Content Analysis of Rutin in the Leaves of Boehmeria nivea Harvested in Different Regions of South Korea by HPLC-UV

Phytochemical analysis of Boehmeria nivea (Bn) leaves by medium pressure liquid chromatography led to the isolation of a flavonoid glycoside identified by spectroscopic analysis as rutin. The amount of rutin in the leaves of Bn harvested from nine regions in South Korea (Bn 1–9) which were collected on the months of June, July, August, and September was determined by HPLC-UV analysis. A gradient elution program that utilizes a Discovery® C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 µm) column and mobile phase composed of 1% acetic acid-water: acetonitrile (90:10 to 60:40 for min) was followed. The injection volume and flow rate were 10 µl and 1 mL/ min, respectively. UV detection was set at 350 nm. Results show that Bn-8 harvested in September reported the highest content of rutin among the samples analyzed. This study provides a basis for the optimal harvest time of Bn which maximizes the yield of rutin.

Phytochemical Identification from Boehmeria nivea Leaves and Analysis of (-)-Loliolide by HPLC

Phytochemicals were isolated from leaves of the fiber crop, ramie (Boehmeria nivea, Bn), using open column chromatography and medium pressure liquid chromatography. Their structures were identified as β-sitosterol, (-)-loliolide, rutin, and pyrimidinedione by MS, ¹H-, and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopic analysis. Among them, (-)-loliolide was isolated for the first time from B. nivea. A content analysis of (-)-loliolide in B. nivea collected from different regions and harvest times was conducted by HPLC. The highest content of (-)-loliolide was found in Bn-23 harvested in September. These results will be helpful to use the plant which harvest in September as a high content phytochemical additive in food, health supplements, and medicinal products.

Quantitative Analysis of the Flavonoid Content in the Leaves of Boehmeria nivea and Related Commercial Products

Content analysis of flavonoids (epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, and rutin) present in the leaves of Boehmeria nivea (originating from Geumsan-myeon, Biin-myeon, Hansan-myeon, and Baeksu-eup) and their commercial products (ramie tteok, ramie songpyeon, ramie bory-tteok, and ramie tea) was conducted by HPLC. The content of epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, and rutin was highest in the leaves of B. nivea from Geumsanmyeon (0.138 mg/g), Baeksu-eup (1.654 mg/g) and Geumsan-myeon (12.205 mg/g), respectively. With respect to commercial products, the content of epicatechin and epicatechin gallate was highest in ramie tea, with concentrations of 1.879 and 1.090 mg/g, respectively. Given these flavonoid concentrations, B. nivea leaf extracts have the potential to be used as additives in natural medicinal products, health supplements, and beverages.

Pretreatment of ramie and kenaf stalk for bioethanol production / 生物工程学报

Ramie and kenaf were traditional fiber crops in China, but their stalk after decorticating has not been used effectively. The stalk contains a lot of cellulose, and can therefore be used for the production of bioethanol. We studied the effects of different chemical pretreatment on enzymatic digestibility of ramie stalk and kenaf stalk. Ramie and kenaf stalks pretreated with alkali were chosen to produce ethanol using quasi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (Q-SSF) process. The results show that for the stalks pretreated with 4% NaOH and 0.02% anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid sodium salt (AQSS) as catalyzer at 170 degrees C for 1 h, the ethanol concentration could reach 51 g/L after fermentation for 168 h at 18% of solid substrate concentration. By fed-batch to 20% of solid substrate concentration, the ethanol concentration could reach 63 g/L, 77% and 79% of the cellulose conversion could get for ramie stalk and kenaf stalk, respectively. For kenaf stalk pretreated with 5.2% NaHSO3 and 0.2% H2SO4 at 170 degrees C for 1 h, the ethanol concentration and cellulose conversion could reach to 65 g/L and 72%, respectively.

Chemical constituents from leaves of Boehmeria nivea / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the chemical constituents from the leaves of Boehmeria nivea.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The leaves were extracted by 95% EtOH at room temprature, the chemical leaves were isolated and purified by repeated silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and semipreparative HPLC, and their structures were identified by physical and chemical properties and spectroscpoic methods.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>One compound isolated from n-butanol fraction, four compounds were obtained from ethyl acetate fraction and three compounds from petroleum ether fraction. Their structures were elucidated as kiwiionoside (1), eugenyl beta-rutinoside (2), uracil (3), beta-sitosterol glucoside (4), 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzoic acid (5), cholesterol (6), alpha-amyrin (7). nonacosanol (8).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compounds 1-3, 5-8 were isolated from the genus Boehmeria for the first time.</p>

Chemical constituents of roots of Boehmeria nivea / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the chemical constituents from roots of Boehmeria nivea.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The constituents were isolated by repeated column chromatography and preparative liquid chromatography; and their structures were elucidated by chemical properties and spectroscopic analyses.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Seven compounds were isolated and their structures were identified as tormentic acid (1), hederagenin (2), maslinic acid (3), 2alpha-hydroxyursolic acid (4), trans-p-hydroxycinamic acid (5), 2,4,4'-trihydroxychalcone (6), rutin (7).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compounds 1-6 were obtained from this genus for the first time.</p>

Immunological evidence supporting the use of extracts from Boehmeria jamaicensis Urb for treating the common cold and sinus infections

Mixed lymphocyte responses assays were conducted at 25.0 and 250.0 microg/mL of the crude ethanolic extract of Boehmeria jamaicensis Urb (coded as BJE) using peripheral lymphocytes obtained from individuals suffering from the common cold after four days of infection and from healthy individuals (without the common cold infection). At a concentration of 25 ug/mL, gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) was increased by 24.03 fold and interleukin 4 (IL-4) by 1.71 fold for the cells obtained from individuals with the common cold (Group A). The extract suppressed IFN-gamma by 8.3% while IL-4 was stimulated by 9.90 fold from peripheral lymphocytes obtained from healthy individuals (Group B). Gamma interferon was suppressed at 250 microg/mL while IL-4 was elevated by 1.86 fold for cells obtained from individuals suffering from the common cold (Group A). In conclusion, BJE could have implications for the treatment of the common cold.

Ensayos de reacci¨®n linfocitaria mixta fueron realizados a 25.0 y 250.0 ¦Ìg/mL de extracto etan¨®lico crudo de Boehmeria jamaicensis Urb (codificado como BJE), usando linfocitos perif¨¦ricos obtenidos de individuos con catarro com¨²n luego de cuatro d¨ªas de infecci¨®n, y de individuos sanos (sin la infecci¨®n del catarro com¨²n). Se hall¨® que el interfer¨®n-gamma (IFN-¦Ã) aument¨® en 24.03 veces, y la interleucina 4 (IL-4) en 1.71 veces para las c¨¦lulas obtenidas de individuos con catarro com¨²n, a 25¦Ìg/mL. El extracto inhibi¨® IFN-¦Ã en un 8.3 % en tanto que el IL-4 fue estimulado en 9.90 veces a partirde los linfocitos perif¨¦ricos obtenidos de individuos sanos. El gamma-interfer¨®n fue inhibido a 250 ¦Ìg/mL, mientras que la IL-4 se elev¨® en 1.86 veces para las c¨¦lulas obtenidas de individuos que sufren de catarro com¨²n.

Concentração do pólen de Urticaceae na atmosfera de Caxias do Sul, RS, no período de 2001 a 2005 / Urticaceae pollen concentration in the atmosphere of Caxias do Sul, RS, in the period from 2001 to 2005

Objetivo: Este trabalho objetivou apresentar os resultados dos registros polínicos da família Urticaceae, durante o período de 1° de janeiro de 2001 a 31 de dezembro de 2005, e sua relação com os fatores meteorológicos. Método: O monitoramento polínico foi realizado utilizando-se o captador volumétrico de sucção modelo Burkard®, instalado no telhado do Hospital Geral da Universidade de Caxias do Sul, à altura de vinte metros aproximadamente. Resultados: A família Urticaceae apresenta plantas de porte arbustivo e herbáceo, e está representada na cidade de Caxias do Sul por cinco gêneros e sete espécies. Os grãos de pólen de Urticaceae considerados altamente alergênicos são liberados de forma explosiva na atmosfera, devido a seu pequeno tamanho e forma esferoidal. Durante o período de estudo as concentrações máximas registraram-se nos meses de outubro e novembro. O tipo polínico Urticaceae ficou em primeiro lugar no espectro polínico da cidade, representando 25,6% do total de grãos contabilizados. Conclusão: Do ponto de vista clínico, sendo o tipo polínico Urticaceae o mais representativo na atmosfera do município de Caxias do Sul, nos anos de 2001 a 2005, faz-se necessário realizar pesquisas utilizando extratos de pólen de espécies como Boehmeria Jacq e Urera Gaudich.

Detection of formaldehyde in textiles / 대한피부과학회지

Formaldehyde is contained in various everyday products such as shampoos, detergents, leathers and papers, and is thought to be one of the important couses of clothing related contact dermatitis(ACD). The results about the minimum sensitizing concentrations of formaldehyde were different, and the concentration of 30 pg per gram of textiles was the least one. We measured the quantity of formaldehyde in 16 different types of textiles which are widely used in Korea to investigate whether the textiles contain an enough amount of formaldehyde to induce ACD and washing can reduce the amount of it. The results were as follows : 1. The quantity of formaldehyde ranged from 3 to 1246 pg per gram of textiles. 2. Three types textiles contained more than 100pg of formaldehyde per gram of textiles and 6 between 50 pg and 100pg. 3. 1.00% cotton, ramie and rayon contained the highest content of formaldehyde per gram fabric. 4. After washing, the average quantity of formaldehyde decreased to 60% of that, of pre-wash measure.

Correlation between Artsrial and End Tidal Carbon Dioxide Pressure during General Anesthesia / 대한마취과학회지

To determine how closely end- tidal PCO2 measured by capnometer(Datex, Finland), a kind of infrared gas analyzer, reflects arterial PCO2(measured by Corning 175: U.S.A.) during general anesthegia, peak- tidal PCO2 and arterial were measured simultaneously. Thirty patients ranging between the age of 18 and 49, having no apparent abnomalities and having physical status class I by American Society of Anesthesiologist's classification-were seleted for the study. The anesthesia was induced with 2.5% pentothal sodium 4~5 mg/kg, succinylcholine 1mg/kg and incubated. The anesthesia was maintained with each 2 L/min gas flow of nitrous oxide, oxygenand 1 halothne. The patients were ventilated br anesthetic ventilator with tidal volume 8~10 ml/kg and ramie of 15 Per minute. The measurement of CO2 gas tension was performed 20 minutes after the induction when the patient's anesthetic conditions were stabilized. The CO2 gas ganlples were taken from mouth piece inserted between endotracheal adapter and circle breathing circuit, The arterial blood tramples were taken from the radial artery. There was a significant correlation between the end-tidol PCO2 and the arterial PCO2 in this series. The mean arterial PCO2 was 37.57+/-4.59 mmHg and the mean end tidal PCO2 was 23.73+/-5.78 mmHg. The mean difference between the arterial and the end tidal PCO2 was 6.53+/-2.23 mmHg. The correlation index between the two measurement was 0.8. In conclusion, the measurement of the end-tidal PCO2 by Datex Capnometer reflected the blood PCO2 and is convenient method of clinical use for its non invasiveness and continuous measurement of ventilatory status of patients under general anesthesia.

The Effect of Continuous Infusion of Vecuronium on Muscle Relaxation / 대한마취과학회지

In order to obtaine the constant, stable muscle relaxation, vecuronium was infused con-tinuously at fixed rate(0.06 mg/kg/hour) in 30 ASA class l & ll adult female Patients und-ergoing explorative laparatomy. All patients were premedlcated with Robinul 0.2 mg and hydroxyzine 1.5mg/kg IM 1 hour Prior to anesthesia. Starting infusion of vecuronium, anesthesia was induced with thiopental 5-6 mg/kg and vecuronium 0.08 mg/kg. Endotrach-eal intubatioo was Pperformed at 77~100% depresaion of twitch height monitored by train-of-four stimulation(2Hz) of the ulnar Nerve. Anesthesia was maintained with O2-N2O-enflurane. The patients were divided into three group: 1) Group l(n=10) : spontaneous recovery of neuromuscular block. 2) Group ll(n= 10) : reversed with neostigmine(0.02 mg/kg) at 25% twitch recovery after infusion stop. 3) Group lll(n= 10) : Reversed with same dose of neostigmine immediately after infus-ion Stop. The results were as follows ; 1) The onset times of 50% and 75-l00% twitch depression were average 122+/-23.72 sec. and 162+/-32.08 sec. respectively. 2) The neuromuscular response during infusion was well maintained less than 17% of control twitch height in all cases, and objeotive muscle relaxation was satisfactory. 3) The times of twice recovery from 25% to 75%(recovery index) were 27.9+/-13.02 min. in Group l, 8.6+/-4.44min. in Group ll, and 10.0+/-3.81min. in Group lll. Recovery index was shortened significantly in Group ll&lll compaired to Group I (p7.05) . 5) Tidal volume and end-tidal CO2 tension before extuhation were within normal range in three group. 6) Abilities of open-eyes, tongue Protrusion, and head-lift for 5 seconds at recovery room were confirmed In all cartes. In conolusion, this technique is not definite in routine use. It would, however, be possible to adapt this infusion ramie to apply in male Patient, in patient with liver or kidney disease, or in long-term respiratorr care at intesive care unit.