Effect of drying methods on the powder and compaction properties of microcrystalline cellulose derived from Gossypium herbaceum

The effect of drying method, a process variable, on the powder and compaction properties of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) obtained from the partial acid hydrolysis of bleached alpha (α) cellulose content of matured linters of Gossypium herbaceum (GH) was investigated. A portion of the wet MCC obtained was fluid bed dried at 60 ± 1 ºC, inlet air of 30 m3 min-1 for 3 h (coded MCC-GossF). The second portion was lyophilized at - 45 ± 2 ºC for 6 h (coded MCC-GossL). The physicochemical, scanning electron micrographs, X ray diffraction patterns and micromeritic properties of the derived MCCs were determined using standard methods. The cohesiveness and compactibility of the powders were investigated using Kawakita model while the deformation and compressibility pattern were determined using Heckel model. Avicel® PH 102 (AV-102) was used as comparing standard. Ash values of < 2%, pH (6.54 ± 0.23 to 6.58 ± 0.08), degree of polymerization, DP (231.50) was obtained. MCC-GossF had higher moisture content, swellability, better flow indices, and lesser porosity than MCC-GossL. Kawakita model demonstrated good consolidation and compactibility for both powders. Compacts of MCC-GossL were significantly (p < 0.05) harder than those of MCC-GossF. Heckel analysis demonstrated good compressibility and deformation pattern that was comparable with AV-102. Compacts of MCC-GossL had better mechanical and tablet compression properties than MCC-GossF

¿Son las cenizas volcánicas un riesgo para la salud respiratoria?: revisión a propósito de la erupción del cordón del Caulle en junio de 2011 / Are volcanic ashes a risk for the respiratory health?: a review apropos of volcanic eruption of cord of Caulle, Chile in june 2011

Chile is a volcanic country with over 500 active volcanoes. Mounts Llaima and Villarrica are among the four most active volcanoes in South America. Activation or reactivation of a volcano is an unpredictable phenomenon and its impact can be catastrophic. Volcanic eruptions can trigger a variety of hazardous events, such as explosions, pyroclastic flows, mudflows, acid rain, climatic effects, among others. The impact of a volcanic eruption on human health depends on the type of eruption at which inhabitants have been exposed, the duration of this exposure and the previous health conditions of the exposed people. Some of these effects on human health are well known, such as burns, trauma, and respiratory disorders. In acute as well as in long term exposure, some of the respiratory health effects are still a matter of controversy and research on the mechanisms involved. Among the main adverse effects described in the respiratory tract are bronchoconstriction, amplification of the inflammatory response, complement disorders, silicosis and carcinogenesis. Considering the recent volcano eruptions of mount Chaitén (2008) and the cord of Caulle (2011) located in the south of Chile, we reviewed the deleterious effects of volcanic eruptions on human health and specifically on the respiratory system. Throughout this review we enclosed a number of recommendations, hopefully they will be useful in facing new volcanic eruptions in our country and everywhere.

Chile es un país volcánico con más de 500 volcanes activos. Los volcanes Llaima y Villarica están entre los cuatro más activos de Sudamérica. La activación o reactivación de un volcán es un fenómeno impredecible y su impacto puede llegar a ser catastrófico. Las erupciones volcánicas contemplan diversas manifestaciones, tales como explosiones, flujos piroclásticos, flujos de lodo, lluvia ácida, efectos climatológicos, entre otros. El impacto sobre la salud humana depende del tipo de manifestación a la que haya sido expuesta una determinada población, la duración de esta y las condiciones de salud previas a la exposición. Algunos de estos efectos son ampliamente conocidos, como quemaduras, traumatismos y alteraciones del sistema respiratorio. Siendo algunas de estas últimas aun motivo de controversia e investigación, tanto en sus efectos agudos y a largo plazo como en sus mecanismos. Dentro de las principales alteraciones descritas en el sistema respiratorio se encuentran la broncoconstricción, amplificación de la respuesta inflamatoria, alteraciones del complemento, silicosis y carcinogénesis. Considerando las recientes erupciones volcánicas registradas en el sur de Chile: Volcán Chaitén (2008) y el cordón del Caulle (2011), hemos realizado una revisión de los efectos deletéreos de éstas sobre la salud humana y específicamente sobre el sistema respiratorio. Esperamos que esta revisión y la serie de recomendaciones incluidas en ella, sean de utilidad ante una nueva erupción volcánica en Chile y en cualquier otro país.