A Randomized, Open Label, Multicentre Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Cough Mixture CS1 (Pholcodeine and Promethazine - Tixylix) Versus CS2 (Noscapine, Ammonium Chloride, Sodium Citrate) in Treatment of Children with Dry Cough.

The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of cough mixture containing pholcodeine and promethazine - Tixylix (CS1) to a cough mixture which has noscapine, ammonium chloride, and sodium citrate (CS2) as its constituents in treatment of children suffering from dry cough. A total of 208 patients were enrolled at 4 sites. Of these, 179 (94 receiving CS1 and 99 receiving CS2) completed the study. Results of this study suggest that both the cough mixtures were comparable as per evaluation of their primary parameters. According to global assessment for efficacy and tolerability by parents on Day 7, Group CS1 performed better than CS2. It was also observed that no AE was reported in Group CS1 as compared to 2 AEs in Group CS2. To conclude, cough mixture combination of pholcodeine and promethazine - Tixylix exhibited efficacy and safety that was comparable with cough mixture which has noscapine, ammonium chloride, and sodium citrate. It was proven to be efficacious, safe and well tolerated in the select population.

Effect of ammonium chloride on Biomphalaria Alexandrina and on its infection with schistosoma mansoni and echinostoma liei miracidia

The LC50 and LC90 of ammonium chloride [NH4C1] were found to be 90 ppm and 130 ppm, respectively. Maintaining of B. alexandrina at low concentrations of NH4C1 [5, 10, 15 and 20 ppm] greatly reduced their survival rate and fecundity. The net reproductive rate was deleteriously affected. This rate was significantly reduced than that of the control snails in all tested snail groups. The reduction in Ro was 86.9%, 90.8%, 93.9% and 96.9%, respectively. The susceptibility of B. alexandrina to infection with S. mansoni and E. Liei miracidia and infectivity of these two parasites were greatly reduced. Increasing the salt concentration increased this reduction. The magnitude of reduction in infection rate was lower in case of E. Liei than that in S. mansoni indicating that E. liei was more tolerant to the effect of this salt than S. mansoni

Blockade of Na+/H+ exchanger contracts the portal vein of spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar Kyoto rats.

It has been claimed that the activity of Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) is altered in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) suggesting a possible role for it in the pathophysiology of hypertension. The purpose of this study has been to investigate the effect of blockade of NHE on the noradrenaline (NA) and 26K+ induced tone and on the recovery of tone from acid induced contractions in the portan vein of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as compared to their controls of Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). Blockade of NHE by 10(-4) dimethylamiloride (DMA) raised the tone of NA and 26K+ activated preparation of both strains, the contractions being higher with NA activation. Total blockade of NHE by replacement of Na in solution with N-methy-D-Glucamine (NMDG) raised the tone of the NA activated preparations by 45+/-10%, n=8, P<0.01 and 33+/-4%, n=12, P < 0.01 in SHR and WKY respectively. The time for 50% relaxation from NH4Cl washout contraction was significantly prolonged by 10(-5) and 10(-4) M DMA in both strains under NA or 26K+ activation. DMA effect was greater on NA than on 26K+ activated preparations, and was not significantly different when comparing SHR to WKY results. In conclusion the results reported in this study indicate that NHE has similar activity in WKY and SHR portal veins and that its blockade contracts both preparations. Therefore, it is unlikely that increased NHE activity, acting directly on vascular smooth muscle tone, could be a primary cause for hypertension.

Response of the portal vein of spontaneous hypertensive rats to intracellular pH.

The effect of intracellular pH perturbations on the portal vein preparations of spontaneously hypertensive rats and their control Wistar Kyoto rats was investigated. Intracellular alkalinity induced by application of 20 mM NH4Cl or 20 mM trimethylamine produced dilatation of both preparations. Intracellular acidity induced by washout of the previous ammonium and trimethylamine solutions or by application of 20 mM sodium propionate solution caused constriction of both preparations. These responses of the portal veins of both animals to intracellular pH variations were qualitatively the same in nonactivated preparations and in preparations precontracted with 26 mM K+ or 1 microM norepinephrine. Recovery from acidic constrictions induced by washout of ammonium and trimethylamine solutions was significantly slower in spontaneous hypertensive rats than in Wistar Kyoto rats preparations. Conceivably, a lower intracellular pH in the vascular smooth muscle of the resistance vessels of hypertensive patients, as compared to normotensive individuals, may partly account for the hypertensive phenomena.

Isolation of Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis merozoites by ammonium chloride lysis of infected erythrocytes

1. We describe the isolation of viable merozoites from erythrocytes infected with Babesia bovis or Babesia bigemina organisms by ammonium chloride lysis. 2. Parasite morphology was examined by both light and transmission electron microscopy. Erythrocyte-free parasites maintain their viability and infectivity, retain their antigenicity and are suitable for use in the indirect fluorescent antibody assay

Esvaziamento gástrico e acidose metabólica: II. estudo, num modelo experimental em ratos, da retençäo gástrica de uma soluçäo de bicarbonato de sódio / Gastric emptying and metabolic acidosis: II. study in an experimental model in rats, of the gastric retention of a sodium bicarbonate solution

O esvaziamento gástrico (EG) de 2ml/100g de peso do animal de uma soluçäo de bicarbonato de sódio 0,25 M, acrescida de fenol vermelho (6 mg/dl) foi estudado em ratos com acidose metabólica induzida por infusäo orogástrica prévia de volume igual de uma soluçäo de cloreto de amônio 0,5 M. Como grupos controles foram utilizados animais com infusäo prévia de 2ml/100g de peso do animal de soluçäo de cloreto de sódio 0,5M e de água. As retençöes (RG) foram avaliadas 6 horas após a infusäo das refeiçöes prévias nos tempos de 5, 10, 20 e 30 minutos. Os resultados mostrtam que as RG da soluçäo de bicarbonato de sódio nos animais com acidose metabólica foram significativamente menores que as apresentadas pelos animais com infusäo prévia de água (aos 20 minutos) e áquelas apresentadas pelos animais metabólica acelera o esvaziamento gástrico de uma soluçäo de bicarbonato de sódio, havendo evidências de que este fato ocorra devido a aumento de secreçäo de ácido pela mucosa gástrica

Compuestos lisosomotrópicos inhibidores de la multiplicación del virus Junín / Lysosomotropic compounds inhibiting the multiplication of Junin virus

La multiplicación del virus Junín en células Vero fue inhibida por la acción de drogas lisosomotrópicas de carácter básico como cloruro de amonio, clorhidrato de procaína y clorofeniramina. El efecto inhibitorio del cloruro de amonio (15mM) es máximo cuando la droga es agregada junto con el inóculo viral o inmediatamente después de la infección, pero aun agregado 8 horas después de la infección produce una inhibición significativa del 97,8%. Estos resultados indicarían que la droga actúa fundamentalmente sobre una etapa temprana del ciclo de multiplicación viral. Por lo tanto, el mecanismo de entrada del virus Junín a la célula transcurriría a través de una endocitosis mediada por receptor

Efeito do ácido tienílico sobre a acidificaçäo urinária em ratos normais e acidóticos / Effect of tienylic acid on urinary acidification in normal and acidotic rats

O efeito do ácido tienílico sobre a excreçäo de água e sal, bem como sobre o processo de acidificaçäo urinária, foi estudado em ratos-controle e em animais submetidos a acidose metabólica aguda por infusäo de cloreto de amônio. Os resultados obtidos levam às seguintes conclusöes: 1) a cepa de ratos por nós utilizada é sensível aos efeitos saluréticos do ácido tienílico, sendo um possível modelo para seu estudo; 2) o efeito máximo da droga utilizada via intraperitoneal na concentraçäo de 50mg/kg de peso corpóreo se dá entre 30 e 60 minutos após sua administraçäo; 3) a droga também modifica a excreçäo renal de ácidos, provocando drástica queda do pH urinário e aumento da excreçäo de acidez titulável; 4) na vigência de acidose metabólica a droga näo tem açäo diurética, apesar de aumentar a acidificaçäo urinária

Estudo farmacocinético comparativo de apresentaçöes em suspensäo de ampicilina pura e de ampicilina associada a balsâmicos / Pharmacokinetic comparative study of suspension forms of pure ampicillin and ampicillin associated with balsamics

Os autores compararam as concentraçöes sangüíneas de ampicilina, após a administraçäo de uma suspensäo oral de ampicilina associada a balsâmicos e uma suspensäo oral pura de ampicilina. Näo foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos valores obtidos

Mechanism of hypercalciuria in experimental metabolic acidosis.

To study the mechanism of hypercalciuria in metabolic acidosis, ammonium chloride loading (long) test was performed in 68 stone formers and 50 controls. Administration of ammonium chloride in both stone formers and controls produced a significant increase in urinary volume, ammonium and calcium excretions, no change in plasma calcium and creatinine clearance and significant decrease in plasma bicarbonate. However, on the third day of ammonium chloride loading test, urinary ammonium excretion and plasma bicarbonate levels were significantly lower while urinary calcium excretion was significantly greater in stone formers than in controls. Thus calciuresis could be correlated with the degree of metabolic acidosis but not with the rate of urinary ammonium excretion.