Résumé
In order to overproduce bioinsecticides production by a sporeless Bacillus thuringiensis strain, an optimal composition of a cheap medium was defined using a response surface methodology. In a first step, a Plackett-Burman design used to evaluate the effects of eight medium components on delta-endotoxin production showed that starch, soya bean and sodium chloride exhibited significant effects on bioinsecticides production. In a second step, these parameters were selected for further optimisation by central composite design. The obtained results revealed that the optimum culture medium for delta-endotoxin production consists of 30 g L-1 starch, 30 g L-1 soya bean and 9g L-1 sodium chloride. When compared to the basal production medium, an improvement in delta-endotoxin production up to 50% was noted. Moreover, relative toxin yield of sporeless Bacillus thuringiensis S22 was improved markedly by using optimised cheap medium (148.5 mg delta-endotoxins per g starch) when compared to the yield obtained in the basal medium (94.46 mg delta-endotoxins per g starch). Therefore, the use of optimised culture cheap medium appeared to be a good alternative for a low cost production of sporeless Bacillus thuringiensis bioinsecticides at industrial scale which is of great importance in practical point of view.
Sujets)
Bacillus thuringiensis/croissance et développement , Bacillus thuringiensis/métabolisme , Protéines bactériennes/métabolisme , Bioréacteurs/microbiologie , Biotechnologie/méthodes , Milieux de culture/composition chimique , Endotoxines/métabolisme , Hémolysines/métabolisme , Modèles statistiques , Plan de rechercheRésumé
The surface exposed Leucine 371 on loop 2 of domain II, in Cry1Aa toxin, was mutated to Lysine to generate the trypsin-sensitive mutant, L371K. Upon trypsin digestion L371K is cleaved into approximately 37 and 26 kDa fragments. These are separable on SDS-PAGE, but remain as a single molecule of 65 kDa upon purification by liquid chromatography. The larger fragment is domain I and a portion of domain II (amino acid residues 1 to 371). The smaller 26-kDa polypeptide is the remainder of domain II and domain III (amino acids 372 to 609). When the mutant toxin was treated with high dose of M. sexta gut juice both fragments were degraded. However, when incubated with M. sexta BBMV, the 26 kDa fragment (domains II and III) was preferentially protected from gut juice proteases. As previously reported, wild type Cry1Aa toxin was also protected against degradation by gut juice proteases when incubated with M. sexta BBMV. On the contrary, when mouse BBMV was added to the reaction mixture neither Cry1Aa nor L371K toxins showed resistance to M. sexta gut juice proteases and were degraded. Since the whole Cry1Aa toxin and most of the domain II and domain III of L371K are protected from proteases in the presence of BBMV of the target insect, we suggest that the insertion of the toxin into the membrane is complex and involves all three domains.
La superficie de la toxina Cry1Aa, en el asa 2 del dominio II contiene expuesta la leucina 371, la cual fue modificada a lisina produciendo una mutante sensible a la tripsina, L371K. Esta mutante produce dos fragmentos de 37 y 26 kDa por acción de la tripsina que son separables por SDS-PAGE, pero que a la purificación por cromatografía líquida se mantienen como una sola molécula de 65 kDa. El fragmento grande contiene al dominio I y una parte del dominio II (aminoácidos 1 al 371). El polipéptido de 26 kDa contiene la parte restante del dominio II y dominio III (aminoácidos 372 al 609). Cuando la toxina mutante fue tratada con dosis altas de jugo intestinal de Manduca sexta, ambos fragmentos fueron degradados. Sin embargo, cuando fueron incubados en VMBC de M. sexta, el fragmento de 26 kDa fue protegido preferencialmente de las proteasas intestinales. Como se ha reportado, la toxina silvestre Cry1Aa también es protegida de la degradación de las proteasas cuando es incubada en VMBC de M. sexta. Sin embargo, cuando se adicionó VMBC de ratón a la mezcla de reacción, ni la toxina Cry1Aa ni la mutante L371K mostraron resistencia a las proteasas y fueron degradadas. Dado que la toxina completa de Cry1Aa y casi todo de los dominios II y III de L371K están protegidos de proteasas en presencia de VMBC del insecto, este estudio sugiere que la inserción de la toxina en la membrana involucra los tres dominios.
Sujets)
Bacillus thuringiensis/classification , Bacillus thuringiensis/physiologie , Bacillus thuringiensis/immunologie , Bacillus thuringiensis/métabolisme , Bacillus thuringiensis/composition chimique , Mutagenèse dirigée/statistiques et données numériques , Mutagenèse dirigée/instrumentation , Mutagenèse dirigée/méthodes , Mutagenèse dirigée/tendances , Mutagenèse dirigéeRésumé
The Andean weevil Premnotrypes vorax represents an important cause of damage to Colombian potato crops. Due to the impact of this plague on the economy of the country, we searched for new alternatives for its biological control, based on the entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis. A total of 300 B. thuringiensis strains obtained from potato plantations infested with P. vorax were analyzed through crystal morphology, SDS-PAGE, PCR and bioassays. We used site- directed mutagenesis to modify the Cry3Aa protein. Most of the B. thuringiensis isolates had a bipyramidal crystal morphology. SDS-PAGE analyses had seven strains groups with σ-endotoxins from 35 to 135 kDa. The genes cry 2 and cry 1 were significantly more frequent in the P. vorax habitat (PCR analyses). Three mutant toxins, 1 (D354E), 2 (R345A, ∆Y350, ∆Y351), and 3 (Q482A, S484A, R485A), were analyzed to assess their activity against P. vorax larvae. Toxicity was low, or absent, against P. vorax for isolates, wild type cry 3Aa and cry 3Aa mutants. The genetic characterization of the collection provides opportunities for the selection of strains to be tested in bioassays against other insect pests of agricultural importance, and for designing Cry proteins with improved insecticidal toxicity. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1235-1243. Epub 2009 December 01.
El gorgojo andino Premnotrypes vorax es una causa importante de daño en los cultivos colombianos de este tubérculo. Debido al impacto que esta plaga tiene sobre la economía del país, nos interesamos en buscar alternativas nuevas para el control biológico de P. vorax, basadas en la bacteria entomopatógena Bacillus thuringiensis. Se recolectaron un total de 300 cepas de B. thuringiensis a partir de plantaciones de papa infestadas con P. vorax, las cuales fueron analizadas por medio de la morfología del cristal, SDS-PAGE, PCR y ensayos biológicos. La mayoría de los aislamientos de B. thuringiensis presentaron cristales bipiramidales. Los análisis de SDS-PAGE indicaron la presencia de siete grupos de cepas con σ- endotoxinas que variaban entre 35 a 135 kDa. Las pruebas con PCR demostraron que los genes cry 2 y cry 1 fueron significativamente más frecuentes en el medioambiente de P. vorax. Además, se utilizó la mutagénesis sitio-dirigida para modificar la proteína Cry3Aa. Se analizaron tres toxinas mutantes, 1 (D354E), 2 (R345A, ∆Y350, ∆Y351), y 3 (Q482A, S484A, R485A), para determinar su actividad contra larvas de P. vorax. Los ensayos de toxicidad señalaron escasa, o nula, actividad hacia P. vorax tanto para las cepas, la toxina Cry3Aa de referencia y las proteínas Cry3Aa mutantes. La caracterización genética de la colección puede proveer oportunidades para la selección de cepas que pueden evaluarse por medio de bioensayos contra otros insectos-plaga de importancia agrícola, y para el diseño de proteínas Cry con actividad toxica mejorada.
Sujets)
Animaux , Bacillus thuringiensis/génétique , Protéines bactériennes/toxicité , Endotoxines/toxicité , Hémolysines/toxicité , Solanum tuberosum/parasitologie , Charançons/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Dosage biologique , Bacillus thuringiensis/composition chimique , Bacillus thuringiensis/métabolisme , Protéines bactériennes/isolement et purification , Électrophorèse sur gel de polyacrylamide , Endotoxines/isolement et purification , Hémolysines/isolement et purification , Mutagenèse dirigée , Lutte biologique contre les nuisibles , Réaction de polymérisation en chaîne , Charançons/microbiologieRésumé
The purpose of this work was to study the giant strong component (GSC) of B. thuringiensis metabolic network by structural and functional analysis. Based on so-called "bow tie" structure, we extracted and studied GSC with its functional significance. Global structural properties such as degree distribution and average path length were computed and indicated that the GSC is also a small-world and scale-free network. Furthermore, the GSC was decomposed and functional significant for metabolism of these divisions were investigated by comparing to KEGG metabolic pathways.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma análise estrutural e funcional do GSC (Giant Strong Component) da rede metabólica de Bacillus thurigiensis. Baseando-se na estrutura bow-tie, o GSC foi extraído e analisado quanto ao sue significado funcional. Propriedades estruturais globais tais como grau de distribuição e tamanho médio da via metabólica foram mensuradas, concluindo-se que o GSC é também uma rede small world e scalefree. Além disso, a rede GSC foi decomposta e as divisões com significância funcional no metabolismo foram comparadas às vias metabólicas KEGG.
Sujets)
Bacillus thuringiensis/métabolisme , Métabolisme , Méthodes , MéthodesRésumé
O principal fator larvicida do Bacillus sphaericus (Bsp) para culicídeos é a protoxina Bin, produzida sob a forma de um cristal, durante a esporulação. Quando ingerido pelas larvas o cristal é processado e a toxina Bin reconhece e liga-se a receptores específicos do epitélio intestinal. O receptor em Culex quinquefasciatus é uma alfa-glicosidase de 60 kDa, ligada à membrana intestinal por uma âncora GPI, denominado Cqm1. Larvas de Aedes aegypti são consideradas refratárias ao Bsp, pois a toxina Bin não reconhece receptores no microvilli intestinal. No entanto, a análise do genoma do Ae. aegypti, revelou a presença do gene aam1, que codificaria uma proteína ortóloga e com 83 por cento de similaridade ao receptor Cqm1. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi elucidar a base molecular da refratariedade do Ae. aegypti ao Bsp, determinada pela ausência de ligação da toxina Bin ao epitélio intestinal das larvas. Para tal, foi feita uma investigação da expressão da proteína Aam1 e do perfil de alfa-glicosidases de Ae. aegypti, tendo como referência o receptor Cqm1. Os resultados mostraram que larvas e adultos de Ae. aegypti expressam uma alfa-glicosidase de membrana de 70 kDa, reconhecida pelo anticorpo anti-Cqm1, e que provavelmente trata-se da proteína Aam1. Tal proteína é expressa no microvilli intestinal das larvas em níveis superiores à Cqm1, no entanto, não apresenta capacidade de ligação à toxina Bin. Em uma segunda etapa, a avaliação de proteínas Aam1 e Cqm1 recombinantes, produzidas em lisado de reticulócitos de coelho, mostrou que ambas não foram capazes de se ligar específicamente à toxina Bin. A falha na ligação da proteína Cqm1 à toxina Bin pode ser decorrente da ausência do processamento pós-traducional adequado neste sistema de expressão, indicando que certas modificações podem ser críticas para a sua funcionalidade. O tratamento da proteína Cqm1 nativa à temperatura de 100 °C aboliu a sua capacidade de ligação à toxina Bin, indicando que a conformação da proteína pode ser essencial para a sua funcionalidade. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que, apesar dos altos níveis de expressão da Aam1 nas larvas de Ae. aegypti, a proteína não é capaz de ligar-se à toxina Bin. Tal fato estar relacionado a outros fatores críticos para sua funcionalidade, tais como diferenças conformacionais e/ou modificações pós-traducionais que determinem o status de refratariedade do Ae. aegypti
Sujets)
Aedes , Bacillus thuringiensis/métabolisme , Lutte biologique contre les nuisibles , Protéines bactériennes/composition chimique , Toxines bactériennes/composition chimique , Toxines bactériennes/toxicité , Animaux , Culex/métabolisme , Récepteurs de surface cellulaireRésumé
The objective of this study is to determine the role of carbohydrates on the toxic effect of parasporal inclusion proteins isolated from Malaysian mosquitocidal Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains on erythrocytes (human and rat). Dose response analyses on the effect of these parasporal inclusions on human and rat erythrocytes suggest that toxin action is selective depending on bacterial strains and source of erythrocytes. Results from this study suggest Bt toxin is a lectin which recognizes specific plasma membrane glycoconjugate receptor(s) with a terminal residue of either D-mannose (Man), N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc), N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) or even a combination of these monosaccharides.
Sujets)
Animaux , Bacillus thuringiensis/métabolisme , Protéines bactériennes/métabolisme , Relation dose-effet des médicaments , Érythrocytes/microbiologie , Hémolyse , Humains , Lectines/métabolisme , Malaisie , Oses/métabolisme , Lutte biologique contre les nuisibles/méthodes , Rats , Microbiologie du sol , Spécificité d'espèce , Spores bactériens/métabolismeRésumé
O Bacillus thuringiensis svar. israelensis (Bti) é um importante entomopatógeno utilizado na produção de larvicidas para o controle do Aedes aegypti, vetor da dengue. A toxicidade do Bti está baseada no cristal, produzido durante a esporulação, que contém quatro protoxinas Cry11Aa (70 kDa), Cry4Aa (125 kDa), Cry4Ba (130 kDa) e Cyt1A (28 kDa). Sua ação ocorre através da ingestão dos cristais que são solubilizados no mesêntero, onde as protoxinas são liberadas e clivadas por serina-proteases em toxinas ativas que agem em sinergia no epitélio intestinal e provocam a morte das larvas. Apesar da alta seletividade do Bti, ainda não foi completamente elucidado como as toxinas Cry interagem com os receptores específicos presentes no epitélio das larvas. O objetivo principal do trabalho foi caracterizar, através de ensaios in vitro de natureza quantitativa, a capacidade de ligação de cada toxina Cry (4Aa, 4Ba e 11Aa) às preparações de microvilli intestinal (BBMF) de larvas de Ae. aegypti. Para tal, cada componente Cry foi produzido a partir de cepas recombinantes, Bt cepa 4Q2-81, para produção de biomassas. A atividade inseticida das biomassas para larvas do 3º/4º estádios foi determinada através de bioensaios e, outra parte da biomassa foi utilizada para a obtenção dos cristais. Os cristais contendo cada protoxina foram processados in vitro e uma amostra de cada uma delas foi marcada com iodo (I125). Para realizar os estudos de ligação foram feitas preparações BBMF, a partir de larvas do 3º/4º estádios. Os estudos da capacidade de ligação da toxina foram realizados através de ensaios de competição, de saturação e de cinética, através de incubações entre a toxina- I125 e preparações de BBMF, na ausência ou na presença de um competidor. (...) Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as toxinas Cry competem pelos mesmos sítios e partilham receptores presentes na BBMF. Em todos os casos estudados, a afinidade do complexo toxinareceptor não foi elevada, e não foi detectada sinergia entre as toxinas Cry para a ligação à BBMF. A ligação entre as toxinas-I125 e a BBMF é irreversível, e observou-se uma forte tendência à oligomerização nos três casos. Os resultados obtidos nesse trabalho sugerem que a toxicidade das toxinas Cry para larvas de Aedes está relacionada à etapa irreversível de ligação com os receptores, e não é caracterizada por um padrão elevado de afinidade do complexo toxina-receptor ...
Sujets)
Aedes/croissance et développement , Bacillus thuringiensis/métabolisme , Bacillus thuringiensis/pathogénicité , Animaux , Lutte biologique contre les nuisibles , Protéines bactériennes/composition chimique , Récepteurs de surface cellulaire , Toxines bactériennes/composition chimique , Toxines bactériennes/toxicitéRésumé
Bacillus thuringiensis produces d-endotoxins that require proteolytic processing to become active. The activation of the B. thuringiensis subsp. medellin 28 kDa (Cyt1Ab1) cytolytic toxin by trypsin, chymotrypsin and gut extract from Culex quinquefasciatus larvae was analyzed. The Cyt1Ab1 toxin of B. thuringiensis subsp. medellin was processed by all proteases tested to fragments between 23 and 25 kDa, while processing of the Cyt1Aa1 toxin produce fragments between 22.5 and 24.5 kDa. The Cyt1Ab1 toxin was preferentially processed at the alkaline pH of 12. The in vitro proteolytic processing of the Cyt1Ab1 toxin by C. quinquefasciatus larvae midgut extract showed a 25 kDa fragment; a similar result was observed when the activation was performed in the in vivo experiments. The solubilized Cyt1Ab1 toxin and the protease resistant cores generated by in vitro processing showed hemolytic activity but not mosquitocidal activity. Amino terminal sequence of the C. quinquefasciatus gut extract resistant fragment indicated that the cutting site was located between Lys31 and Asp32, with a sequence DDPNEKNNHNS; while for the trypsin-resistant fragment the cutting site was determined between Leu29 and Arg30, and for the chymotrypsin-resistant fragment between Arg30 and Lys31.
Sujets)
Animaux , Bacillus thuringiensis/métabolisme , Protéines bactériennes/métabolisme , Endotoxines/métabolisme , Techniques in vitro , Bacillus thuringiensis/composition chimique , Protéines bactériennes/composition chimique , Chymotrypsine/pharmacologie , Culex , Endotoxines/composition chimique , Érythrocytes/métabolisme , Concentration en ions d'hydrogène , Analyse de séquence de protéine , Ovis , Trypsine/pharmacologieRésumé
The development of the production and use of "Bacillus thuringiensis in Brazil at a commercial scale faces certain difficulties, among them the establishment of efficient methodologies for the quantification of toxic products to be commercialized. Presently, the amount of toxin is given in percentage by analyzing the samples total protein content. Such methodology however, does not measure the actual amount of active protein present in the product, since most strains express different endotoxin genes and might even produce b-toxin. Since the various types of toxins exhibit different antigenic characteritics, this work has objective the utilization of fast immunological techniques to quantify the level of crystal protein. Crystal protein produced by a subspecies of "Bacillus thuringiensis" var. "israelensis" was purified by ultracentrifugation and utilized to immunize rabbits and to produce hiperimmune sera. Such sera were latter used to evaluate the level of proteins on commercial bioinsecticide and on laboratory cultures of "B. thuringiensis" through the immunodot technique. The results were obtained by comparison of data obtained from reactions with known concentrations of crystal protein permitting to evaluate the level of such protein on various materials.
Sujets)
Bacillus thuringiensis/enzymologie , Bacillus thuringiensis/métabolisme , Techniques in vitro , Protéines bactériennes/analyse , MéthodesRésumé
Alkaline activation of the spores of crystalliferous (Cry+) and acrystalliferous (Cry-) strains of Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis; wild type B. cereus and its transcipient crystalliferous derivatives and wild type B. subtilis was studied. Also the effect of larval (Aedes aegypti) gut fluid on the activation of spores of these strains was studied. Only the spores of the crystal forming strains were found to be activated by 0.1 M K2CO3 (pH 10) and by the larval gut fluid. The process of alkaline activation was independent of whether crystals were present with the spores in the activation solution. This indicates that protoxin in the spore coat is responsible for the alkaline activation process and may have ecological implications for the organism.