Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: Evaluation of main presentations on magnetic resonance imaging compared with findings on mammogram and histology / Carcinoma ductal in situ mamário: avaliação das principais apresentações à ressonância magnética em correlação com os achados da mamografia e histologia

SUMMARY Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the various morphologies and kinetic characteristics of the ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) on breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exam, to establish which are the most prevalent and to determine the effectiveness of the method in the detection of DCIS. Method: A prospective observational study, starting in May 2014. We evaluated 25 consecutive patients with suspicious or highly suspicious microcalcifications on mammography screening, BI-RADS categories 4 and 5, who underwent breast MRI and then surgery with proven diagnosis of pure DCIS. Surgery was considered the gold standard for correlation between histologic findings and radiological findings obtained on MRI. Results: The most frequent morphological characteristic of DCIS on MRI was non-mass-like enhancement (NMLE), p<0.001, observed in 22/25 (88%) patients (95CI 72.5-100). Of these, segmental distribution was the most prevalent, represented by 9/22 (40.91%) cases (95CI 17.4-64.4), p=0.306, and a clumped internal enhancement pattern was most commonly characterized in DCIS, observed in 13/22 (50.09%) cases. Conclusion: DCIS has a wide variety of imaging features on MRI and being able to recognize these lesions is crucial. Its most common morphological presentation is non-mass-like enhancement, while segmental distribution and a clumped internal enhancement pattern are the most common presentations. Faced with the combined analysis of these findings, percutaneous core needle biopsy (core biopsy) or vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB) should be encouraged.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar as várias morfologias e características cinéticas do carcinoma ductal in situ (CDIS) ao exame de ressonância magnética (RM) de mama, estabelecer as mais prevalentes e determinar a eficácia do método na detecção do CDIS. Método: estudo prospectivo e observacional, com início em 2011 e duração de 24 meses. Foram avaliadas 25 pacientes consecutivas que apresentaram microcalcificações suspeitas ou altamente suspeitas ao exame mamográfico de rastreamento, categorias 4 e 5 de BI-RADS, que realizaram RM mamária e, posteriormente, foram submetidas à cirurgia com resultado comprovado de CDIS puro. A cirurgia foi considerada padrão-ouro para correlação entre os resultados histológicos e os achados radiológicos obtidos à RM. Resultados: a característica morfológica do CDIS mais frequente à RM foi o realce não nodular (p<0,001), observada em 22/25 (88%) casos (IC 95% 72,5-100). Dentre estes, a distribuição segmentar foi a mais prevalente, representada por 9/22 (40,91%) casos (IC 95% 17,4-64,4), p=0,306, e o realce interno tipo clumped foi o padrão mais frequentemente caracterizado no CDIS, observado em 13/22 (50,09%) casos. Conclusão: o CDIS tem uma grande variedade de características imaginológicas à RM e é fundamental reconhecê-las. A apresentação morfológica mais comum é o realce não nodular, sendo a distribuição segmentar e o padrão interno de realce tipo clumped as apresentações mais frequentes. Diante da análise combinada desses achados, a biópsia percutânea por agulha grossa (core biopsy) ou assistida a vácuo (mamotomia) deve ser encorajada.

Distorsión de la arquitectura mamaria: la mejor forma de enfrentarla / Distorsion of breast architecture: the best way to confront it

Abstract: Objective. Assess the performance of digital 2D mammography and tomosynthesis in the characterisation of architectural breast distortion (ABD). Material and method. A retrospective study, approved by the Ethics Committee, was conducted on mammographic studies on cases with a diagnosis of ABD selected from August 2015-August 2016. Cases with imaging modalities available on PACS were included: digital mammography (2D), tomosynthesis (TS), ultrasound (US), magnetic resonance (MR), and with biopsy performed at our institution. ABD cases associated with micro-calcifications and post-surgical changes were excluded. Detection rates and imaging characteristics were analysed, as well as the histopathological concordance. Results. A total of 81 cases of ABD without microcalcifications were detected on the mammographs, but only 52 met the inclusion criteria. According to histopathology, 23 (44%) were malignant, 17 (33%) were benign, and 12 (23%) were high-risk lesions. All were detected by TS and US, and classified as suspicious lesions (BI-RADS 4 or 5). In 2D mammography, 24 cases (46%) were not seen and 8 (33%) of these were malignant. Malignant lesions showed dense centres in 87% of cases. The most frequent lesion on ultrasound was a hypoechogenic area (60%) in 86% of lesions with penetrating vessels. A total of 21 MRI were performed, with mass enhancement being identified in all of them. Conclusion. ABD is better displayed in TS than 2D mammography. Despite its characteristics, histological examination is essential (even when a radiolucent centre is observed). Focused US should be the next procedure to follow, since it allows to visualize the lesion to be visualised, and can direct the percutaneous biopsy in most cases.

Resumen: Objetivo. Determinar en qué método de imagen se logra visualizar y caracterizar mejor una distorsión de la arquitectura mamaria (DAM). Material y método. Estudio retrospectivo, aprobado por el Comité de Ética. Se seleccionaron los estudios mamográficos con diagnóstico de DAM en nuestro servicio entre agosto de 2015 y agosto de 2016. Se incluyeron casos estudiados con al menos 3 de las modalidades de imágenes disponibles en PACS: mamografía digital (2D), tomosíntesis (TS), ecografía (US), resonancia (RM) y que fueron biopsiados en nuestra institución. Se excluyeron casos de DAM asociadas con microcalcificaciones y cambios posquirúrgicos. Se evaluaron la tasa de detección, las características imagenológicas y la concordancia histopatológica. Resultados. En 15 meses se detectaron 81 casos de DAM en mamografía; de estos, 52 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Según la histopatología, 23 (44%) resultaron malignas, 17 (33%) benignas y 12 (23%) lesiones de alto riesgo (LAR). Todas fueron detectadas por TS y US, clasificadas como lesiones sospechosas (BI-RADS 4 o 5). En mamografía 2D, 24 casos (46%) quedaron ocultos, y de estos, 8 (33%) resultaron malignos. Las lesiones malignas presentaron centro denso en el 87% de los casos. La lesión más frecuente en ecografía fue el área hipoecogénica (60%), en el 86% de las lesiones con vasos penetrantes. Se contó con 21 RM, identificándose captación tipo masa en las patologías malignas. Conclusión. La DAM es mejor visualizada en TS que en mamografía 2D. Pese a sus características, un estudio histológico es indispensable (incluso al observar un centro radiolúcido). El US dirigido es el paso a seguir, ya que permite visualizar la lesión y dirigir su biopsia percutánea en la mayoría de los casos.

Ductographic Findings of Breast Cancer

Ductography has become the gold standard for the evaluation of patients exhibiting pathologic nipple discharges. In nine patients (age range, 29-67 years; median age, 51 years) with invasive (n=5) or intraductal (n=4) cancer, ductographic findings were recorded, then correlated with mammographic and sonographic findings. Common ductographic findings included complete ductal obstruction, multiple irregular filling defects in the nondilated peripheral ducts, ductal wall irregularities, periductal contrast extravasation, and ductal displacement. Faint microcalcifications or ill-defined masses, which were not opacified by contrast material, were often discovered adjacent to ductal abnormalities. Mammographically and sonographically occult diffusely spreading intraductal cancers often manifested as pathologic nipple discharge. In such cases, meticulous ductographic examinations and interpretations were crucial in order not to miss breast cancers.

Metastatic tumors in the sellar and parasellar regions: clinical review of four cases

Metastatic tumors in the sellar and parasellar regions are uncommon and rarely detected in clinical practice. We present four cases of sellar and parasellar metastatic tumors, which metastasized from distant organ in one case and extended directly from adjacent structures in three. Common presenting symptoms were cranial neuropathies, headache and facial pain. Invasion into the cavernous sinus was noted in all cases. We report rare cases of sellar and parasellar metastases. Also, we should consider the possibility of metastasis in these regions for patients who showed the above clinical presentations in systemic cancer patients. In extensive diseases, transient symptomatic relief could be obtained by direct surgical management, even in restricted degree.