Las lesiones traumato-ortopédicas de Jesucristo, según el Sudario de Turín / Traumato-orthopedic injuries of Jesus Christ according to the Shroud of Turin

Introducción: El Sudario de Turín es un paño de lino que supuestamente cubrió el cadáver de Jesucristo. Posee marcas de un hombre muerto, flagelado, coronado de espinas, al que le traspasaron un objeto cortante en el lado izquierdo del tórax y fue crucificado. Es uno de los objetos más estudiados de la historia. Objetivo: Describir las lesiones traumato-ortopédicas sufridas por el hombre del Sudario de Turín en su condenación y crucifixión. Métodos: Utilizamos doce artículos de las bases de datos: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs, Scielo. En la búsqueda se emplearon las palabras en inglés: "injuries" y "Turin Shroud". Se añadieron siete artículos centinela y tres libros de estudios relacionados con el Sudario de Turín. Los materiales utilizados fueron publicados antes del 30 de junio de 2018. La búsqueda no tuvo restricciones en cuanto a contenidos, fechas e idiomas de publicación. Resultados: Los principales hallazgos fueron lesiones en la cabeza derivadas de una corona de espinas; miosis, enoftalmia y ptosis palpebral, causadas por lesión del plexo braquial; la luxación en el hombro derecho, debido a un trauma violento; perforación en el tórax, por la penetración de una lanza, y lesiones perforadas en puños y pies por la colocación de los clavos. Conclusiones: Se han descrito lesiones en la cabeza (corona de espinas, cartílago nasal y maxilofacial), en el cuello y en los miembros superiores (plexo braquial, luxación de hombro, lesión del nervio mediano y / o ulnar y perforación en los puños), en el tórax (perforación por lanza y las excoriaciones), en el abdomen (excoriaciones), en los miembros inferiores (articular, trauma de patela, luxación de tobillo y perforación en los pies). Algunas hipótesis sobre las lesiones descritas deben ser mejor elucidadas en futuros trabajos de investigación(AU)

Introduction: The Shroud of Turin is a linen cloth that is said to be the burial cloth of Jesus. This shroud has marks of a dead man, flagellated, crowned with thorns, who was pierced by a sharp object on the left side of his chest and was crucified. It is one of the most studied objects in history. Objective: To describe the traumatic-orthopedic injuries suffered by the man in Shroud of Turin in his condemnation and crucifixion. Methods: We used twelve articles from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs, Scielo databases. We used keywords such as "Injuries" and "Turin Shroud". Seven sentinel articles and three study books related to the Shroud of Turin were added. The materials used were published before June 30, 2018. The search was not restricted in terms of content, dates or languages of publication. Results: The main findings were head injuries derived from a crown of thorns; miosis, enophthalmia and palpebral ptosis, caused by a brachial plexus injury; the dislocation in his right shoulder, due to violent trauma; perforation in the thorax, due to the penetration of a spear and perforated injuries in his fists and feet by the placement of the nails. Conclusions: Injuries to the head (crown of spines, nasal and maxillofacial cartilage), neck and upper limbs (brachial plexus, shoulder dislocation, median and / or ulnar nerve injury and puncture in the fists) have been described. The thorax (perforation by spear and excoriations), in the abdomen (excoriations), in the lower limbs (articular, patella trauma, ankle dislocation and perforation in the feet). Some hypotheses about the lesions described should be better elucidated in future research(AU)

Un enigma llamado Agostino Gemelli: catolicismo, fascismo y psicoanálisis en la Italia de entreguerras / An enigma named Agostino Gemelli: Catholicism, fascism and psychoanalysis in Italy during the inter-war period

Resumen El padre franciscano Agostino Gemelli jugó importante rol en la articulación entre el mundo católico y el fascismo en la Italia de entreguerras. Gemelli fue también una figura central de la psicología italiana, especialmente durante las décadas de 1930 y 1940. El artículo enfoca sus estrategias de construcción profesional, con especial atención, la manera en que su vinculación con el poder político y eclesiástico permitió su creciente relevancia dentro de la psicología italiana. Tomando como ejemplo la vinculación de Gemelli con el psicoanálisis, se subraya la tensión entre su relativa apertura y su compromiso con ideologías e instituciones autoritarias y dogmáticas.

Abstract The Franciscan friar Agostino Gemelli has been the subject of much research and debate. This is due to his important political profile and, above all, to the role he played in mediating between the Catholic world and fascism in Italy during the inter-war period. Gemelli was also a central figure in Italian psychology, especially during the 1930s and 1940s. This article is structured to focus in particular on the way that his connections with political and ecclesiastic powers allowed him to become increasingly significant within Italian psychology. Using the example of Gemelli’s relationship with psychoanalysis, this study highlights the tension between his relatively open-minded stance and his links to authoritarian, dogmatic ideologies and institutions.

A clausura enferma: petições para a saída do Convento da Ajuda no Rio de Janeiro para tratamento de doenças contagiosas, c. 1750-1780 / Disease in the cloisters: requests to leave Convento da Ajuda, Rio de Janeiro, for the treatment of contagious diseases, c. 1750-1780

Resumo O artigo discute os pedidos de freiras do Convento da Ajuda para deixar a clausura a fim de curar doenças contagiosas. O padecimento dessas doenças era considerado uma das poucas exceções para permitir a saída das freiras. As ordens femininas guardavam estritamente a clausura, condição necessária para manter o recato de virgens consagradas a Cristo. A documentação contém detalhes sobre as causas e as formas de transmissão das doenças, bem como sobre os tipos de tratamento para combatê-las. Por fim, os processos esclarecem os procedimentos adotados fora da clausura para as freiras não colocarem em risco o recolhimento e a honra, quando iam buscar em locais distantes o tratamento adequado para aquelas doenças.

Abstract This article discusses the requests submitted by nuns from Convento da Ajuda (Ajuda Convent) to leave their life of enclosure to receive treatment for contagious diseases. Disease was one of the few cases in which nuns were granted permission to leave. The female orders were strictly cloistered in order to preserve their purity as virgins consecrated to Christ. Extant documents detail the causes of the diseases, the ways they were transmitted, and the treatments used to fight them. These processes shed light on the procedures adopted outside the cloisters so that the nuns did not jeopardize their reclusion and honor when they went to distant places in search of treatment.

Santa Casa de Misericórdia e as políticas higienistas em Belém do Pará no final do século XIX / Santa Casa de Misericórdia and hygienist policies in Belém do Pará in the late nineteenth century

O artigo analisa a relação entre as políticas higienistas que vigoraram na cidade de Belém ao final do século XIX e a expansão das atividades da Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Pará. Considerada uma das primeiras instituições hospitalares da então Província do Grão-Pará, a Irmandade, além de seu hospital próprio, administrou diversos outros estabelecimentos de saúde na capital. O estudo de seu deslocamento físico permite o "desenho" de três núcleos da Saúde em Belém: Pioneiro, de Expansão e da Santa Casa, que reforçam os vetores de crescimento da cidade. A expansão de suas atividades se configura como ampliação da Misericórdia para atender os desvalidos e enfermos, que precede a instauração de um sistema de saúde pública no Pará.

The article analyzes the relationship between hygienist policies in effect in Belém in the late nineteenth century and the expansion of activities of the Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Pará. Considered one of the first hospital institutions in the former Grão-Pará Province, in addition to its own hospital, the Brotherhood administered several other health facilities in the capital, and the study of its physical displacement made it possible to "map" three health centers in Belém: Pioneer, Expansion and the Santa Casa, which reinforce the growth vectors of the city. The expansion of its activities is configured as the expansion of the Santa Casa de Misericórdia to serve the underprivileged and sick, preceding the establishment of a public health system in Pará.

The "Capella Stenoniana" in Florence: The Tomb of Blessed Niels Stensen (1638-1686) / La "Capilla Stenoniana" en Florencia: la tumba del Beato Niels Stensen (Nicolás Stenon) (1638-1686)

The "Capella Stenoniana" (Niels Stensen chapel) situated in the Basilica of San Lorenzo in Florence is the tomb of the anatomist and founder of modern geology Niels Stensen (1638-1686). It displays commemorative plaques and contains a sarcophagus with Stensen's mortal remains. The tomb of Blessed Stensen, whose canonization process is under way, is always covered with papers with requests for intercession, prayers and thanks written by pilgrims from throughout the world, among them pupils, students, professors and other academics. They come to the tomb to seek Stensen's intercession to obtain God's graces.

La "Capella Stenoniana" (Capilla Stenoniana) situada en la Basílica de San Lorenzo en Florencia, es la tumba del anatomista y fundador de la geología moderna Niels Stensen (1638-1686). Muestra placas conmemorativas y contiene un sarcófago con sus restos mortales. La tumba del Beato Stensen, cuyo proceso de canonización está en marcha, siempre está cubierta con oraciones y agradecimientos, escritos por fieles de todo el mundo, entre ellos alumnos, estudiantes, profesores y otros académicos. Llegan a la tumba a buscar la intercesión de Stensen para obtener la gracia de Dios.

A abordagem historiográfica dos séculos XIX e XX sobre a atuação de médicos e boticários jesuítas na América platina no século XVIII / The historiographical approach taken in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to the work of Jesuit doctors and apothecaries in the a Plata region in the eighteenth century

Analisam-se as posições de Pedro Arata, Moisés Santiago Bertoni, Carlos Leonhardt e Guillermo Furlong no debate sobre o papel da Companhia de Jesus na introdução e no desenvolvimento das ciências na América platina. Escritas entre 1890 e fins de 1950, as obras desses autores tanto analisam o conhecimento médico, farmacêutico e botânico dos missionários jesuítas nos séculos XVII e XVIII quanto avaliam a contribuição da Companhia para o pensamento científico nos países de colonização ibérica. Suas posições antecipam o debate historiográfico sobre o reacionarismo da ordem jesuíta e as reflexões sobre a contribuição dos saberes indígenas sobre a farmacopeia americana para o conhecimento que os missionários levaram aos continentes em que atuaram.

The positions of Pedro Arata, Moisés Santiago Bertoni, Carlos Leonhardt and Guillermo Furlong in the debate about the role of the Society of Jesus in the introduction and development of science in the La Plata region are investigated. Written between 1890 and the late 1950s, these authors’ works not only analyze the medical, pharmaceutical and botanical knowledge of the Jesuit missionaries in the 1600s and 1700s, but also evaluate their contribution to scientific thinking in the countries colonized by Spain and Portugal. Their positions foretaste the historiographical debate about the reactionary nature of the Jesuit order and reflections about the contribution made by indigenous knowledge of American pharmacopeia to the knowledge the missionaries took to the continents where they were active.

Petrus Hispanus, médico medieval, elegido Papa con el nombre de Juan XXI: Bosquejo de la medicina en la Edad Media / Petrus Hispanus, medieval physician elected as Pope named John XXI: Sketck of medicine in the Middle Age

The Pope John XXI, named Pedro Rebuli Guiliani, was born in Lisbon, Portugal, around 1215. Known as Petrus Hispanus, Master Jullian, Peter of Spain, among other names. Besides medical studies, he studied Theology , Aristotelic Physics and Metaphysics at the University of Paris. He was named Professor of Medicine and Ophthalmology at the University of Sienna in 1247. In addition to several works about medicine, logic, and phylosophy, he authored the Tesaurus Pauperum ("Treasure of the Poor"), a prescription handbook of home-made, simple and cheap remedies. He was archbishop of Braga and Cardinal in 1272 and 1273, respectively. Elected Pope in 1276, he died tragically on May 20, 1277. Precedes this article a sketch of Medieval Medicine with emphasis on the XII and XIII centuries.

El Papa Juan XXI, de nombre Pedro Rebuli Giuliani, nacido en Lisboa, Portugal, alrededor de 1215, conocido como Petrus Hispanus, Maestro Julián, Pedro de España y otros nombres; junto con los estudios médicos, realizó los de teología, física aristotélica y metafísica en la Universidad de París. Nombrado Profesor de Medicina y Oftalmología en la Universidad de Siena en 1247. Además de diversos escritos sobre medicina, lógica y filosofía, fue autor del Tesaurus Pauperum ("El Tesoro de los Pobres"), recetario con medicamentos simples y baratos, de uso casero. Fue arzobispo de Braga y Cardenal en 1272 y 1273, respectivamente. Elegido Papa en 1276, falleció trágicamente el 20 de mayo de 1277. Precede a este escrito un boceto sobre Medicina Medieval, con acento en los siglos XII y XIII.

Las estadísticas de salud no nacen de un repollo: jesuitas, aritméticas políticas, estigmergias y oligópticos / Health statistics aren't born in a cabbage patch: jesuits, political arithmetic, stigmergy and oligopticons

A partir de un análisis del contenido y la red productora de un mapa de 1751, elaborado por la misión circular de los jesuitas en Chiloé (archipiélago ubicado en la costa austral chilena), que contiene cifras de nacimientos, defunciones y habitantes, este artículo discute el rol de las estadísticas de salud, en diferentes registros: históricos, filosóficos, técnicos y sociológicos. De este modo, se busca comprender la génesis de un proceso de producción de cifras y referencias, para debatir de qué están hechas las estadísticas de salud, qué roles cumplen, sus vínculos con la construcción de colectivos y las condiciones de posibilidad de producciones diferentes. Tratamos de ensayar algunas hipótesis que muestran las estadísticas como articulación híbrida de elementos de índole muy diversa: epistemológicos, biopolíticos, históricos y filosóficos, reconociendo en ellos facetas religiosas y demográficas, ontológicas y étnicas, científicas y de gobierno.

By analyzing the content and network of production of a map from 1751, created by the circular mission of the Jesuits in Chiloé (an archipelago located off the southern coast of Chile), that contains birth, death and population data, this article discusses the role that health statistics play historically, philosophically, technically and sociologically. In doing so, the article seeks to comprehend the genesis of a process of production of data and references in order to debate what health statistics are composed of, what ends they are used for, what their connection is to the formation of collectives and the differential conditions of possibility that exist for producing statistics. We attempt to develop hypotheses that demonstrate statistics as a hybrid articulation between diverse elements, epistemological, biopolitical, historical and philosophical in nature, with facets at once religious and demographic, ontological and ethnic, scientific and governmental.

O imaginário religioso de pacientes de hanseníase: um estudo comparativo entre ex-internos dos asilos de São Paulo e atuais portadores de hanseníase / The religious imaginary of Hansen's disease patients: a comparative study of former inmates of the asylums of São Paulo and current Hansen's disease patients

Analisa a religiosidade de pacientes portadores de hanseníase que viveram dois períodos distintos da história do tratamento dos doentes: o do internamento em asilos e o da prática atual. Dez entrevistas semiestruturadas focalizaram saúde, religião e hanseníase, abordando os meios de enfrentamento religioso nos dois grupos. No grupo de ex-internos, constatou-se a presença da religião institucionalizada, que atendia aos propósitos de vigilância e da terapêutica isolacionista. Os atuais portadores de hanseníase ainda sentem o peso do estigma da 'lepra' em determinadas situações. Foram aplicados também cinco questionários a profissionais de saúde do DHDS, que apresentam suas considerações sobre a religião do paciente e o tratamento.

The article analyzes the religiosity of Hansen's disease patients who lived during two distinct treatment periods of the sick: that of internment in asylums and the current practice. Ten semi-structured interviews focused on health, religion and Hansen's disease, broaching the ways the two groups faced religion. In the former inmate group, the presence of institutionalized religion was noted, which served the purposes of vigilance and isolationist therapeutics. Present day Hansen's disease patients still feel the stigmatic weight of 'leprosy" in certain situations. Five questionnaires were also given to DHDS health professionals, who presented their considerations concerning the patient's religion and the treatment.

La medicina y los muertos en Lima: conflictos sobre la reforma de los entierros y el significado de la piedad católica, 1808-1850 / The medicine and the deads in Lima: conflicts about the reform of the burials and the meaning of the catholic mercy, 1808-1850

Em mayo de 1808, médicos criollos, autoridades eclesiásticas y oficiales del gobierno irrupieron en nombre de la salud pública, como nunca se había hecho antes, en las prácticas religiosas y en la vida ritual de la cultural y éticamente diversa población de Lima. Citando una serie de decretos reales emitidos en Madrid y que no eran cumplidos en Lima, y una creciente y novedosa literatura médica sobre los riesgos de continuar permitiendo los entierros al interior de las iglesias, las autoridades virreinales construyeron un cemiterio público en los extramuros de la ciudad de Lima. Más aún, demandaron que las prácticas funerarias y los entierros acataran estríctas pautas que fueron acordes con la higiene pública.

Diecinueve parroquías: planificación familiar católica en el Perú, 1967-1976 / Nineteen parishes: catholic familiar planning in Peru, 1967-1976

El presente texto desarrolla dos argumentos centrales. Primero, la provisión de anticonceptivos orales fue una solución original que permitió armonizar la doutrina católica con la vez más popular convicción de que el control de la natalidad era un asunto de justicia social. Segundo, el programa desarrollado por la Iglesia católica peruana incluyó aspectos educacionales, la promoción del concepto de paternidad responsable y la participación de la familia y la comunidad, en gran medida, por la poca voluntad de los líderes católicos de dejar el control de la natalidad enteramente en manos de las mujeres.

Médicos e padres: maternidade e representações dos papéis sociais da mulher (1860-1870) / Doctors and priests: maternity and representations of the social roles of woman (1860-1870)

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo investigar as representações femininas produzidas pela Igreja Católica em dois jornais – A Cruz e O Apóstolo – que circularam no Rio de Janeiro nas décadas de 1860 e 1870. Nesse contexto, o discurso católico proclamava a necessidadede reformar a sociedade brasileira e, para isso, elegeu a mulher – a partir da valorização da maternidade – como principal agente dessa transformação. A partir do interesse em comum de reforma social e afirmação da maternidade como papel social da mulher, destacamos e analisamos pontos de convergência e divergência entre o discurso católico e o discurso médico-científico. No quadro da produção de novas representações de comportamento moral e social da mulher, destacamos o processo de construção do duplo significado da maternidade, ora privilegiada a partir da dimensão de sua função religioso-moral por parte dos padres, ora tratada como função higiênico-social por parte dos médicos, porém compreendida por ambos como função moral e social da mulher.

This thesis aims at investigating the feminine representation produced by the Catholic Church in two newspapers – A Cruz and O Apóstolo – which circulated in Rio de Janeiro in the 1860’s and 1870’s decades. In that context, the catholic speech proclaimed the necessity of modifying the Brazilian society and therefore elected the woman – based on the motherhoodvaluation – as the leading agent of this modification. From the common interest of social reformation and the motherhood reinforcement as social woman’s role, it is possible to emphasize and analyze points of convergence and divergence between the catholic speech and the medical-scientific speech. In the production of the recent moral and social behaviorrepresentations of the woman, we highlight the double meaning construction of the motherhood process, at times being privileged because of the dimension of its religious-moral function by the priests, at times being considered as hygienic-social function by the doctors, being however comprehended by both sides as the moral and social functions of the woman.