Discovery of Apraxia (Historical Note) / Descoberta da apraxia (Nota Histórica)

Skilled movements certainly exist since the dawn of the humans, embedded in the actions of daily living, and also represented by tools and weapons making and use, as well as by artistic activities as drawing and engraving. A very long period of time elapsed until such actions were recognized as special, and the designation 'praxis' was attributed to such ability of produce refined movements. Another long time passed, and only recently disturbances of such actions caused by brain lesions were identified, leading to the concept of 'apraxia'. Studies on this subject progressed quickly, and in a few decades reached the state resembling to what is seen nowadays.

Movimentos hábeis certamente existem desde a aurora dos humanos, incluídos nas ações da vida diária e também representados na feitura e uso de ferramentas e de armas, assim como por atividades artísticas como desenhar e gravar. Decorreu um longo período de tempo até que tais ações fossem reconhecidas como especiais e a designação de 'praxia' foi atribuída para tais habilidades para produzir movimentos refinados. Outro tempo prolongado passou, e apenas recentemente desordens de tais ações causadas por lesões cerebrais fossem identificadas, levando ao conceito de 'apraxia'. Estudos sobre esse assunto progrediram rapidamente e em poucas décadas alcançaram o estado que se assemelha ao que é visto atualmente.

[Comparing perception and expression of tense morpheme of verb in Persian language children and bilingual with specific language impairment]

The goal of this study was to search verb morphology in bilingual with specific language impairment and comparing them with normal bilingual and Persian children with special language disorder because we want to find their ability in this skills in bilingual children with specific language impairment and evaluating Low Capacity Processing [LCP] theory. Six bilingual [Azeri- Persian] children with specific language impairment and 6 Persian were selected from clinics of Tehran. They were 7-8 years old. Children with specific language impairment were evaluated about Perception and Expression tense morpheme of verbs and then they were compared with 6 age-matched children as control groups. Children with specific language impairment are diagnosed as exhibiting a significant delay [more than one year] in language that can not be explained by intelligence deficits, hearing loss or visual impairment. In this research we used narrative speech and specific language impairmentest and we used Man Whitneyest for comparing these groups. Bilingual children with specific language impairment [SLI] have delay in comparison with their age- matched group in tense morphemes [p=0.020, p=0.019]. They also have delay in tense of verbs [past, present, future] in comparison with Persian language children with special language impairment but it was not meaningful [p= 0.057]. Comparison between typical development of bilingual children and bilinguals with SLI shows that verb morphology is a good clinical marker for diagnosing and treatment of these children. Comparison between Persian language children with SLI and bilinguals with SLI shows that there is no evidence for LCP theory

VI - Compromentimento motor - manifestaçöes neuropsicológicas. Apraxias / VI - Motor performance - neuropsychology manifestations. Apraxia

Os autores apresentam o conceito de apraxia e suas modalidades, classificaçåo, características dos priniccpais tipos e diagnóstico diferencial, além de dados referentes à integraçåo motora da funçåo práxica, assim como consideraçöes a respeito da fisiopatologia da apraxia