Risk factors and mortality in patients with sepsis, septic and non septic acute kidney injury in ICU / Fatores de risco e mortalidade dos pacientes com sepse, lesão renal aguda séptica e não séptica na UTI

Abstract Acute kidney injury (AKI) has an incidence rate of 5-6% among intensive care unit (ICU) patients and sepsis is the most frequent etiology. Aims: To assess patients in the ICU that developed AKI, AKI on chronic kidney disease (CKD), and/or sepsis, and identify the risk factors and outcomes of these diseases. Methods: A prospective observational cohort quantitative study that included patients who stayed in the ICU > 48 hours and had not been on dialysis previously was carried out. Results: 302 patients were included and divided into: no sepsis and no AKI (nsnAKI), sepsis alone (S), septic AKI (sAKI), non-septic AKI (nsAKI), septic AKI on CKD (sAKI/CKD), and non-septic AKI on CKD (nsAKI/CKD). It was observed that 94% of the patients developed some degree of AKI. Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) stage 3 was predominant in the septic groups (p = 0.018). Nephrologist follow-up in the non-septic patients was only 23% vs. 54% in the septic groups (p < 0.001). Dialysis was performed in 8% of the non-septic and 37% of the septic groups (p < 0.001). Mechanical ventilation (MV) requirement was higher in the septic groups (p < 0.001). Mortality was 38 and 39% in the sAKI and sAKI/CKD groups vs 16% and 0% in the nsAKI and nsAKI/CKD groups, respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Patients with sAKI and sAKI/CKD had worse prognosis than those with nsAKI and nsAKI/CKD. The nephrologist was not contacted in a large number of AKI cases, except for KDIGO stage 3, which directly influenced mortality rates. The urine output was considerably impaired, ICU stay was longer, use of MV and mortality were higher when kidney injury was combined with sepsis.

Resumo A Lesão Renal Aguda (LRA), cuja etiologia mais frequente é sepse, tem incidência de 5-6% na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Objetivo: Avaliar pacientes que permaneceram mais de 48 horas na UTI e desenvolveram LRA ou Doença Renal Crônica agudizada (DRCag) e/ou sepse; identificar fatores associados e causas que possam afetar a evolução desses pacientes. Método: Estudo prospectivo, observacional, coorte e quantitativo dos pacientes em UTI entre maio a dezembro de 2013 com sepse e LRA. Excluídos pacientes < 48 horas e/ou dialíticos prévios. Resultados: Dos 1156 pacientes admitidos, 302 foram incluídos e divididos em grupos: sem sepse e sem LRA (SSSLRA), apenas sepse (S), LRA séptica (LRAs), LRA não séptica (LRAns), DRCag séptica (DRCags), DRCag não séptica (DRCagns). Foi verificado que 94% apresentaram algum grau de lesão renal; Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 3 foi predominante nos grupos sépticos (p = 0.018); o nefrologista foi chamado apenas em 23% dos pacientes não sépticos vs. 54% dos sépticos (p < 0.001); houve necessidade de diálise em 8% dos não sépticos vs. 37% dos sépticos (p < 0.001); necessidade de Ventilação Mecânica (VM) em 61% da LRAns versus 90% na LRAs (p < 0.001). A mortalidade foi 38% e 39% na LRAs e DRCags vs. 16% e 0% na LRAns e DRCagns, respectivamente (p < 0.001). Conclusão: LRAs e DRCags têm pior prognóstico que a não séptica. O nefrologista ainda não é solicitado em grande parte dos casos com influência direta na mortalidade (p < 0.001), o débito urinário é consideravelmente prejudicado; o tempo de permanência na UTI, necessidade de VM e mortalidade são maiores quando há associação da sepse e LRA.

Cutaneous vasculitis and renal involvement in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection

No abstract available.

Antioxidant protection of statins in acute kidney injury induced by sepsis / Protección antioxidante de la estatina en la insuficiencia renal aguda inducida por la sepsis / Proteção antioxidante da estatina na lesão renal aguda induzida pela sepse

Objective Evaluating the effect of preconditioning with simvastatin in acute kidney injury induced by sepsis. Method Male adult Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: SHAM (control); SHAM+Statin (0.5 mg/kg simvastatin, orally); Sepsis (cecal puncture ligation – CPL); Sepsis+Statin. Physiological parameters, peritoneal fluid culture, renal function, oxidative metabolites, severity of acute kidney injury and animal survival were evaluated. Results The treatment with simvastatin in induced sepsis showed elevation of creatinine clearance with attenuation of generation of oxidative metabolites, lower severity of acute kidney injury and reduced mortality. Conclusion This investigation confirmed the renoprotection with antioxidant principle of the simvastatin in acute kidney injury induced by sepsis in an experimental model. .

Objetivo Evaluar el efecto del pre condicionamiento con sinvastatina en la insuficiencia renal aguda inducida por sepsis. Método Ratas Wistar, adultas, machos, fueron distribuidos en los grupos: SHAM (control); SHAM+Estatina (0,5 mg/kg sinvastatina, vía oral); Sepsis (ligadura y punción cecal – LPC); Sepsis+Estatina. Fueron evaluados los parámetros fisiológicos, la cultura de líquido peritoneal, la función renal, los metabolitos oxidativos, la severidad de la insuficiencia renal aguda y la supervivencia de los animales. Resultados El tratamiento con sinvastatina en la sepsis inducida demostró elevación del aclaramiento de creatinina con atenuación de la generación de los metabolitos oxidativos, menor severidad del fallo renal agudo y reducción del índice de mortalidad. Conclusión Esta investigación confirmó la renoprotección con principio antioxidante de la sinvastatina en el fallo renal agudo inducido por la sepsis en modelo experimental. .

Objetivo Avaliar o efeito do pré-condicionamento com sinvastatina na lesão renal aguda induzida por sepse. Método Ratos Wistar, adultos, machos foram distribuídos nos grupos: SHAM (controle); SHAM+Estatina (0,5 mg/kg sinvastatina, via oral); Sepse (ligadura punção de cécum – LPC); Sepse+Estatina. Foram avaliados parâmetros fisiológicos, cultura líquido peritoneal, função renal, metabólitos oxidativos, gravidade da lesão renal aguda e sobrevida dos animais. Resultados O tratamento com sinvastatina na sepse induzida demonstrou elevação do clearance de creatinina com atenuação da geração dos metabólitos oxidativos, menor gravidade da lesão renal aguda e redução da taxa de mortalidade. Conclusão Esta investigação confirmou a renoproteção com princípio antioxidante da sinvastatina na lesão renal aguda induzida pela sepse em modelo experimental. .

Insuficiência renal aguda associada à leptospirose / Leptospirosis-associated acute kidney injury

A leptospirose é a zoonose mais importante do mundo. Os pacientes são tipicamente homens jovens. Vários fatores estão envolvidos na insuficiência renal aguda (IRA) na leptospirose, incluindo ação nefrotóxica direta da leptospira, hiperbilirrubinemia, rabdomiólise e hipovolemia. Os principais achados histológicos são nefrite intersticial aguda e necrose tubular aguda. A IRA na leptospirose é geralmente não oligúrica e hipocalêmica. Alterações da função tubular precedem a queda na taxa de filtração glomerular, o que poderia explicar a alta frequência de hipocalemia. O tratamento antibiótico é eficaz nas fases precoces e tardias e/ou graves. Para pacientes críticos com IRA na leptospirose, as seguintes condutas são recomendadas: hemodiálise precoce e diária; baixa infusão de volume (devido ao risco de hemorragia pulmonar), e estratégias de proteção pulmonar. A mortalidade na IRA associada à leptospirose está em torno de 22 por cento.

Leptospirosis is the most important zoonosis in the world. Patients are typically young men. Several factors are involved in acute kidney injury (AKI) in leptospirosis, including direct nephrotoxic action of the leptospira, hyperbilirubinemia, rhabdomyolysis and hypovolemia. The major histological findings are acute interstitial nephritis and acute tubular necrosis. Leptospirosis-induced AKI is usually nonoliguric and hypokalemic. Tubular function abnormalities precede a decline in the glomerular filtration rate, which could explain the high frequency of hypokalemia. Antibiotic treatment is efficient in the early and late and/or severe phases. For critically ill leptospirosis patients, the following measures are recommended: early and daily hemodialysis; low volume infusion (due to the risk of pulmonary hemorrhage); and lung-protective strategies. Mortality in leptospirosis-associated AKI is around 22 percent.

Canine renal failure syndrome in three dogs

Three dead dogs were brought to the College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University for study. Clinically, all the dogs showed emaciation, anorexia, depression, hemorrhagic vomiting and diarrhea for 7~10 days before death. All the clinical signs were first noted for about one month after feeding the dogs with commercial diets. At necropsy, all 3 dogs had severe renal damage with the same green-yellowish colored nephroliths in the renal pelvis. They also showed systemic hemorrhage and calcification of several organs, which might have been induced by uremia. Microscopically, necrosis, calcification and calculi were detected in the renal tubules, and especially in the proximal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney. These findings were supportive of a mycotoxic effect, and especially on their kidneys. However, the precise cause of the toxic effect in these cases of canine renal failure could not be determined.

Evaluation of penicillin therapy in patients with leptospirosis and acute renal failure

The effectiveness of specific antibiotic treatment in severe leptospirosis is still under debate. As part of a prospective study designed to evaluate renal function recovery after leptospirosis acute renal failure (ARF) (ARF was defined as Pcr > or = 1.5 mg/dL), the clinical evolutions of 16 treated patients (T) were compared to those of 18 untreated patients (nT). Treatment or non-treatment was the option of each patient's attending infectologist. The penicillin treatment was always with 6 million IU/day for 8 days. No difference was found between the two groups in terms of age, gender, number of days from onset of symptoms to hospital admission, or results of laboratory tests performed upon admission and during hospitalization, but proteinuria was higher in the treated group. There were no significant difference in the other parameters employed to evaluate patients' clinical evolution as: length of hospital stay, days of fever, days to normalization of renal function, days to total bilirubins normalized or reached 1/3 of maximum value and days to normalization of platelet counts. Dialytic treatment indication and mortality were similar between group T and nT. In conclusion, penicillin therapy did not provide better clinical outcome in patients with leptospirosis and ARF