Real-time PCR quantification of 9 periodontal pathogens in saliva samples from periodontally healthy Korean young adults

PURPOSE: Few studies have examined periodontal pathogens from saliva samples in periodontally healthy young adults. The purposes of this study were to determine the prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria and to quantify periodontal pathogens in saliva samples using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays in periodontally healthy Korean young adults under 35 years of age. METHODS: Nine major periodontal pathogens were analyzed by real-time PCR in saliva from 94 periodontally healthy young adults. Quantification of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Campylobacter rectus, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and Eikenella corrodens was performed by DNA copy number measurement. RESULTS: F. nucleatum and E. corrodens were detected in all subjects; the numbers of positive samples were 87 (92.6%), 91 (96.8%), and 90 (95.7%) for P. gingivalis, P. anaerobius, and C. rectus, respectively. Other pathogens were also detected in periodontally healthy subjects. Analysis of DNA copy numbers revealed that the most abundant periodontal pathogen was F. nucleatum, which was significantly more prevalent than all other bacteria (P < 0.001), followed by P. anaerobius, P. gingivalis, E. corrodens, C. rectus, and T. denticola. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of each bacterium between men and women. The DNA copy number of total bacteria was significantly higher in men than in women. CONCLUSIONS: Major periodontal pathogens were prevalent in the saliva of periodontally healthy Korean young adults. Therefore, we suggest that the development of periodontal disease should not be overlooked in periodontally healthy young people, as it can arise due to periodontal pathogen imbalance and host susceptibility.

Effects of adjunctive daily phototherapy on chronic periodontitis: a randomized single-blind controlled trial

PURPOSE: The purpose of this randomized single-blind controlled trial was to elucidate the clinical and antimicrobial effects of daily phototherapy (PT) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients with chronic periodontitis. METHODS: The study was conducted from December 2013 to May 2014 at Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Korea. Forty-one patients with mild to moderate chronic periodontitis were randomly divided into two therapeutic groups in a 1:1 ratio: SRP+PT and SRP (control) groups. All participants underwent full-mouth SRP. PT was performed thrice a day for a month by using electric toothbrushes with embedded light-emitting diodes. Plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing were assessed before (baseline) and four weeks after (follow-up) the treatment. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus sobrinus levels were detected by a real-time polymerase chain reaction at the same points in time. RESULTS: The clinical parameters improved in both the groups. At the follow-up assessment, PPD was significantly decreased in the SRP+PT group (P=0.00). Further, PPD and CAL showed significantly greater changes in the SRP+PT group than in the SRP group (PPD, P=0.03; CAL, P=0.04). P. gingivalis and T. forsythia levels decreased in this group, but no significant intergroup differences were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Adjunctive PT seems to have clinical benefits, but evidence of its antimicrobial effects is not sufficient. Long-term studies are necessary to develop the most effective PT protocol and compare the effectiveness of PT with and without exogenous photosensitizers.

16S rRNA-based detection of oral pathogens in coronary atherosclerotic plaque.

Background: Atherosclerosis develops as a response of the vessel wall to injury. Chronic bacterial infections have been associated with an increased risk for atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. The ability of oral pathogens to colonize in coronary atheromatous plaque is well known. Aim: The aim of this study was to detect the presence of Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Campylobacter rectus in the subgingival and atherosclerotic plaques of patients with coronary artery disease. Materials and Methods: Fifty-one patients in the age group of 40-80 years with coronary artery disease were selected for the study. DNA was extracted from the plaque samples. The specific primers for T. denticola, C. rectus and P. gingivalis were used to amplify a part of the 16S rRNA gene by polymerase chain reaction. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square analysis, correlation coefficient and prevalence percentage of the microorganisms were carried out for the analysis. Results: Of the 51 patients, T. denticola, C. rectus and P. gingivalis were detected in 49.01%, 21.51% and 45.10% of the atherosclerotic plaque samples. Conclusions: Our study revealed the presence of bacterial DNA of the oral pathogenic microorganisms in coronary atherosclerotic plaques. The presence of the bacterial DNA in the coronary atherosclerotic plaques in significant proportion may suggest the possible relationship between periodontal bacterial infection and genesis of coronary atherosclerosis.

Identification of putative periodontal pathogens in Korean chronic periodontitis patients / 대한치주과학회지

PURPOSE: Specific bacteria are believed to play an important role in chronic periodontitis. Although extensive microbial analyses have been performed from subgingival plaque samples of periodontitis patients, systemic analysis of subingival microbiota has not been carried out in a Korean population so far. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of 29 putative periodontal pathogens in Korean chronic periodontitis patients and evaluate which pathogens are more associated with Korean chronic periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 86 subgingival plaque samples were taken from 15 chronic periodontits(CP) patients and 13 periodontally healthy subjects in Korea. CP samples were obtained from the deepest periodontal pocket (>3 mm probing depth[PD]) and the most shallow periodontal probing site (< or =3 mm PD) in anterior tooth and posterior tooth, respectively, of each patient. Samples in healthy subjects were obtained from 1 anterior tooth and 1 posterior tooth. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of subgingival plaque bacteria was performed. Detection frequencies(% prevalence) of 29 putative periodontal pathogens were investigated as bacterium-positive sites/total sites RESULTS: With the exception of Olsenella profuse and Prevotella nigrescens, the sites of diseased patients generally showed higher prevalence than the healthy sites of healthy subjects for all bacteria analyzed. Tanerella forsythensis (B.forsythus), Campylobacter rectus, Filifactor alocis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas endodontalis and Porphyromonas gingivalis were detected in more than 80% of sites with deep probing depths in CP patients. In comparison between the sites (deep or shallow PD) of CP patients and the healthy sites of healthy subjects, there was statistically significant difference(P <0.05) of prevalence in T.forsythensis (B.forsythus), C.rectus, Dialister invisus, F.alocis, P.gingivalis and Treponema denticola. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that the four putative periodontal pathogens, T.forsythensis (B.forsythus), C.rectus, P.gingivalis and F.alocis are closely related with CP patients in the Korean population.

Presença de periodonto patógenos em jovens e adultos da região Centro-Oeste/Norte do Brasil / Presence af periadantal pathagens in yaung and adults subjects from Central-West/Narth regians af Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presença de A. actinomycetemcomitans C, rectus, E corrodens P, gingivalis, e T. forshythia em 90 indivíduos .Entre estes.encontramos pacientes periodontalmente saudáveis(n= 14). com gengivite (n=29)ou periodontite(n=47). Amostras subgengivais foram coletadas e processadas por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR)A. presença bacteriana foi avaliada por ANOVA. t de Student e Wilcoxon.Verificou-se prevalência(p<0.05) de C rectus(92.8%).P gingivalis(7.1%).T[ forshythia(7.1%). E corrodens(7.0% )e A .actinomycetemcomitans(O.O%)para os indivíduos periodontalmente saudáveis. Nos indivíduos com gengivite,C rectus(96.5%), T forshythia(44.8%),E corrodens (28.0%).A. actinomycetemcomitans(14.0%) e P. gingivalis(10,3%).Para os indivíduos diagnosticados com periodontite,C rectus(97,8%),T forshythia(71.7%),E corrodens(41,0%)P.gingivalis(32.6%) e A. actinomycetemcomitans(30.0%).Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa para C. rectus em função do diagnóstico periodontal. todavia, P gingivalis, E.corrodens, T forshythia e A.actinomycetemcomitans foram mais prevalentes nos indivíduos diagnosticados com periodontite.Diante dos resultados apresentados. podemos concluir que C. rectus,foi a bactéria mais prevalente independente do diagnóstico periodontal. estando a freqüência de P. gingivalis E.corrodens, T forshythia e A.actinomycetemcomitans dependentes do diagnóstico de gengivite ou periodontite.

The detection of eight putative periodontal pathogens in adult and rapidly progressive periodontitis patients: an institutional study.

PURPOSE: Periodontal disease is a commonly prevalent problem faced alike by both the developed and third world countries but showing wide variations in prevalence and severity across different geographical areas. The purpose was to identify Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Ekinella corrodens (Ec), Campylobacter rectus (Cr), Bacteroides forsythus (Bf), Treponema denticola (Td) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) in Indian adult periodontitis and rapidly progressive periodontitis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Paper points were used to collect the sample from 28 sites in both adult periodontitis and rapidly progressive periodontitis (8 healthy/20 diseased sites) patients and DNA analysis done. The categorical data was analysed by Fishers exact test and difference in the clinical parameters was tested by Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: In healthy sites of adult and rapidly progressive periodontitis patients, Aa, Ec, Bf and Aa, Pg, Pi, Td, Fn were detected respectively. However, when diseased and healthy sites were compared in both adult periodontitis and rapidly progressive periodontitis patients respectively, only Pg( P =0.004), Cr( P =0.04), Fn( P =0.014) and Pg( P =0.002), Cr( P =0.02), Fn( P =0.008) were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of the microorganisms correlate with the clinical parameters like probing depth and bleeding on probing as seen in the Japanese and Western periodontitis patients' population.

Prevalence of putative periodontal microorganisms in Chinese patients with aggressive periodontitis / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the prevalence of putative periodontal microorganism in Chinese patients with aggressive periodontitis (AgP).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 72 subgingival plaque samples were collected from 55 AgP patients and 17 healthy subjects. Seven putative periodontal microorganisms including Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Tannerella forsythensis (Tf), Treponema denticola (Td), Campylobacter rectus (Cr), Prevotella intermedia (Pi) and Prevotella nigrescens (Pn) were detected by using 16S rRNA based polymerase chain reaction (PCR).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence of Aa in AgP patients was very low (1.8%), while Pg, Tf, Td and Cr were more frequently detected in AgP patients (prevalence: 81.8%, 83.6%, 80% and 81.8%) than in healthy controls (prevalence: 17.6%, 11.8%, 5.9%, 29.4%, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The prevalence of Pg, Tf, Td and Cr were very high in aggressive periodontitis patients, and the combination of these bacteria may play an important role in AgP.</p>

Microbial Composition and Pattern of Antibiotic Resistance in Subgingival Microbial Samples From Patients With Refractory Periodontitis / 대한치주과학회지

It is becoming increasingly apparent that periodontitis consists of mixture of diseases, most of which respond favorably to traditional mechanical therapy. Among these variants of the disease, some appear to be associated with unusual microbial infections and defective host defenses. Many of these fail to respond to conventional treatment. The recognition that some forms of periodontitis are refractory to standard periodontal therapy has given rise to a new classification of peridontitis. A series of 1692 subgingival microbial samples sent to a diagnostic microbiology laboratory included 738 samples that could be identified as compatible with a clinical diagnosis of refractory or recurrent periodontitis. In descending order of prevalence the associated microbiota included Bacteroides forsythus(85%),Fusobacterium species(78%), Spirochetes(67%), Campylobacter rectus(64%), Porphyromonas gingivalis(59%), Peptostreptococcus micros(58%), motile rods(46%), Prevotella intermedia(33%), Eikenella corrodens(13%), Capnocytophaga species(12%), and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans(6%). Antibiotic resistance to tetracycline, penicillin G, or metronidazole was particularly noticeable for Fusobacterium species, Capnocytophaga species, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. It was largely absent for Campylobacter rectus. No antibiotic data were obtained for Porphyromonas gingivalis or Bacteroides forsythus, as these species were detected by immunofluorescence. The results indicate that a substantial number of microorganisms associated with refractory periodontitis are variably resistant to commonly-used antibiotics. Diagnostic microbiology must be considered an essential adjunct to the therapist faced with periodontal lesions refractory to conventional treatment.