Presentación del síndrome de Wernicke-Korsakoff secundario a encefalitis por citomegalovirus, a propósito de un caso / Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome secondary to cytomegalovirus encephalitis: A case report

Resumen El citomegalovirus (CMV) es uno de los microorganismos oportunistas con mayor prevalencia en pacientes inmunocomprometidos, aunque su reactivación ha descendido después de la introducción de la terapia antirretroviral altamente activa (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, HAART). En las coinfecciones, la encefalitis se ha reportado como una de las condiciones más frecuentes. Se presenta el caso de un paciente adulto joven con infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV) que tuvo un rápido deterioro neurológico evidenciado en síntomas y signos clínicos clásicos del síndrome de Wernicke-Korsakoff y que no presentaba factores de riesgo para deficiencia de tiamina. En las imágenes de la resonancia magnética cerebral, se detectaron hallazgos típicos del síndrome, y se identificó citomegalovirus (CMV) en el líquido cefalorraquídeo. Con el tratamiento específico para el CMV, se logró el control de los síntomas, aunque hubo secuelas neurológicas que mejoraron. Este es uno de los pocos casos reportados a nivel mundial de síndrome de Wernicke secundario a encefalitis por citomegalovirus.

Abstract Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the opportunistic microorganisms with the highest prevalence in immunocompromised patients. Reactivation has decreased after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Encephalitis has been reported in the coinfection as one of the most frequent presentations. We present the case of a young adult patient with HIV infection and rapid neurological deterioration due to classic clinical symptoms and signs of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, with no risk factors for thiamine deficiency, with images by nuclear magnetic resonance typical of the syndrome, and identification of cytomegalovirus in cerebrospinal fluid. The specific treatment for CMV managed to control the symptoms with neurological sequelae in progression towards improvement. This is one of the few cases reported in the literature of Wernicke syndrome secondary to cytomegalovirus encephalitis.

Paralisia do VI nervo (abducente) / VI nerve palsy (abducens palsy)

Neste trabalho foi realizada uma revisão da literatura com o objetivo de integrar e compilar artigos disponíveis sobre a paralisia do VI nervo (abducente) para rever suas características clínicas, etiologias possíveis e os procedimentos clínicos, farmacológicos e cirúrgicos para seu tratamento. Primeiramente, descreve-se sua ação, localização, trajeto e possíveis lesões, depois seus principais fatores etiológicos para em seguida abordar-se o diagnóstico e o tratamento. Proposta de transposição de Carlson-Jampolsky isolada no tratamento cirúrgico da paralisia do VI nervo é também apresentada.

The authors review the basic aspects, etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of the VI nerve palsy. Review the possible causes of abducent paralysis and location of determinant lesions. The clinical signs and clinical follow up are also observed in order to guide the etiology and therapeutic. The authors describe the clinical, pharmacological and surgical treatment. The authors emphasizes their proposal of VI nerve palsy correction using the isolated Carlson-Jampolsky transposition.

Horner's Syndrome with Abducens Nerve Palsy

A 68-year-old male patient presented with a week of sudden diplopia. He had been diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer 8 months prior and had undergone chemotherapy with radiotherapy. Eight-prism diopter right esotropia in the primary position and a remarkable limitation in abduction in his right eye were observed. Other pupillary disorders and lid drooping were not found. After three weeks, the marginal reflex distance 1 was 3 mm in the right eye and 5 mm in the left eye. The pupil diameter was 2.5 mm in the right eye, and 3 mm in the left eye under room illumination. Under darkened conditions, the pupil diameter was 3.5 mm in the right eye, and 5 mm in the left eye. After topical application of 0.5% apraclonidine, improvement in the right ptosis and reversal pupillary dilatation were observed. On brain magnetic resonance imaging, enhanced lesions on the right cavernous sinus, both sphenoidal sinuses, and skull base suggested the invasion of nasopharyngeal cancer. Lesions on the cavernous sinus need to be considered in cases of abducens nerve palsy and ipsilateral Horner's syndrome.

Cryptococcal Meningitis Presenting with Isolated Sixth Cranial Nerve Palsy in a Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Cryptococcal meningitis is a rare complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The nonspecific neurologic findings associated with this infection delays accurate diagnosis because initial neuropsychiatric manifestations of SLE are in instances indistinguishable from that of crytococcal meningitis. We report a case of cryptococcal meningitis presenting with unilateral sixth cranial nerve palsy in a male patient with SLE, which was successfully treated with antifungal agents.

Gradenigo's syndrome--a rare complication of otitis media.

Petrous apicitis is a rare intracranial complication of otitis media. A 4-year-old female child was presented with persistent ear discharge, retro-orbital pain and lateral rectus palsy (triad of Gradenigo's syndrome). A right temporal burr-hole was placed and tapping was done under antibiotic coverage. Turbid cerebrospinal fluid could be drained. Follow-up could not be done as the patient refused treatment and was discharged against medical advice.

Sixth nerve palsy and sphenoidal sinusitis

Sphenoid sinusitis is an uncommon infection that accounts for approximately 3% of all cases of acute sinusitis. It is usually accompanied by pansinusitis; less commonly it occurs alone. We are presenting a case of a 30 year old young male patient who presented with three weeks history of headache, along with blurry vision and diplopia. Neurological examination showed evidence of bilateral sixth nerve palsy. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed evidence of pansinusitis, including sphenoidal sinusitis. Cerebrospinal fluid studies showed no evidence of meningitis

Paresias e paralisias dos nervos oculomotores. Estudo retrospectivo e prospectivo - período de 30 anos / Oculomotor nerves palsies and paralysis. A retrospective and prospective study over a thirty-year period

Os autores apresentam para registro uma série que engloba 814 pacientes com paresias adquiridas dos III, IV e VI nervos cranianos correspondente a um período de estudo de trinta anos (1961-1990). Uma análise da incidência, etiologia, seguimento e posterior recuperaçäo é aqui realizada. Fatores de caráter sócio-econômico, geográfico e de co-operaçäo por parte dos pacientes acarretam maior dificuldade na realizaçäo de estudos como este, sobretudo em países em desenvolvimento como o nosso. Apesar destas dificuldades encontradas, muitos aspectos de semelhança säo observados nos resultados por nós obtidos e aqueles descritos por Rucker, e Rush e Younge, em seus trabalhos clássicos.