Características de pacientes con exacerbación aguda grave de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica que requirieron ventilación mecánica invasiva en un hospital de Santander durante 2014-2020 / Characteristics of patients with severe acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who required invasive mechanical ventilation in a Santander hospital during 2014-2020

Introducción: la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica es una limitación del flujo de aire por anomalías alveolares. En una exacerbación aguda, la ventilación mecánica no invasiva es la primera línea en el manejo, sin embargo, existen ciertos factores de riesgo que hacen más probable el uso de ventilación mecánica invasiva en estos pacientes, que no están apropiadamente descritos en la literatura científica y que pueden guiar hacia una elección de soporte ventilatorio apropiado. Objetivo: describir los factores que se asociaron con mayor necesidad de ventilación mecánica no invasiva en una cohorte de pacientes hospitalizados con exacerbación aguda de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Métodos: estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal, con muestreo no probabilístico que incluye todos los pacientes que consultaron a urgencias y fueron hospitalizados por exacerbación aguda de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en un hospital de tercer nivel de Santander, Colombia, durante el período 2014-2020. Resultados: fueron incluidos 81 pacientes, 36 requirieron ventilación mecánica no invasiva y 12 ventilación mecánica invasiva; 25 % de los pacientes con ventilación mecánica no invasiva fallaron a la terapia inicial y demandaron el uso de ventilación mecánica invasiva. Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron hipertensión arterial (70,3 %) y cardiopatía (49,38 %); 70 % había tenido exposición al tabaquismo como fumador directo. Conclusiones: el uso de ventilación mecánica invasiva estuvo relacionado de forma estadísticamente significativa en pacientes con perfil de disnea severa, acidosis por parámetros gasométricos, escalamiento antibiótico, uso de corticoides intravenosos, requerimiento de unidad de cuidado intensivo, infecciones asociadas al cuidado de la salud y estancia hospitalaria prolongada.

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is airflow limitation due to alveolar abnormalities. In an acute exa- cerbation, non-invasive mechanical ventilation is the first line of management, however, there are certain risk factors that make the use of invasive mechanical ventilation more likely in these patients, which are not adequately described in the scientific literature and that can guide towards a choice of appropriate ventilatory support. Objective: To describe the factors that were associated with an increased need for invasive mechanical ventilation in a cohort of hospitalized patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical observational study, with non-probabilistic sampling including all patients who consulted the emergency room and were hospitalized for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a tertiary care hospital in Santander-Colombia during the period 2014-2020. Results: 81 patients were included, 36 required non-invasive mechanical ventilation and 12 invasive me- chanical ventilation. 25 % of the patients with non-invasive mechanical ventilation failed the initial therapy and demanded the use of invasive mechanical ventilation. The most frequent comorbidities were arterial hypertension (70.3 %) and heart disease (49.38 %). 70 % had been exposed to smoking as direct smokers. Conclusions: The use of invasive mechanical ven- tilation was associated in a statistically significant way in patients with a profile of: severe dyspnea, acidosis by gasometric parameters, antibiotic escalation, use of intravenous corticosteroids, intensive care unit requirement, infections associa- ted with health care and prolonged hospital stay.

Research advances on neurally adjusted ventilatory assist / 中华危重病急救医学

Mechanical ventilation has, since its introduction into clinical practice, undergone a major evolution from controlled ventilation to diverse modes of assisted ventilation. Conventional mechanical ventilators depend on flow sensors and pneumatic pressure and controllers to complete the respiratory cycle. Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) is a new form of assisted ventilation in recent years, which monitors the electrical activity of the diaphragm (EAdi) to provide an appropriately level of pressure support. And EAdi is the best available signal to sense central respiratory drive and trigger ventilatory assist. Unlike other ventilation modes, NAVA breathing instructions come from the center. Therefore, NAVA have the synchronous nature of the breaths and the patient-adjusted nature of the support. Compared with traditional ventilation mode, NAVA can efficiently unload respiratory muscles, relieve the risk of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), improve patient-ventilator coordination, enhance gas exchange, increase the success rate of weaning, etc. This article reviews the research progress of NAVA in order to provide theoretical guidance for clinical applications.

Atuação em urgência e emergência a partir da psicologia junguiana / The pratice in an emergency service based on jungian psychology / La práctica en la urgencia y emergencia desde la psicología junguiana

Este artigo é um relato de experiência cujo objetivo é refletir sobre a atuação de uma psicóloga no contexto da urgência e emergência no hospital a partir da psicologia jungiana. Utilizou-se como método o recurso da sistematização da experiência, que consiste em sua interpretação crítica, cujo foco é o ordenamento e a reconstrução das experiências para explicitar a lógica do processo vivido. Por meio da reflexão de situações clínicas foi possível proporcionar um lugar para a subjetividade diante do disruptivo e da objetividade institucional do hospital. Teoricamente, o texto descreve as experiências de atendimento hospitalar, espaço em que urge o inesperado e o desconhecido. Aposta-se no simbolismo como movimento da psique para lidar com aquilo que o sujeito ainda não pode nomear, significar, incluindo a vulnerabilidade, as perdas e a questão da morte e do luto, este entendido como a ruptura de um vínculo. Dessa forma, a psicologia analítica se volta para como a entrada no hospital e a fugacidade do contexto de urgência e emergência afetam a psique dos sujeitos atendidos e de que forma esse psiquismo reage às vivências disruptivas e inesperadas.(AU)

This work is an experience report whose objective is to reflect on the role of a psychologist in the context of urgency and emergency in the hospital from the perspective of Jungian psychology. The resource of systematization of the experience was used as method, which consists of a critical interpretation, whose focus is the ordering and reconstruction of experiences to explain the logic of the process experienced. With the reflection of clinical situations, it was possible to provide a place for subjectivity in the face of the disruptive and the institutional objectivity of the hospital. Theoretically, the text describes the experience of entry in a hospital, a place in which the unexpected and the unknown are faced. We believe on symbolism as a movement of the psyche to deal with what the patient cannot yet name or give a meaning, including vulnerability, losses, and the issue of death and grief, this last one understood as the rupture of a link. Thus, analytical psychology will focus on how the entry in a hospital and the fleetingness of the emergency context affect the psyche of the patients and how this psyche reacts to the disruptive and unexpected experiences.(AU)

Este reporte de experiencia pretende reflejar sobre el papel de una psicóloga en el contexto de urgencia y emergencia en el hospital desde la perspectiva de la psicología junguiana. El método utilizado fue el recurso de sistematización de la experiencia, que consiste en una interpretación crítica, cuyo enfoque es el ordenamiento y reconstrucción de experiencias para explicar la lógica del proceso vivido. A partir del reflejo de situaciones clínicas se logró dar lugar a la subjetividad frente a la objetividad institucional del hospital. Teóricamente se describen las vivencias en la atención hospitalaria, un espacio donde se encuentra lo inesperado y lo desconocido. Se considera el simbolismo como un movimiento de la psique para lidiar con lo que el sujeto aún no puede nombrar, incluidas la vulnerabilidad, las pérdidas y el tema de la muerte y el dolor, este último comprendido como un quiebre del vínculo. De esta manera, la psicología analítica se centrará en cómo la admisión al hospital y la fugacidad del contexto de emergencia afectan la psique de los sujetos atendidos y cómo esta psique reacciona a estas experiencias disruptivas e inesperadas.(AU)

Comparação de desfechos clínicos e correlação entre funcionalidade e tempo de ventilação mecânica de pacientes em uti / Comparison of clinical outcomes and correlation between functionality and time of mechanical ventilation in icu patients / Comparación de los resultados clínicos y correlación entre la funcionalidad y el tiempo de ventilación mecánica de los pacientes en uti

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os desfechos clínicos dos pacientes em suporte ventilatório invasivo por período curto e prolongado e correlacionar funcionalidade e tempo de ventilação mecânica (VM). Estudo documental retrospectivo, realizado na UTI neurocirúrgica de um hospital escola. Dos prontuários clínicos foram coletados: idade, sexo, hipótese diagnóstica de internação, tempo de internação e de VM em dias, o desfecho sucesso ou falha da extubação e o nível de funcionalidade. Os prontuários foram divididos em grupo um (GI): pacientes em VM por até três dias e grupo dois (GII): pacientes em VM por mais de três dias. Foram analisados 210 prontuários, 73% dos pacientes permaneceram menos de três dias em VM. A idade média de GI foi 51,8±15,5 anos e GII 48,7±16,3 anos (p=0,20), prevalência do sexo masculino em GI (59%) e GII (68%). O acidente vascular cerebral foi o diagnóstico mais prevalente no GI (18%) e o tumor cerebral no GII (21%) e hipertensão arterial, a comorbidade mais prevalente em GI (28%) e GII (25%). O GII permaneceu maior tempo (p<0,0001) em VM e internação na UTI que o GI e percentual de sucesso no desmame/extubação menor (p=0,01) que o GI. Não houve correlação significativa entre funcionalidade e tempo de VM em GI e GII (p>0,05). Os pacientes em suporte ventilatório invasivo por período prolongado evoluíram com maior permanência em VM, maior tempo de internação na UTI e menor taxa de sucesso no desmame/extubação. O tempo de permanência em suporte ventilatório invasivo não interferiu na funcionalidade desses pacientes.

The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of patients on short- and long-term invasive ventilatory support and to correlate functionality and duration of mechanical ventilation (MV). Retrospective documental study, carried out in the neurosurgical ICU of a teaching hospital. The following were collected from the clinical records: age, gender, diagnostic hypothesis of hospitalization, length of hospital stay and MV in days, the outcome of success or failure of extubation and the level of functionality. The medical records were divided into group one (GI): patients on MV for up to three days and group two (GII): patients on MV for more than three days. A total of 210 medical records were analyzed, 73% of the patients remained on MV for less than three days. The mean age of GI was 51.8±15.5 years and GII 48.7±16.3 years (p=0.20), male prevalence in GI (59%) and GII (68%). Stroke was the most prevalent diagnosis in GI (18%) and brain tumor in GII (21%) and hypertension was the most prevalent comorbidity in GI (28%) and GII (25%). GII remained longer (p<0.0001) in MV and ICU admission than GI and the percentage of success in weaning/extubation was lower (p=0.01) than GI. There was no significant correlation between functionality and time on MV in GI and GII (p>0.05). Patients on invasive ventilatory support for a long period evolved with longer MV stays, longer ICU stays and lower weaning/extubation success rates. The length of stay on invasive ventilatory support did not interfere with the functionality of these patients.

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los resultados clínicos de los pacientes con soporte ventilatorio invasivo a corto y largo plazo y correlacionar la funcionalidad y el tiempo de ventilación mecánica (VM). Se trata de un estudio documental retrospectivo, realizado en la UCI neuroquirúrgica de un hospital universitario. Se recogieron los siguientes datos de las historias clínicas: edad, sexo, hipótesis diagnóstica, duración de la estancia y tiempo de VM en días, el resultado éxito o fracaso de la extubación y el nivel de funcionalidad. Las historias clínicas se dividieron en el grupo uno (GI): pacientes bajo VM hasta tres días y el grupo dos (GII): pacientes bajo VM durante más de tres días. Se analizaron 210 historias clínicas, el 73% de los pacientes permanecieron menos de tres días con VM. La edad media de GI fue de 51,8±15,5 años y la de GII de 48,7±16,3 años (p=0,20), con prevalencia masculina en GI (59%) y GII (68%). El ictus fue el diagnóstico más prevalente en GI (18%) y el tumor cerebral en GII (21%) y la hipertensión, la comorbilidad más prevalente en GI (28%) y GII (25%). El GII permaneció más tiempo (p<0,0001) en la VM y la estancia en la UCI que el GI y el porcentaje de éxito en el destete/extubación fue menor (p=0,01) que el GI. No hubo correlación significativa entre la funcionalidad y el tiempo de VM en GI y GII (p>0,05). Los pacientes con soporte ventilatorio invasivo a largo plazo evolucionaron con una mayor estancia en la VM, una mayor estancia en la UCI y una menor tasa de éxito de destete/extubación. La duración de la estancia con soporte ventilatorio invasivo no interfirió en la funcionalidad de estos pacientes.

Resultados de la ventilación asistida ajustada neuronalmente no invasiva y la presión positiva continua nasal en recién nacidos prematuros: revisión sistemática y metanálisis / Outcomes of noninvasive neurally adjusted ventilatory assist and nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introducción: los beneficios de la ventilación asistida ajustada neuronalmente (NAVA) en los recién nacidos prematuros son inciertos. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar si la NAVA no invasiva (NIV) era más beneficiosa para los recién nacidos prematuros que la presión positiva continua nasal (NCPAP). Diseño del estudio: metanálisis de tres ensayos clínicos: dos ensayos controlados aleatorizados y un estudio de grupos cruzados. Se comparó la NAVA-NIV con la NCPAP y se informó sobre el fracaso del tratamiento, la mortalidad y los eventos adversos como resultados principales. Resultados: tres estudios con 173 pacientes (89 recibieron NAVA-NIV) cumplieron los criterios de inclusión en este metanálisis. No se observaron diferencias en el fracaso del tratamiento entre la NAVA-NIV y la NCPAP (razón de riesgos [RR] = 1,09; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95 % = 0,65-1,84; diferencia de riesgos = 0,02; IC95% = -0,10-0,14; I2 = 33 %; P = 0,23). De manera similar, no hubo diferencias en la mortalidad (RR = 1,52; IC95% = 0,51-4,52; no aplica heterogeneidad). En comparación con la NCPAP, la NAVA-NIV redujo significativamente el uso de cafeína (RR = 0,85; IC 95% = 0,74-0,98; I2 = 71 %; P = 0,03). Conclusiones: en comparación con la NCPAP, no hay evidencia suficiente para sacar una conclusión sobre los beneficios o daños de la NAVA-NIV en los recién nacidos prematuros. Los hallazgos de esta revisión deben confirmarse en ensayos clínicos con una metodología rigurosa y potencia adecuada

Introduction: The benefits of neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) in preterm infants are unclear. This study aimed to explore if noninvasive NAVA is more beneficial for preterm infants than nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP). Study design: Meta-analysis was performed in three clinical trials comprising two randomized controlled trials and one crossover study. We compared NIV-NAVA and NCPAP and reported treatment failure, mortality, and adverse events as the primary outcomes. Results: Three studies including 173 patients (89 of whom underwent NIV-NAVA) were eligible for this meta-analysis. This review found no difference in treatment failure between NIV-NAVA and NCPAP (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.84; RD 0.02, 95% CI -0.10-0.14; I2=33%, P=0.23). Similarly, there was no difference in mortality (RR 1.52, 95% CI 0.51-4.52, heterogeneity not applicable). Compared with NCPAP, NIV-NAVA significantly reduced the use of caffeine (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.74-0.98, I2=71%, P=0.03). Conclusions: Compared with NCPAP, there is insufficient evidence to conclude on the benefits or harm of NIV-NAVA therapy for preterm infants. The findings of this review should be confirmed using methodologically rigorous and adequately powered clinical trials.

[Errata] Fatores associados ao uso de oxigenoterapia e suporte ventilatório em recém-nascidos prematuros / [Erratum] Factors associated with the use of oxygen therapy and ventilatory support in premature newborns

INTRODUÇÃO: A terapia com oxigênio suplementar reduz quadros de hipóxia, diminuindo a mortalidade entre recémnascidos prematuros (RNPT), porém a excessiva exposição ao oxigênio tem o potencial de atingir e danificar múltiplos órgãos do neonato. OBJETIVO: Determinar os fatores associados ao uso de suporte ventilatório/oxigenoterapia nos RNPT. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, longitudinal, prospectivo de caráter quantitativo, realizado no período de julho de 2019 a março de 2020, em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN) de um hospital público universitário. Foram observados RNPT em uso de oxigenoterapia, desde o período de admissão até a alta, sendo coletados dados gestacionais, de nascimento e parâmetros da oxigenoterapia. RESULTADOS: 62 RNPT foram acompanhados com média de idade gestacional (IG) de 30,5 semanas (±3,43) e mediana de peso ao nascimento (PN) de 1.390 gramas (555 g - 3.115 g). O tempo médio de internação de 35 dias (3-176) e de oxigenoterapia foi de 7,5 dias (1-176). Ao relacionar o total de dias em oxigenoterapia com o valor do Apgar no 5º minuto, não houve relação significativa (rho= -0,158; p=0,219), porém, houve relação com a IG ao nascimento (rho= -0,725; p<0,001), uso de corticoide antenal (p=0,006) e surfactante exógeno (<0,001). Houve relação também com displasia broncopulmonar (DBP) e retinopatia da prematuridade (ROP) (p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Os fatores associados ao tempo e uso de oxigenoterapia foram a IG, PN, uso de corticoide antenal e surfactante exógeno, sendo observado também associação com DBP e ROP.

INTRODUCTION: Supplemental oxygen therapy reduces hypoxia by reducing mortality among preterm newborns (PTNBs), but excessive exposure to oxygen has the potential to affect and damage multiple organs of the newborn. OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors associated with the use of ventilatory support/oxygen therapy in PTNBs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an observational, longitudinal, prospective quantitative study, conducted from July 2019 to March 2020, in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a public university hospital. PTNBs on oxygen therapy were observed from the time of admission to discharge, and gestational data, birth data and oxygen therapy parameters were collected. RESULTS: 62 PTNs were followed with a mean gestational age (GA) of 30.5 weeks (±3.43) and median birth weight (BW) of 1,390 grams (555 g - 3,115 g). The mean hospital stay of 35 days (3-176) and oxygen therapy was 7.5 days (1-176). When relating the total days in oxygen therapy with the value of Apgar at the 5th minute, there was no significant relationship (rho= -0.158; p=0.219), however, there was a relationship with GA at birth (rho= -0.725; p<0.001), use of antenal corticosteroids (p=0.006) and exogenous surfactante (<0.001). There was also a relationship with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The factors associated with time and use of oxygen therapy were GA, BW, use of antenal corticosteroids and exogenous surfactant, and association with BPD and ROP was also observed.

Performance de l'oxymétrie nocturne dans le diagnostic du Syndrome d'apnées Hypopnées Obstructives du sommeil à Kinshasa / Performance of nocturnal oximetry in the diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome in Kinshasa

Contexte et objectif. La prise en charge d'un patient avec un syndrome d'apnées hypopnées obstructives du sommeil (SAHOS) nécessite l'enregistrement du sommeil qui reste très peu accessibilité en Afrique subsaharienne. La présente étude a évalué la performance de l'oxymétrie nocturne dans le diagnostic du SAHOS à Kinshasa. Méthodes. Dans une étude transversale et analytique, tous les patients à risque de SAHOS ont bénéficié d'une oxymétrie nocturne et d'une polygraphie ventilatoire entre juillet 2021 et mars 2022. La sensibilité (Se), la spécificité (Sp) et les valeurs prédictives positive (VPP) et négatives (VPN) de l'oxymétrie nocturne ont été déterminées. La courbe ROC a été rapportée, aire sous la courbe (ASC) calculée, p < 0,05. Résultats. 323 patients ont été inclus (âge moyen de 57,9 ± 13,1 ans avec un sex ratio H/F de 1,5). L'obésité centrale était présente chez 88 %. Le STOP-BANG moyen était de 4,8 ±0,9. Les comorbidités les plus rencontrées étaient l'HTA (58,5%), le diabète sucré (22,6%), la BPCO (9,3%) et l'AVC 2,2%. La Se et Sp étaient respectivement, de 94,4 et 88,9% et ASC à 0, 92. Conclusion. L'oxymétrie nocturne est un examen non invasif d'accès facile ayant une sensibilité et une spécificité élevée dans le diagnostic du SAHOS dans notre milieu.

Perfil clínico e fatores associados ao óbito de pacientes COVID-19 nos primeiros meses da pandemia / Perfil clínico y factores asociados a la muerte de pacientes COVID-19 en los primeros meses de la pandemia / Clinical profile and factors associated with the death of COVID-19 patients in the first months of the pandemic

RESUMO Objetivo analisar as características individuais, clínicas e os fatores associados à mortalidade de pacientes com COVID-19, em hospital público do estado do Paraná, Brasil. Métodos estudo seccional, retrospectivo, documental (n= 86), com pacientes adultos internados, de março a junho de 2020. Resultados a mortalidade foi de 12,8%, o grupo de maior risco foi de idosos com comorbidades, especialmente, cardiovasculares. A chance de óbito foi 58 vezes maior em idosos, comparada aos adultos, e oito vezes maior naqueles com comorbidades, comparadas aos hígidos. A maioria dos pacientes apresentou sintomatologia respiratória, febre e mialgia. Tratamento à base de antibióticos, anticoagulantes e antivirais, associado ao suporte ventilatório. As principais complicações foram hipóxia, insuficiência renal aguda e infecção secundária. Conclusão e implicações para a prática idosos com comorbidades cardiovasculares que necessitaram de cuidados intensivos apresentaram maior chance de óbito. Os resultados de um dos centros de referência na pandemia possibilitam discutir medidas epidemiológicas adotadas, com ênfase em conceitos restritivos nos primeiros meses.

RESUMEN Objetivo analizar las características individuales, clínicas y los factores asociados a la mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19 en un hospital público del estado de Paraná. Métodos estudio transversal, retrospectivo, documental (n = 86), con pacientes adultos hospitalizados, de marzo a junio de 2020. Resultados la mortalidad fue del 12,8%, grupo de mayor riesgo para los ancianos con comorbilidades, especialmente enfermedades cardiovasculares. La probabilidad de muerte fue 58 veces mayor en los ancianos en comparación con los adultos y ocho veces mayor en aquellos con comorbilidades en comparación con los sanos. La mayoría de los pacientes presentaban síntomas respiratorios, fiebre y mialgia. Tratamiento a base de antibióticos, anticoagulantes y antivirales, asociado al soporte ventilatorio. Las principales complicaciones fueron hipoxia, insuficiencia renal aguda e infección secundaria. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica los ancianos con comorbilidades cardiovasculares que requirieron cuidados intensivos tenían una mayor probabilidad de muerte. Los resultados de uno de los centros de referencia pandémica permiten discutir las medidas epidemiológicas adoptadas, con énfasis en conceptos restrictivos en los primeros meses.

ABSTRACT Objective to analyze the individual and clinical characteristics and the factors associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19, in a public hospital in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Methods a cross-sectional, retrospective, documentary study (n= 86), with adult inpatients, from March to June 2020. Results mortality was 12.8%, the highest risk group was the elderly with comorbidities, especially cardiovascular ones. The chance of death was 58 times higher in the elderly compared to adults, and eight times higher in those with comorbidities compared to the healthy ones. Most patients presented with respiratory symptoms, fever, and myalgia. Treatment was based on antibiotics, anticoagulants and antivirals, associated with ventilatory support. The main complications were hypoxia, acute renal failure, and secondary infection. Conclusion and implications for practice elderly people with cardiovascular comorbidities who required intensive care had a higher chance of death. The results from one of the reference centers in the pandemic make it possible to discuss epidemiological measures adopted, with emphasis on restrictive concepts in the first months.

Myasthenia gravis and COVID-19: a systematic review of case reports and case series

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease involving neuromuscular transmission and possible respiratory failure when concomitant with COVID-19. The aim of this study was to analyze the need for ventilatory support (VS), length of hospital stay (LOS) and mortality in patients diagnosed with MG and COVID-19. In this systematic review, PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, MEDLINE and IBECS databases were searched for primary studies published from January 2010 to March 2021, with no language restrictions. Fourteen eligible studies were identified. The main factor associated with the need for VS was the use of antibiotics other than azithromycin (AZM) for the treatment of COVID-19 (RR 1.60; 95% CI 1.20­2.91; p = 0.009). Patients who used hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and AZM had almost twice the risk of needing invasive ventilatory support (IVS) (RR 1.94; 95% CI 1.07-3.52; p = 0.16). There were nonsignificant trends towards less need for IVS in patients who used intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) and corticosteroid therapy (RR 0.54; 95% CI 0.09­3.26; p = 0.60). There was a trend towards shorter LOS in patients who received therapy with IVIg and corticosteroid therapy [8 (5 - 8) vs 19 (12.2­23.7); p = 0.007]. 10.3% (n = 4/39) died and 100% did not use IVIg or IVIg and prednisone. There was a non-significant trend towards higher mortality in patients who used AZM (RR 2.55; 95% CI 0.26­30.02; p = 0.60). IVIg and corticotherapy presented themselves as a favorable alternative in relation to the outcomes. KEY WORDS: Coronavirus infections; length of stay; Myasthenia gravis; Respiratory insufficiency.

Suporte ventilatório e Covid-19 / Ventilatory support and Covid-19

Trata-se de síntese de evidências sobre as possibilidades terapêuticas para insuficiência respiratória grave no contexto da pandemia de Covid-19. O tratamento inclui as possibilidades terapêuticas de ventilação não invasiva (VNI), intubação e ventilação mecânica invasiva (VMI). Considera as características dos métodos, suas vantagens e limitações.

This is a synthesis of evidence on the therapeutic possibilities for severe respiratory failure in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. Treatment includes the therapeutic possibilities of noninvasive ventilation (NIV), intubation, and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). It considers the characteristics of the methods, their advantages and limitations.

Uso de máquina de anestesia como ventilador mecánico en pacientes COVID-19 en Áreas Críticas del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín / Use of anesthesia machine as a mechanical ventilator in COVID-19 patient in Critical Areas of Carlos Andrade Marín Specialty Hospital

1. INTRODUCCIÓNLa pandemia ocasionada por el Corona-virus tipo 2 del Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Grave (SARSCoV-2) en la actua-lidad, anticipa una demanda de ventila-dores mecánicos, la Organización Mun-dial de la Salud (OMS), reporta que el 5% de los contagiados cae de forma rápida en insuficiencia respiratoria y requiere de cuidados intensivos1-3. La Food and Drug Administration (FDA), quien aprobó de manera temporal el uso de la Máquina de Anestesia (MA) como Ventilador Mecánico (VM) y la American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) junto con la Anesthesia Patient Safety Founda-tion (APSF), publicaron una declaración donde se reconoció que las máquinas de anestesia no están diseñadas para entregar apoyo ventilatorio a largo plazo, sin em-bargo, se han transformado en la primera línea natural de apoyo durante la pan-demia cuando no hay suficientes ventila-dores en áreas críticas hospitalarias1,2,4.Países como Chile por medio de la So-ciedad de Anestesiología de Chile (SACHA), ha puesto en práctica estas recomendaciones previo a un informe técnico. De igual manera en la Unidad Técnica de Anestesiología y a través de este protocolo se procura estandarizar el manejo de la MA con varias recomenda-ciones, para que puedan ser utilizadas en forma segura y efectiva, dado que el uso de las máquinas de anestesia como VM "es una maniobra de salvataje"2. De esta manera se pretende entregar li-neamientos para dar asistencia ventila-toria a pacientes que requieren ventilación mecánica por un cuadro positivo para In-fección por Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) utilizando una MA, ante la imposibilidad de disponer de un Ventilador de Cuidados Intensivos (VCI).

1. INTRODUCTIONThe pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARSCoV-2) Coronavirus type 2, currently anticipates a demand for mechanical ventilators, the World Health Organization (WHO), re-ports that 5% of infected people rapidly fall into respiratory failure and require in-tensive care1-3 .The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which temporarily approved the use of the Anesthesia Machine (AM) as a Mechanical Ventilator (MV). The Ame-rican Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) together with the Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation (APSF), issued a state-ment acknowledging that anesthesia ma-chines are not designed to deliver long-term ventilation support, however, they have become the first natural line of su-pport during the pandemic, when there are not enough ventilators in critical hos-pital areas1,2,4.Countries such as Chile, through the Society of Anesthesiology of Chile (SACHA), have implemented these re-commendations prior to a technical report. Similarly, in the Technical Unit of Anesthesiology and through this protocol, it is trying to standardize the management of AM with several recommendations, so they can be used in the safest and most effective way, since the use of anesthesia machines as a MV "is a dangerous ma-neuver"2.In this way, guidelines are provided to in order to give mechanical ventilation as-sistance the patients who required me-chanical ventilation due to one posi-tive picture of Coroanvirus-19 Infection (COVID-19) using an AM, given the im-possibility of having an Intensive Care Ventilator (IVC).

Resultados de la asincronía ventilatoria en pacientes con esfuerzo inspiratório / Outcomes of ventilatory asynchrony in patients with inspiratory effort

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar la relación de la asincronía paciente-ventilador con el nivel de sedación y evaluar la asociación con los resultados hemogasométricos y clínicos. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de 122 pacientes admitidos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos con > 24 horas de ventilación mecánica invasiva y esfuerzo inspiratorio. En los primeros 7 días de ventilación, diariamente se evaluó la asincronía paciente-ventilador durante 30 minutos. La asincronía paciente-ventilador severa se definió con un índice de asincronía > 10%. Resultados: Se evaluaron 339.652 ciclos respiratorios en 504 observaciones. La media del índice de asincronía fue 37,8% (desviación estándar 14,1% - 61,5%). La prevalencia de asincronía paciente-ventilador severa fue 46,6%. Las asincronías paciente-ventilador más frecuentes fueron: trigger ineficaz (13,3%), auto-trigger (15,3%), flujo insuficiente (13,5%) y ciclado demorado (13,7%). La asincronía paciente-ventilador severa se relacionó con el nivel de sedación (trigger ineficaz: p = 0,020; flujo insuficiente: p = 0,016; ciclado precoz: p = 0,023) y el uso de midazolam (p = 0,020). La asincronía paciente-ventilador severa se asoció con las alteraciones hemogasométricas. La persistencia de la asincronía paciente-ventilador severa fue un factor de riesgo independiente para fracaso en la prueba de ventilación espontánea, tiempo de ventilación, neumonía asociada al ventilador, disfunción de órganos, mortalidad en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y estadía en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Conclusión: La asincronía paciente-ventilador es un trastorno frecuente en los pacientes críticos con esfuerzo inspiratorio. La interacción del paciente con el ventilador debe optimizarse para mejorar los parámetros hemogasométricos y los resultados clínicos. Se requieren otros estudios que confirmen estos resultados.

Abstract Objective: To identify the relationship of patient-ventilator asynchrony with the level of sedation and hemogasometric and clinical results. Methods: This was a prospective study of 122 patients admitted to the intensive care unit who underwent > 24 hours of invasive mechanical ventilation with inspiratory effort. In the first 7 days of ventilation, patient-ventilator asynchrony was evaluated daily for 30 minutes. Severe patient-ventilator asynchrony was defined as an asynchrony index > 10%. Results: A total of 339,652 respiratory cycles were evaluated in 504 observations. The mean asynchrony index was 37.8% (standard deviation 14.1 - 61.5%). The prevalence of severe patient-ventilator asynchrony was 46.6%. The most frequent patient-ventilator asynchronies were ineffective trigger (13.3%), autotrigger (15.3%), insufficient flow (13.5%), and delayed cycling (13.7%). Severe patient-ventilator asynchrony was related to the level of sedation (ineffective trigger: p = 0.020; insufficient flow: p = 0.016; premature cycling: p = 0.023) and the use of midazolam (p = 0.020). Severe patient-ventilator asynchrony was also associated with hemogasometric changes. The persistence of severe patient-ventilator asynchrony was an independent risk factor for failure of the spontaneous breathing test, ventilation time, ventilator-associated pneumonia, organ dysfunction, mortality in the intensive care unit, and length of stay in the intensive care unit. Conclusion: Patient-ventilator asynchrony is a frequent disorder in critically ill patients with inspiratory effort. The patient's interaction with the ventilator should be optimized to improve hemogasometric parameters and clinical results. Further studies are required to confirm these results.

Patient-ventilator asynchrony / Assincronia paciente-ventilador

ABSTRACT Patient-v entilator asynchrony (PVA) is a mismatch between the patient, regarding time, flow, volume, or pressure demands of the patient respiratory system, and the ventilator, which supplies such demands, during mechanical ventilation (MV). It is a common phenomenon, with incidence rates ranging from 10% to 85%. PVA might be due to factors related to the patient, to the ventilator, or both. The most common PVA types are those related to triggering, such as ineffective effort, auto-triggering, and double triggering; those related to premature or delayed cycling; and those related to insufficient or excessive flow. Each of these types can be detected by visual inspection of volume, flow, and pressure waveforms on the mechanical ventilator display. Specific ventilatory strategies can be used in combination with clinical management, such as controlling patient pain, anxiety, fever, etc. Deep sedation should be avoided whenever possible. PVA has been associated with unwanted outcomes, such as discomfort, dyspnea, worsening of pulmonary gas exchange, increased work of breathing, diaphragmatic injury, sleep impairment, and increased use of sedation or neuromuscular blockade, as well as increases in the duration of MV, weaning time, and mortality. Proportional assist ventilation and neurally adjusted ventilatory assist are modalities of partial ventilatory support that reduce PVA and have shown promise. This article reviews the literature on the types and causes of PVA, as well as the methods used in its evaluation, its potential implications in the recovery process of critically ill patients, and strategies for its resolution.

RESUMO A assincronia pacie nte-ventilador (APV) é um desacoplamento entre o paciente, em relação a demandas de tempo, fluxo, volume e/ou pressão de seu sistema respiratório, e o ventilador, que as oferta durante a ventilação mecânica (VM). É um fenômeno comum, com taxas de incidência entre 10% e 85%. A APV pode ser devida a fatores relacionados ao paciente, ao ventilador ou a ambos. Os tipos de APV mais comuns são as de disparo, como esforço ineficaz; autodisparo e duplo disparo; as de ciclagem (tanto prematura quanto tardia); e as de fluxo (insuficiente ou excessivo). Cada um desses tipos pode ser detectado pela inspeção visual das curvas de volume-tempo, fluxo-tempo e pressãotempo na tela do ventilador mecânico. Estratégias ventilatórias específicas podem ser adotadas, em combinação com a abordagem clínica do paciente, como controle de dor, ansiedade, febre, etc. Níveis profundos de sedação devem ser evitados sempre que possível. A APV se associa a desfechos indesejados, tais como desconforto, dispneia, piora da troca gasosa, aumento do trabalho da respiração, lesão muscular diafragmática, prejuízo do sono, aumento da necessidade de sedação e/ou de bloqueio neuromuscular, assim como aumento do tempo de VM, de desmame e de mortalidade. A ventilação proporcional assistida e a ventilação assistida com ajuste neural são modalidades de suporte ventilatório parcial que reduzem a APV e têm se mostrado promissoras. Este artigo revisa a literatura acerca da APV abordando seus tipos, causas, métodos de avaliação, suas potenciais implicações no processo de recuperação de pacientes críticos e estratégias para sua resolução.

Síndrome posterior do tronco cerebral e o uso de ventilação assistida ajustada neuralmente (nava) em lactente / Dorsal brainstem syndrome and the use of neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (nava) in an infant

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar um caso raro de síndrome posterior do tronco cerebral em um lactente após um episódio hipóxico-isquêmico devido a sepse grave, e o uso da ventilação assistida ajustada neuralmente no auxílio diagnóstico e no desmame da ventilação mecânica. Descrição do caso: Lactente masculino de 2 meses de idade, previamente hígido, apresentou sepse grave que evoluiu para síndrome posterior do tronco encefálico, entidade que pode ocorrer após lesão hipóxico-isquêmica em neonatos e lactentes e que apresenta imagens de ressonância magnética muito particulares. Devido à lesão neurológica, permaneceu em ventilação mecânica. Optou-se por iniciar ventilação assistida ajustada neuralmente para verificar a patência da condução do nervo frênico ao diafragma e auxiliar no desmame da ventilação mecânica. Comentários: A síndrome posterior do tronco cerebral é uma entidade rara que deve ser considerada em lactentes após evento hipóxico-isquêmico.

ABSTRACT Objective: To report a rare case of dorsal brainstem syndrome in an infant after hypoxic-ischemic episode due to severe sepsis and the use of neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) to aid in diagnosis and in the removal of mechanical ventilation. Case description: A 2-month-old male infant, previously healthy, presented with severe sepsis that evolved to dorsal brainstem syndrome, which usually occurs after hypoxic-ischemic injury in neonates and infants, and is related to very specific magnetic resonance images. Due to neurological lesions, thei nfant remained in mechanical ventilation. A NAVA module was installed to keep track of phrenic nerve conduction to the diaphragm, having successfully showed neural conduction and helped removing mechanical ventilation. Comments: Dorsal brainstem syndrome is a rare condition that should be considered after hypoxic-ischemic episode in infants.

Challenges and Opportunities for Neonatal Respiratory Support in Nigeria: a Case for Regionalisation of Care

Background: Neonatal health appears not to have received the deserved attention in the context of the Child Survival Strategies and this must have contributed to the non-attainment of the MDG-4 in Nigeria. Neonatal mortality contributes 40% or more to the current rate of child deaths globally; with birth asphyxia; prematurity and its complications and severe infections as the leading causes. This emphasises the need to re-focus on neonatal health. Given the state of the economy in the low- and middle-income countries; Nigeria; like most of the other countries lack the resources required for efficient neonatal health care with minimal attention on the strategies needed to address the major causes of newborn death.Objectives: To assess the contemporary situation of neonatal care in Benin City; Nigeria and examine diverse approaches to be adopted to provide high level neonatal care services aimed at improving neonatal survival rates.Methods: The trends of neonatal morbidities and mortality over the period between 1974 and 2014 were studied by reviewing the hospital records covering admissions and weekly mortality records. The pattern of categories of babies and the causes of death were recorded. The information gathered identified the gaps in the management strategies for newborns over the years. Electronic databases such as the Medline and Pubmed were searched for relevant literatures published between 1960 and 2015 which might provide ideas required to fill the gaps.Results: In the 1974-1976 era; the major cause of neonatal mortality at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH); Benin City; Nigeria; was birth asphyxia with an attendant perinatal mortality of 80.9/1000 births. The decline in the perinatal mortality to 33.4/1000 births between 1976 and 1980 was linked to the introduction of delivery room resuscitation with a reciprocal decline in the incidence of birth asphyxia. Thereafter; neonatal mortality rate has continued to increase. This increase could be attributed to a three-fold rise in the proportion of very preterm admissions from 6.5% in 1985 to 19.3% in 2013. This population of babies is predisposed to Respiratory Distress Syndrome and respiratory failure. Neonatal intensive care did not include respiratory supports until very recently (2013) when the facilities were provided but at high cost to the patient and the health system.Conclusion: The strategies required to address reduction in neonatal mortality rates should necessarily include neonatal resuscitation and mechanical ventilation; all within the context of Neonatal Intensive Care. In order to provide the full range of neonatal intensive care services in a resource- constrained setting such as Benin City; Nigeria; regionalisation of care in a stepwise manner is recommended; both for improved medical outcomes and economic realities

Suporte ventilatório ao nascer e associação com doenças respiratórias aos seis anos: Coorte de Nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2004 / Soporte ventilatorio en el período neonatal y enfermedades respiratorias en los seis primeros años de vida: Cohorte de Nacimientos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2004 / Neonatal ventilatory support and respiratory diseases in children up to six years of age: the 2004 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort study

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a associação entre suporte ventilatório no período neonatal e doenças respiratórias até os seis anos de idade. Estudo de coorte de nascimentos de base populacional. A exposição principal foi o suporte ventilatório ao nascimento, definido como o uso de pressão contínua positiva nasal (CPAPn) e/ou ventilação mecânica (VM) por mais de três horas, desde o momento da hospitalização ao nascimento até os 28 dias. Os desfechos foram chiado no peito nos últimos 12 meses, diagnóstico médico de asma alguma vez na vida e episódio de pneumonia ocorrido até os seis anos de idade. Foram realizadas análises brutas e ajustadas para potenciais variáveis de confusão, usando regressão de Poisson. Foram analisadas 3.624 crianças. O uso de CPAPn e VM ou unicamente VM esteve associado com maior frequência de diagnóstico médico de asma, mesmo após ajuste para características maternas e das crianças (RP = 2,24; IC95%: 1,27-3,99). Os resultados do presente estudo alertam para as complicações respiratórias, em médio prazo, decorrentes do suporte ventilatório realizado no período neonatal.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre el soporte ventilatorio durante el período neonatal y las enfermedades respiratorias durante los seis primeros años de vida. Se trata de un estudio de cohorte de nacimiento con base poblacional. La exposición principal, soporte ventilatorio al nacimiento, fue definida como el uso de presión positiva nasal (CPAPn) y/o ventilación mecánica (VM) durante más de tres horas, desde la hospitalización al nacimiento, hasta los 28 días de vida. Los resultados analizados fueron: broncoespasmo en los últimos doce meses, diagnóstico médico de asma - realizado alguna vez en la vida- y episodio de neumonía ocurrido hasta los seis años de edad. Se realizaron análisis brutos y ajustados para potenciales variables de confusión, usando la regresión de Poisson. Fueron estudiados 3.624 niños. El uso de soporte ventilatorio estuvo asociado con una mayor frecuencia de diagnóstico médico de asma, incluso tras ajustar las características maternas y de los niños (RP = 2,24; IC95%: 1,27-3,99). Los resultados alertan sobre las complicaciones respiratorias a medio plazo tras el soporte ventilatorio realizado en el período neonatal.

The study's objective was to evaluate the association between neonatal ventilatory support and the subsequent occurrence of respiratory diseases in children up to six years of age. This was a population-based birth cohort study. The main exposure was ventilatory support at birth, defined as the use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) and/or mechanical ventilation (MV) for more than three hours from the time of hospitalization at birth until the first 28 days of life. Outcomes were: chest wheezing in the twelve months prior to the follow-up interview, medical diagnosis of asthma any time in the child´s life, and occurrence of pneumonia up to six years of age. Crude and adjusted analyses for potential confounding variables were performed using Poisson regression. 3,624 children were analyzed. NCPAP plus MV or MV alone was associated with higher frequency of medical diagnosis of asthma, even after adjusting for maternal and child characteristics (PR = 2.24; 95%CI: 1.27-3.99). The results highlight medium-term respiratory complications associated with neonatal ventilatory support.

Evaluation of patient-ventilator synchrony of three new types of ventilators with pressure sunnort ventilation mode / 生物医学工程学杂志

Pressure-support ventilation (PSV) is a form of important ventilation mode. Patient-ventilator synchrony of pressure support ventilation can be divided into inspiration-triggered and expiration-triggered ones. Whether the ventilator can track the patient's inspiration and expiration very well or not is an important evaluating item of the performance of the ventilator. The ventilator should response to the patient's inspiration effort on time and deliver the air flow to the patient under various conditions, such as different patient's lung types and inspiration effort, etc. Similarly, the ventilator should be able to response to the patient's expiration action, and to decrease the patient lung's internal pressure rapidly. Using the Active Servo Lung (ASL5000) respiratory simulation system, we evaluated the spontaneous breathing of PSV mode on E5, Servo i and Evital XL. The following parameters, the delay time before flow to the patient starts once the trigger variable signaling the start of inspiration, the lowest inspiratory airway pressure generated prior to the initiation of PSV, etc. were measured.