Grados de rotación cérvico-capital de la población de Caldas, Colombia / Degrees of cervico-capital rotation of the Caldas people, Colombia

El presente trabajo sobre la rotación entre la columna cervical y la cabeza en el ser humano tiene como objetivo estandarizar los grados de rotación cérvico capital, tanto a la derecha como a la izquierda, en una muestra aleatoria obtenida de individuos de ambos géneros en el Departamento de Caldas (Colombia), estratificados de acuerdo a su ciclo vital a partir de los tres años de edad y que no presentaban ninguna alteración en los movimientos propios de la región antes mencionada. Mediante tablas estadísticas se muestran los resultados experimentales obtenidos y se comparan con los valores reportados en la literatura. Se observa, además, que los valores obtenidos están dentro del rango establecido en la literatura, sin embargo, los datos aquí referidos son mucho más específicos porque incluyen comparaciones entre los rangos de edad y el género, datos que no se contemplan en los textos consultados. Se concluye que aunque el rango de rotación para la población de Caldas está dentro del rango reportado (60 a 80 grados), éste se encuentra muy cercano al límite inferior (60,99 grados). También se muestra el hallazgo de una variación estadísticamente significativa en el análisis de los valores de la rotación cérvico capital en el rango de edad comprendido entre los 19 a 25 años en ambos géneros.

The present work on the rotation between the cervical spine and the head in humans aims to standardize the grades of cervical and capital rotation, both to the right and to the left, in a random sample obtained from individuals of both genders in the Caldas state (Colombia), stratified according to their life cycle from three years of age and exhibiting no alteration in the movements peculiar to the region mentioned above. Through statistical tables the experimental results are shown and these are compared with values reported in the literature. Also, we observed that the values obtained are within the range established in the literature; however, the data referred herein are much more specific because they involve comparisons between the age and gender ranges, data not covered in the texts consulted. We conclude that although the range of rotation for the population of Caldas is within the range reported (60 to 80 degrees), it is very close to the lower limit (60.99 degrees).Also shown is the finding of a statistically significant change in the analysis of cervical and capital rotation values in the age range between 19 to 25 years in both genders.

The neuroimmune-endocrine axis: pathophysiological implications for the central nervous system cytokines and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal hormone dynamics

Cytokines are molecules that were initially discovered in the immune system as mediators of communication between various types of immune cells. However, it soon became evident that cytokines exert profound effects on key functions of the central nervous system, such as food intake, fever, neuroendocrine regulation, long-term potentiation, and behavior. In the 80's and 90's our group and others discovered that the genes encoding various cytokines and their receptors are expressed in vascular, glial, and neuronal structures of the adult brain. Most cytokines act through cell surface receptors that have one transmembrane domain and which transduce a signal through the JAK/STAT pathway. Of particular physiological and pathophysiological relevance is the fact that cytokines are potent regulators of hypothalamic neuropeptidergic systems that maintain neuroendocrine homeostasis and which regulate the body's response to stress. The mechanisms by which cytokine signaling affects the function of stress-related neuroendocrine systems are reviewed in this article.