedures were divided into five groups containing 40 patients each: Placebo, low dose (bolus 10 mg kg-1), low dose + maintenance (bolus 10 mg kg-1 + maintenance 1 mg kg-1 hr-1), high dose (bolus 30 mg kg-1) and high dose + maintenance (bolus 30 mg kg-1 + maintenance 3 mg kg-1 hr-1). Surgical blood loss was measured intraoperatively and drains collection in the first 24 hours postoperatively. Blood transfusion was done when hematocrit falls less than 25%. DVT screening was done in the postoperative period. Results: The intraoperative blood loss was 440 ± 207.54 mL in the placebo group, 412.5 ± 208.21 mL in the low dose group, 290 ± 149.6 ml in the low dose plus maintenance group, 332.5 ± 162.33 mL in the high dose group and 240.7 ± 88.15 mL in the high dose maintenance group (p < 0.001). The reduction in postoperative blood loss in the drain for first 24 hours was 80 ± 44.44 mL in the placebo group, 89.88 ± 44.87 mL in the low dose group, 56.7 ± 29.12 mL in the low dose plus maintenance group, 77.9 ± 35.74 mL in the high dose group and 46.7 ± 19.9 mL in the high dose maintenance group (p < 0.001). DVT was not encountered in any patient. Conclusion: Tranexamic acid was most effective in reducing surgical blood loss and blood transfusion requirements in a low dose + maintenance group.

Resumo Justificativa: O ácido tranexâmico foi avaliado em quatro esquemas com diferentes posologias, comparando-se a eficácia de cada esquema quanto a redução na perda sanguínea perioperatória, necessidade de transfusão sanguínea e ocorrência de Trombose Venosa Profunda (TVP). Método: Duzentos pacientes submetidos a procedimentos ortopédicos de grande porte foram divididos em cinco grupos de 40 pacientes de acordo com o esquema de administração de ácido tranexâmico: grupo placebo, grupo baixa dose (bolus de 10 mg.kg-1, grupo baixa dose e manutenção (bolus de 10 mg.kg-1 + manutenção de 1 mg.kg-1.h-1), grupo alta dose (bolus de 30 mg.kg-1), e grupo alta dose e manutenção (bolus de 30 mg.kg-1 + manutenção de 3 mg.kg-1.h-1). A perda sanguínea cirúrgica foi medida no intraoperatório. Além disso, nas primeiras 24 horas pós-operatórias, foi medido o volume de sangue coletado no dreno. Era realizada transfusão de sangue se o valor do hematócrito fosse inferior a 25%. Foi realizada avaliação quanto à ocorrência de TVP no pós-operatório. Resultados: A perda sanguínea intraoperatória foi de 440 ± 207,54 mL no grupo placebo, 412,5 ± 208,21 mL no grupo baixa dose, 290 ± 149,6 mL no grupo baixa dose e manutenção, 332,5 ± 162,33 mL no grupo alta dose, e 240,7 ± 88,15 mL no grupo alta dose e manutenção (p < 0,001). A redução na perda sanguínea pós-operatória pelo dreno nas primeiras 24 horas foi de 80 ± 44,44 mL no grupo placebo; 89,88 ± 44,87 mL no grupo baixa dose, 56,7 ± 29,12 mL no grupo baixa dose e dose de manutenção, 77,9 ± 35,74 mL no grupo alta dose e 46,7 ± 19,9 mL no grupo alta dose e manutenção (p < 0,001). TVP não foi observada em nenhum paciente. Conclusão: O ácido tranexâmico administrado em baixa dose combinado à manutenção foi mais eficaz em reduzir a perda sanguínea cirúrgica e a necessidade de transfusão de sangue.

Comparison of two doses of intra-articular tranexamic acid on postoperative bleeding in total knee arthroplasty: a randomized clinical trial / Comparação entre duas doses de ácido tranexâmico intra-articular no sangramento pós-operatório de artroplastia total do joelho: estudo clínico randomizado

Abstract Introduction: Tranexamic Acid (TXA), an antifibrinolytic that inhibits the fibrinolytic activity of plasmin is used to decrease perioperative blood loss and transfusion requirements in orthopedic surgery. The aim of our study was to compare postoperative bleeding in two intra-articular doses (1 g and 2 g) of tranexamic acid in adult patients undergoing unilateral total knee replacement. Method: We conducted a single-operator, randomized, and controlled, double-blind study in two groups. The G1 group received 1 g of intra-articular TXA and the G2 group 2 g of intra-articular TXA. Both groups received 15 mg kg-1 IV before the surgical incision (TXA induction dose) and then 10 mg kg-1, orally, 6 and 12 hours after the induction dose of TXA.The primary endpoint was bleeding measured by blood loss in postoperative drainage. Secondary outcomes were change in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels on the first and third postoperative days, and the need for transfusion during hospitalization. Results: In total, 100 patients were randomized, and 100 were included in the analysis. Blood loss in postoperative drainage was similar in both groups (200 ± 50 vs. 250 ± 50 mL, G1 and G2 groups respectively). Change in hematocrit and hemoglobin values (% of change) between preoperative and day 3 were not statically significant between groups G1 and G2 (18 ± 5 vs. 21 ± 4; 21 ± 7 vs. 22 ± 5 respectively). No patients received blood transfusion. Conclusions: Our study did not show superiority of 2 g of intra-articular tranexamic acid compared to 1 g.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04085575

Resumo Introdução: O Ácido Tranexâmico (TXA), agente antifibrinolítico que inibe a atividade fibrinolítica da plasmina, é usado para reduzir a perda sanguínea perioperatória e a necessidade de transfusão em cirurgia ortopédica. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o efeito de duas doses intra-articulares (1 g e 2 g) de ácido tranexâmico no sangramento pós-operatório de pacientes adultos submetidos a prótese total unilateral de joelho. Método: Realizamos estudo com operador único, randomizado, controlado e duplo-cego em dois grupos. O grupo G1 recebeu 1 g de TXA intra-articular e o grupo G2, 2 g de TXA intra-articular. Os dois grupos receberam 15 mg.kg-1 IV antes da incisão cirúrgica (dose de indução de TXA) e 10 mg.kg-1 por via oral, 6 e 12 horas após a dose de indução de TXA. O desfecho primário foi o sangramento medido pela perda sanguínea na drenagem pós-operatória. Os desfechos secundários foram alteração nos níveis de hemoglobina e hematócrito no primeiro e terceiro dias de pós-operatório e necessidade de transfusão durante a hospitalização. Resultados: Cem pacientes foram randomizados e 100 foram incluídos na análise. A perda sanguínea pela drenagem pós-operatória foi semelhante nos dois grupos (200 ± 50 mL vs. 250 ± 50 mL, grupos G1 e G2, respectivamente). A variação nos valores de hematócrito e hemoglobina (% de variação) entre o pré-operatório e o dia 3 não foi estatisticamente significante entre os grupos G1 e G2 (18 ± 5 vs. 21 ± 4; 21 ± 7 vs. 22 ± 5, respectivamente). Nenhum paciente recebeu transfusão de sangue. Conclusões: O estudo não mostrou superioridade na dose de 2 g de ácido tranexâmico intra-articular em comparação à dose de 1 g. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04085575.

Thrombolysis in acute pulmonary embolism

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is an important cause of cardiovascular mortality, due mainly to hemodynamic instability. In these cases, the recommendation is to perform some reperfusion procedure, with systemic thrombolysis being the main therapy used. However, national data evaluating the efficacy and safety of thrombolysis are scarce. METHODS Retrospective analysis of a case series. We included 13 patients diagnosed with high-risk APE and 4 patients with intermediate-high risk from a single-center, who were treated with alteplase 100mg. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 55 years, most of them female (76.4%). Among the risk factors for VTE were immobilization (41.17%), contraceptive use (35.29%), cancer (17.63%), and previous history of DVT (11.76%). The most frequent clinical manifestations of APE were dyspnea (88.23%), hypoxia (82.35%), hypotension (82.35%), and tachycardia (64.70%). 82.35% of the patients had echocardiographic signs of right ventricular dysfunction, and 52.94% had increased troponin and BNP. Severe bleeding associated with thrombolysis occurred in 17.54% of cases. No patient died due to bleeding. There were 8 deaths from right ventricular failure (47%), 6 in the cases of patients presenting as high-risk APE (35.3%), and 2 in the cases of intermediate-high risk (11.8%). CONCLUSION Thrombolysis in patients with high-risk APE or intermediate-high risk had a severe bleeding rate of 17.6%. However, the high mortality of this population (47%) due to right ventricular failure justifies the use of this therapeutic modality.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS A embolia pulmonar aguda (EAP) é uma causa importante de mortalidade cardiovascular ao causar instabilidade hemodinâmica. Nesses casos, a recomendação é a realização de algum procedimento de reperfusão, sendo a trombólise sistêmica a principal terapia utilizada. No entanto, dados nacionais avaliando a eficácia e a segurança da trombólise são escassos. MÉTODO Análise retrospectiva de uma série de casos. Foram incluídos 13 pacientes com o diagnóstico de EAP de alto risco e quatro pacientes de risco intermediário-alto, de um único centro, e que foram tratados com alteplase 100 mg. RESULTADOS A média de idade dos pacientes foi 55 anos, sendo a maioria do gênero feminino (76,4%). Dos fatores de risco para TEV, estavam presentes a imobilização (41,17%), o uso de anticonceptivos (35,29%), câncer (17,63%) e história prévia de TVP (11,76%). As manifestações clínicas mais frequentes da EAP foram dispneia (88,23%), hipóxia (82,35%), hipotensão (82,35%) e taquicardia (64,70%); 82,35% dos pacientes apresentaram sinais ecocardiográficos de disfunção ventricular direita e 52,94% apresentaram aumento da troponina e BNP. Sangramento grave associado à trombólise ocorreu em 17,54% dos casos. Nenhum paciente faleceu em decorrência de sangramento. Houve oito mortes por insuficiência ventricular direita (47%): seis nos casos de paciente que se apresentaram como EAP de alto risco (35,3%) e duas nos casos de risco intermediário-alto (11,8%). CONCLUSÃO A trombólise nos pacientes com EAP de alto risco ou risco intermediário-alto apresentou uma taxa de sangramento grave de 17,6%. No entanto, a alta mortalidade dessa população (47%) por insuficiência ventricular direita justifica o uso desta modalidade terapêutica.

Does topical application of tranexamic acid reduce intraoperative bleeding in sinus surgery during general anesthesia? / A aplicação tópica de ácido tranexâmico reduz o sangramento intraoperatório em cirurgia sinusal durante anestesia geral?

Abstract Introduction Tranexamic acid is a hemostatic agent, which inhibits fibrin degradation, which may be beneficial in controlling bleeding during surgery. Objectives The purpose of this study was to provide a meta-analysis and review of the effects of tranexamic acid on hemorrhage and surgical fields and side effects on patients during endoscopic sinus surgery. Methods Two authors independently searched six databases (Medline, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Cochrane library) from the start of article collection until July 2018. Postoperative complications such as intraoperative bleeding, operative time, hypotension, nausea, vomiting, and coagulation profile were included in the analysis of tranexamic acid (Treatment Group) and placebo (Control Group) during the operation. Results The amount of blood loss during surgery was statistically lower in the treatment group compared to the placebo group, and the surgical field quality was statistically higher in the treatment group than in the placebo group. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in operation time, hemodynamics, or coagulation profile between groups. In addition, tranexamic acid had no significant effect on vomiting and thrombosis compared to the Control Group. Conclusion This meta-analysis has shown that topical administration of tranexamic acid can reduce the amount of bleeding during surgery and improve the overall quality of the surgery. Hemodynamic instability during surgery, vomiting after surgery, or abnormal clotting profile were not reported. Additional studies are needed to confirm the results of this study because there are fewer studies.

Resumo Introdução O ácido tranexâmico é um agente hemostático, que inibe a degradação da fibrina e pode ser benéfico no controle do sangramento durante a cirurgia. Objetivos Fazer uma metanálise e revisão dos efeitos do ácido tranexâmico na hemorragia e nos campos cirúrgicos e efeitos colaterais em pacientes durante a cirurgia endoscópica do seio nasal. Método Dois autores realizaram independentemente uma busca em seis bancos de dados (Medline, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar e Cochrane) desde o início da coleta de artigos até julho de 2018. Complicações pós-operatórias como sangramento intraoperatório, tempo operatório, hipotensão, náusea, vômitos e perfil de coagulação foram incluídos na análise do ácido tranexâmico (grupo de tratamento) e placebo (grupo controle) durante a cirurgia. Resultados A quantidade de perda de sangue durante a cirurgia foi estatisticamente menor no grupo de tratamento comparado com o grupo placebo e a qualidade do campo cirúrgico foi estatisticamente maior no grupo de tratamento do que no grupo placebo. Por outro lado, não houve diferença significante no tempo cirúrgico, hemodinâmica ou perfil de coagulação entre os grupos. Além disso, o ácido tranexâmico não teve efeito significante na ocorrência de vômitos e trombose em comparação ao grupo controle. Conclusão Esta metanálise mostrou que a administração tópica de ácido tranexâmico pode reduzir a quantidade de sangramento durante a cirurgia e melhorar a qualidade geral dela. Instabilidade hemodinâmica durante a cirurgia, vômitos após a cirurgia ou perfil de coagulação anormal não foram relatados. Estudos adicionais são necessários para confirmar os resultados desta pesquisa, porque há poucos estudos na literatura.

Eficacia del ácido tranexámico para la disminución de la transfusión de sangre alogénica en la artroplastía total de cadera / Effectiveness of tranexamic acid for decreased allogenic blood transfusion in total hip arthroplasty

Resumen: Introducción: La artroplastía total de cadera (ATC) puede causar una pérdida considerable de sangre. Para reducir la necesidad de transfusión de sangre se utilizan diversas técnicas preoperatorias como la administración de ácido tranexámico (ATX). Objetivo: Demostrar que el uso de ATX disminuye la necesidad de transfusión de sangre alogénica en pacientes operados de ATC. Material y métodos: estudio prospectivo, observacional, descriptivo, utilizado para observar la tasa de transfusión de sangre alogénica en pacientes a quienes se les practicó ATC primaria unilateral de Mayo de 2016 a Diciembre de 2017. A los pacientes incluidos en el estudio se les aplicó ATX preoperatoriamente, a las 24 horas se tomó una biometría hemática y se valoró la necesidad de transfusión sanguínea. Resultados: Se incluyó un total de 70 pacientes en el estudio. La Hb promedio postquirúrgica 11.7 mg/dl con un rango de 9.2 a 14.9 mg/dl y un Hto promedio de 37.1% con un rango de 30.2 a 44.2%. Ninguno de los pacientes requirió de transfusión de sangre alogénica. Conclusiones: En este estudio se demuestra cómo el ATX es una estrategia transoperatoria para reducir la necesidad de transfusión de sangre alogénica en pacientes a quienes se realiza una ATC primaria.

Abstract: Introduction: ATC can cause considerable blood loss. To reduce the need for blood transfusion, various preoperative techniques such as administration of tranexamic acid (ATX) are used. Objective: to demonstrate that the use of ATX decreases the need for allogeneic blood transfusion in patients operated on ATC. Material and methods: Prospective, observational, descriptive study, used to observe the allogeneic blood transfusion rate in patients who underwent unilateral primary ATC from May 2016 to December 2017. ATX was applied preoperatively and after 24 hours a blood count was taken and the need for blood transfusion was assessed. Results: A total of 70 patients were included in the study. The average postoperative Hb 11.7 mg/dl with a range of 9.2 to 14.9 mg/dl and an average Ht of 37.1% with a range of 30.2 to 44.2%. None of the patients required allogeneic blood transfusión. Conclusions: This study demonstrates how ATX is a transoperative strategy to reduce the need for allogeneic blood transfusion in patients undergoing primary ATC.

Analysis of hemostatic effect of intra-articular injection of tranexamic acid after minimally invasive unicompartmental knee arthroplasty / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of intra-articular injection of tranexamic acid on blood loss and blood transfusion rate after minimally invasive unicompartmental knee arthroplasty.@*METHODS@#From January 2015 to September 2017, 90 patients underwent minimally invasive unicompartmental knee arthroplasty were divided into tranexamic acid group and control group, 45 cases in each group. In the tranexamic acid group, there were 22 males and 23 females, aged 62 to 69 (66.1±2.4) years;in the control group, 20 males and 25 females, aged 63 to 71(68.5±5.2) years. The amount of bleeding in the drainage ball at 48 hours after operation was recorded, and the blood transfusion rate and hematocrit level duringthe perioperative period were recorded. The factors influencing perioperative blood loss included gender, age and body mass index (BMI).@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up for 12.5 to 28.3 (22.8±7.9) months. During the follow-up, the wounds of the two groups healed well, and no deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism occurred. There was no significant difference in postoperative blood loss between the tranexamic acid group and the control group. The postoperative bleeding volume in the tranexamic acid group was (110.0±52.1) ml, and that in the control group was (123.0±64.5) ml (P=0.39). There was no blood transfusion in the two groups.@*CONCLUSION@#Intra articular injection of tranexamic acid can not significantly reduce the postoperative blood loss in patients with minimally invasive unicompartment.

Efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid in total hip arthroplasty via direct anterior approach / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the efficacy and safety of local application of tranexamic acid (TXA) in reducing perioperative blood loss in total hip arthroplasty via direct anterior approach (DAA).@*METHODS@#From July 2013 to September 2018, 46 patients with avascular necrosis of the femoral head were divided into tranexamic acid group (@*RESULTS@#The incision healed well and no obvious complications occurred in the two groups. All patients were followed up for 12 to 59 months(averaged 31.11 months). No hip pain was found in the follow-up patients. Hip joint function was improved effectively and no prosthesis loosening occurred. The total perioperative blood loss in tranexamic acid group and normal saline group was(740.09±77.14) ml and (1 069.07±113.53) ml respectively, 24 hours after operation, the drainage volume was (87.61±9.28) ml, (233.83±25.62) ml, the hidden blood loss was (409.65±38.01) ml and (588.33±57.16) ml. the difference of hemoglobin before and after operation was (24.78±2.19) g / L and (33.57±2.95) g / L, the difference was statistically significant (@*CONCLUSION@#local application of tranexamic acid in total hip arthroplasty through direct anterior approach can safely and effectively reduce perioperative blood loss, and does not increase the risk of thrombosis, and does not affect the normal recovery of joint function.

Uso de ácido tranexámico en la artroplastía total primaria de rodilla / Use of tranexamic acid in primary total knee arthroplasty

Resumen: Introducción: La reducción de la pérdida sanguínea y de las transfusiones en pacientes operados de artroplastía total de rodilla (ATR) primaria se asocia a un mejor resultado clínico y funcional. El uso de ácido tranexámico (ATX) es uno de los métodos utilizados para disminuir ese sangrado. Material y métodos: Se compararon los resultados en hemoglobina (Hb), hematocrito (Hto), tasa de sangrado y de transfusión, tiempo quirúrgico y dolor entre los grupos A (con ATX) y grupo B (sin ATX) posterior a la ATR. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la disminución del sangrado transquirúrgico y periquirúrgico global, en la disminución de la Hb a las 24 horas, en la tasa de transfusión, en el tiempo quirúrgico y en el dolor a la deambulación a favor del grupo A. Discusión: En México no hay literatura publicada sobre el uso de ATX en pacientes operados de ATR. A pesar del uso cada vez más común del ATX, la mejor dosis y vía de administración sigue siendo un tema controversial. Conclusión: El uso de ATX en el esquema propuesto es un método seguro y eficaz para disminuir la tasa de sangrado y de transfusiones en los pacientes operados de ATR.

Abstract: Background: Reducing blood loss and transfusions in patients operated on primary TKR is associated with a better clinical and functional outcome. The use of Tranexamic Acid (ATX) is one of the methods used to decrease that bleeding. Material and methods: Results in Hb, Hto, rate of bleeding and transfusion, surgical time and pain between groups A (with ATX) and group B (without tranexamic acid) after TKR are compared. Results: Statistically significant differences were found during surgery and perisurgical bleeding, in the decrease of Hb at 24 hours, transfusion rate, surgical time and pain to wandering in favor of group A. Discussion: There are no published studies in Mexico on the use of ATX in patients operated on TKR. We consider its use to be increasingly common, the optimal dose and route of administration remains a controversial topic. Conclusion: The use of ATX in the proposed scheme is safe and effective in reducing the rate of bleeding and transfusions in patients operated on ATR.

Efficacy and safety of antifibrinolytics in oncological surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis / Eficácia e segurança de antifibrinolíticos em cirurgia oncológica: uma revisão sistemática e metanálise

Abstract Background and objectives: The administration of antifibrinolytics has been shown to be effective in reducing blood loss and the need for transfusions in surgeries. However, few studies have evaluated these drugs in cancer surgery. The objective was to review the efficacy and safety of the treatment with antifibrinolytics in patients who underwent oncologic surgeries. Contents: An electronic bibliographic research was conducted in PubMed, OVID, MEDLINE, EMBASE, EBSCO and in the Cochrane Library data basis in order to identify randomized clinical trials performed in any type of oncologic surgery. The data evaluated were blood loss, need for transfusion and incidence of arteriovenous thromboembolism. Five randomized controlled trials evaluating 838 patients met the inclusion requirements. In the analysis of the incidence of thromboembolic events in the five RCTs, there was no statistically significant difference between the administration of tranexamic acid when compared with the placebo (OR = 0.36, 95% IC: 0.11‒1.19, p= 0.09, I2 = 0%). However, when total estimated blood loss and need for blood transfusion are analyzed, the use of tranexamic acid was associated with a significant reduction over placebo (MD = −135.79, 95% CI: −179.50 to −92.08, p< 0.00001, I2= 68%) and (OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.32‒0.65, p< 0.00001, I2= 60%), respectively. Conclusions: This meta-analysis found no evidence that the administration of antifibrinolytics increases the risk of thromboembolic complications in patients submitted to oncologic surgery, and has shown evidence that it is effective in reducing total perioperative blood loss and the need for blood transfusion.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: A administração de agentes antifibrinolíticos mostrou ser eficaz para reduzir a perda sanguínea e a necessidade de transfusões em cirurgias. No entanto, poucos estudos avaliaram esses agentes em cirurgias oncológicas. O objetivo foi revisar a eficácia e segurança do tratamento com antifibrinolíticos em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias oncológicas. Conteúdo: Uma pesquisa bibliográfica foi conduzida nos bancos de dados eletrônicos PubMed, OVID, MEDLINE, EMBASE, EBSCO e na Biblioteca Cochrane para identificar ensaios clínicos randomizados feitos em qualquer tipo de cirurgia oncológica. Os dados analisados foram perda sanguínea, necessidade de transfusão e incidência de tromboembolismo arteriovenoso. Cinco ensaios clínicos randomizados que avaliaram 838 pacientes atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Na análise da incidência de eventos tromboembólicos em cinco ECR, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a administração do ácido tranexâmico, comparado ao placebo (OR = 0,36, IC 95%: 0,11-1,19, p = 0,09; I2 = 0%). No entanto, quando a perda sanguínea total estimada e a necessidade de transfusão de sangue foram analisadas, o uso do ácido tranexâmico foi associado a uma redução significativa, comparado ao placebo. (DM: -135,79, IC 95%: -179,50 a -92,08, p < 0,00001, I2 = 68%) e (OR = 0,45, IC 95%: 0,32-0,65, p < 0,00001, I2 = 60%), respectivamente. Conclusões: Esta metanálise não encontrou evidências de que a administração de antifibrinolíticos aumente o risco de complicações tromboembólicas em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia oncológica e apresentou evidências de que é eficaz para reduzir a perda sanguínea total no perioperatório e a necessidade de transfusão de sangue.

Estrategias de ahorro de sangre en artroplastía total de rodilla primaria / Blood-saving strategies in total primary knee replacement

Resumen: Introducción: El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una actualización sobre las diferentes estrategias en el ahorro de sangre en cirugía protésica de rodilla primaria, a través de una revisión bibliográfica; así como conocer qué estrategias se siguen en diferentes centros hospitalarios de nuestro ámbito, mediante un estudio multicéntrico. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal, descriptivo, basado en una encuesta hecha a 64 cirujanos y una búsqueda bibliográfica sobre los distintos aspectos incluidos en la encuesta. Resultados: Los cirujanos refieren que cuentan con protocolos de ahorro sanguíneo prequirúrgicos implantados en su hospital en 48.4% (31/64). La utilización del ácido tranexámico (ATX) es bastante generalizada en 71.9% de los encuestados (46/64). Éste se administra vía endovenosa previa a la cirugía en 26.6% (17/64) de los casos, de manera intraarticular en 21.9% (14/64) y en una combinación de ambas en 23.4% (15/64). El momento preferido para la colocación de la isquemia por los cirujanos es en 57.8% (37/64) previo a preparar el campo, mientras que 39.1% (25/64) prefiere colocarla en estéril. En 3.1% (2/64) de cirujanos afirma implantar las prótesis sin utilizar isquemia en la cirugía. Discusión: Se está imponiendo la aplicación de ATX como principal estrategia de ahorro de sangre en la artroplastía total de rodilla (ATR). No existe consenso en cuanto a la dosis óptima ni a su vía de administración. La eficacia del ATX está influyendo en la eliminación de los drenajes postquirúrgicos y en la implementación de programas de rehabilitación precoz.

Abstract: Introduction: The objective of this study was to make an update on the different strategies in the blood saving in prosthetic primary knee surgery, through a bibliographical review; As well as to know what strategies are followed in different hospitals in our field, through a survey. Material and methods: We carried out a descriptive transversal observational study based on a survey of 64 surgeons and a bibliographical research on the different aspects included in the survey. Results: Surgeons refer that they have presurgical blood-saving protocols implanted in their Hospital at 48.4%. The use of tranexamic acid (ATX) is quite widespread 71.9% of respondents (46/64). It is administered intravenously prior to surgery in 26.6% of cases, intraarticularly by 21.9% and in a combination of both in 23.4%. The preferred time for the placement of ischemia by surgeons is 57.8% prior to painting the field, while a 39.1% prefer to place it in sterile conditions. 3.1% of surgeons claim to implant the prosthesis without using ischemia in surgery. Discussion: The use of ATX as the primary blood-saving strategy in TKR is being imposed. There is No consensus as to the optimal dose or its route of administration. The efficacy of the ATX is influencing the elimination of post-surgical drainage and the implementation of early rehabilitation programs.

Case-control study on effect of early intermittently closing drainage tube for blood loss after total knee arthroplasty / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore effect of early intermittently closing drainage tube on blood loss control after total knee arthroplasty.@*METHODS@#Totally 60 total knee replacement patients were randomly divided into experimental group and control group according to the different drainage ways of postoperative from January 2014 to January 2015. There were 30 patients in experimental group, including 12 males and 18 females, aged from 58 to 76 years old with an average of (67.0±6.7) years old, preoperative Hb was(128.82±8.29) g/L; drainage tubes were intermittently opened for 10 minutes every 2 hours, and kept opened until 6 h after operation. There were 30 patients in control group, including 13 males and 17 females; aged from 60 to 79 years old with an average of(69.0±7.2) years old; Preoperative Hb was(126.55±8.49) g/L; tubes were kept open with negative pressure before its removing. Blood loss in operation, postoperative drainage, total blood loss, hidden blood loss, allogenic blood transfusion and local wounds during hospitalization were observed and compared.@*RESULTS@#Postoperative drainage and total blood loss in experimental group was(184±56) ml, (1 014±258) ml; and significantly lower than that of control group(476±98)ml, (1 390±383) ml(0.05). The incisions between two groups were healed at stage I without infection. The size of limb swelling and the number of the cases with ecchymosis in experimental group was (3.8±0.9) cm and 10 respectively; control group was (3.4±0.7) cm and 8, while there were no significant differences between two groups(>0.05). Five patients in experimental group were performed blood transfusion, 13 patients in control group were performed blood transfusion, and with differences between two groups(<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Intermittently closing of drainage tube after 6 h of TKA could reduce the amount of drainage, total blood loss and blood transfusion rate, and not aggravate limb swelling and subcutaneous ecchymosed. It is proved to be an effective measure to reduce bleeding after TKA.