Comparable prognosis in different neonatal histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate dosage management / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) is a solution commonly used for organ transplantation. However, there is no certified fixed regimen for on-pump heart surgery in neonates. We aimed to retrospectively evaluate the outcomes related to different HTK dosages and to analyze the safety of high-dosage perfusion.@*METHODS@#A total of 146 neonates who underwent on-pump heart surgery with single-shot HTK perfusion were divided into two groups according to HTK dosages: a standard-dose (SD) group (n = 63, 40 mL/kg 60 mL/kg). Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to control confounding bias.@*RESULTS@#The SD group had a higher weight (3.7 ± 0.4 vs. 3.4 ± 0.4 kg, P  0.05). The incidences of post-operative complications were not significantly different between the two groups. There were no significant differences in ventilation time, intensive care unit stay, and post-operative hospital stay (P > 0.05). Follow-up echocardiography outcomes at 1 month, 3 to 6 months, and 1 year showed that left ventricular ejection fraction and end-diastolic dimension were comparable between the two groups.@*CONCLUSIONS@#In neonatal on-pump cardiac surgery patients, single-shot HD (>60 mL/kg) HTK perfusion had a comparable heart protection effect and short-term post-operative prognosis as standard dosage perfusion of 40 to 60 mL/kg. Thus, this study provides supporting evidence of the safety of HD HTK perfusion.

Reconhecimento da paralisia periódica hipocalêmica tireotóxica na emergência: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Recognizing thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis on emergency settings: a case report and literature revie

A paralisia periódica hipocalêmica tireotóxica é uma complicação inusitada do hipertireoidismo, porém é considerada urgência endocrinológica e ainda frequentemente subdiagnosticada. Sua apresentação clínica consiste na tríade de défice de potássio, tireotoxicose e fraqueza muscular ­ sendo esse último sintoma comum em diversas patologias. Realizamos uma revisão bibliográfica e destacamos, por meio do relato de caso, a importância do diagnóstico precoce dessa doença, possibilitando uma evolução favorável ao paciente, independente de sua etnia, sexo ou região geográfica. Atentamos ainda ao tratamento da doença, que, apesar de sua simplicidade, acarreta muitos equívocos.

The thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis is a rare complication of hyperthyroidism, but is considered an endocrinological urgency, and yet frequently underdiagnosed. Its clinical presentation consists of potassium deficit, thyrotoxicosis, and muscular weakness, with the latter symptom being very common in several pathologies. We performed a bibliographic review and highlight, through a case report, the importance of the early diagnosis of this disease to allow favorable progression to the patient, regardless of ethnicity, sex, or geographical region. We also reinforce the importance of the disease treatment which, despite its simplicity, leads to many mistakes.

Comparative analysis of myocardial protection with htk solution and hypothermic hyperkalemic blood solution in the correction of acyanogenic congenital cardiopathies - a randomized study

Abstract Objective: The goal of the present study was to compare the myocardial protection obtained with histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) cardioplegic solution (Custodiol®) and with intermittent hypothermic blood solution. Methods: Two homogenous groups of 25 children with acyanotic congenital heart disease who underwent total correction with mean aortic clamping time of 60 minutes were evaluated in this randomized study. Troponin and creatine kinase-MB curves, vasoactive-inotropic score, and left ventricular function were obtained by echocardiogram in each group. The values were correlated and presented through graphs and tables after adequate statistical treatment. Results: It was observed that values of all the studied variables varied over time, but there was no difference between the groups. Conclusion: We conclude that in patients with acyanotic congenital cardiopathies submitted to total surgical correction, mean aortic clamping time around one hour, and cardiopulmonary bypass with moderate hypothermia, the HTK crystalloid cardioplegic solution offers the same myocardial protection as the cold-blood hyperkalemic cardioplegic solution analyzed, according to the variables considered in our study model.

Histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution decreases mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with complex congenital heart disease: an 11-year experience from a single institution

Cardioplegic reperfusion during a long term ischemic period interrupts cardiac surgery and also increases cellular edema due to repeated solution administration. We reviewed the clinical experiences on myocardial protection of a single perfusion with histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) for high-risk patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with complex congenital heart disease. This retrospective study included 101 high-risk patients undergoing arterial switch operation between March 2001 and July 2012. We divided the cohort into two groups: HTK group, myocardial protection was carried out with one single perfusion with HTK solution; and St group, myocardial protection with conventional St. Thomas' crystalloid cardioplegic solution. The duration of cardiopulmonary bypass did not differ between the two groups. The mortality, morbidity, ICU stay, post-operative hospitalization time, and number of transfusions in HTK group were lower than those in St group (P<0.05). Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that HTK is a statistically significant independent predictor of decreased early mortality and morbidity (P<0.05). In conclusion, HTK solution seems to be an effective and safe alternative to St. Thomas' solution for cardioplegic reperfusion in high-risk patients with complex congenital heart disease.

Paralisia periódica hipocalêmica tireotóxica: relato de caso / Thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis: a case report

Relata-se neste artigo o caso de um paciente de ascendência negra com quadro agudo e progressivo de paralisia flácida ascendente, sem comprometimento de musculatura respiratória ou facial, em vigência de hipertireoidismo em tratamento e hipocalemia desencadeados por quadro infeccioso. Foi realizado o diagnóstico de paralisia periódica hipocalêmica tireotóxica e controle inicial dos sintomas por adequação sérica do potássio e posterior resolução do quadro após tratamento com iodoterapia.

It is reported in this paper the case of a black ancestry patient with acute and progressive framework ascending flaccid paralysis without impairment of respiratory and facial muscles, in effect in treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypokalemia triggered by infection. The diagnosis of thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis was accomplished and initial symptoms were controlled for adequacy of serum potassium and subsequent resolution after treatment with radioiodine.

Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis Associated with Transient Thyrotoxicosis Due to Painless Thyroiditis

Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is a rare manifestation of hyperthyroidism characterized by muscle weakness and hypokalemia. All ethnicities can be affected, but TPP typically presents in men of Asian descent. The most common cause of TPP in thyrotoxicosis is Graves' disease. However, TPP can occur with any form of thyrotoxicosis. Up to our knowledge, very few cases ever reported the relationship between TPP and painless thyroiditis. We herein report a 25-yr-old Korean man who suffered from flaccid paralysis of the lower extremities and numbness of hands. The patient was subsequently diagnosed as having TPP associated with transient thyrotoxicosis due to painless thyroiditis. The paralytic attack did not recur after improving the thyroid function. Therefore, it is necessary that early diagnosis of TPP due to transient thyrotoxicosis is made to administer definite treatment and prevent recurrent paralysis.

Pregnancy Outcomes of Different Methods for Multifetal Pregnancy Reduction: A Comparative Study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of various methods of multifetal pregnancy reduction (MFPR) and to determine which method produces better outcomes. One hundred and forty-eight patients with multiple pregnancies resulting from assisted reproduction programs and underwent MFPR were included. According to the use of potassium chloride (KCl), patients were divided into 'KCl', and 'non- KCl' groups, and based on gestational age at the time of procedures, patients were divided into 'Early' (before 8 weeks of gestation) and 'Late' (at 8 weeks or later) groups. Firstly, to clarify the effect of each component of MFPR procedure, data were analyzed between 'KCl' and 'non-KCl' groups, and between 'Early' and 'Late' groups with adjustments. Secondly, comparison between 'Early, non-KCl' and 'Late, KCl' groups was performed to evaluate the combinative effect of both components. Non-KCl groups showed a significantly higher take-home-baby rate, and lower risk of extreme prematurity and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) than KCl groups. Early groups showed a lower immediate loss rate than Late groups. As compared with 'Late, KCl' group, 'Early, non-KCl' group was superior in terms of immediate loss, pregnancy loss, take-home-baby, and PPROM rates. Our data suggest that the 'Early, non-KCl' method may be a better option for MFPR.

Hipokalemia, hipovolemia y repercusión electrocardiográfica secundarias a ingesta prolongada de furosemida: Caso clínico / Hypokalemia, hypovolemia and electrocardiographic changes due to furosemide abuse: Report of one case

Hypokalemia (serum K+ < 3.5 mEq/1) is a potentially serious adverse effect of diuretic ingestión. We report a 27 year-old woman admitted with muscle weakness, a serum potassium of 2.0 mEq/1, metabolic alkalosis and EKG abnormalities simulating cardiac ischemia, that reverted with potassium chloride administration. She admitted high dose furosemide self-medication for edema. Glomerular filtration rate, tubular sodium reabsortion, potassium secretion, the renin-aldosterone system, total body water distribution and capillary permeability, were studied sequentially until 90 days after her admission. There was hyperactivity of the renin-aldosterone axis, reduction in extracellular and intracellular volumes, normal capillary permeability and high sodium tubular reabsorption, probably explained by a "rebound" salt retention associated with her decreased extracellular volume.

Efeitos da suplementacão de potássio via sal de cozinha sobre a pressão arterial e a resistência à insulina em pacientes obesos hipertensos em uso de diuréticos / Effects of potassium supplementation by salt on arterial blood pressure and insulin resistance in hypertensive obese patients on diuretic therapy

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da suplementacão de potássio, por intermédio do sal de cozinha contendo cloreto de potássio, associada à dieta hipocalórica e à atividade física aeróbica, sobre a pressão arterial e índices de resistência à insulina em pacientes hipertensos com obesidade abdominal. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo duplo-cego, randomizado, em 22 pacientes hipertensos com excesso de peso (índice de massa corporal >27kg/my) e controle insatisfatório da pressão arterial durante o uso de diuréticos pressão arterial sistólica >140 e <160mmHg e/ou pressão arterial diastólica >90 e <105mmHg. O estudo teve duracão de 12 semanas, durante as quais, os pacientes, divididos em dois grupos (grupo sal normal, n=10; grupo sal de potássio, n=12), receberam sal contendo 100 por cento de cloreto de sódio, ou sal contendo 50 por cento de cloreto de sódio e 50 por cento de cloreto de potássio. No início e ao final do estudo, os pacientes foram submetidos à determinacão do índice de massa corporal, da circunferência da cintura, dos níveis séricos e da excrecão urinária de sódio e potássio, à monitorizacão ambulatorial da pressão arterial nas 24 horas, ao teste oral de tolerância à glicose com determinacão dos níveis séricos de insulina em jejum e aos 120 minutos, à determinacão do perfil lipídico do plasma e à medida da composicão corporal. RESULTADOS: No grupo sal de potássio, os níveis do potássio sérico não se elevaram, como no grupo sal normal, embora se elevasse de 38,8n18,6 para 62,3n29,7mEq/g a excrecão de creatinina urinária (p<0,05). A perda de peso, semelhante nos dois grupos (3,5 por cento no grupo sal normal e 2,7 por cento no grupo sal de potássio), associou-se às reducões na pressão arterial sistólica durante a monitorizacão ambulatorial...

Study on efficacy of WHO-ORS in malnourished children with acute dehydrating diarrhoea.

Twenty-five well nourished children (group A) and 25 malnourished children (group B) of acute diarrhoea with some dehydration were taken up for the study. Both the groups were given World Health Organisation-oral rehydration solution (WHO-ORS) as per WHO guidelines. In both the groups, isonatraemic dehydration was the commonest (group A 64%, group B 56%). Hypokalaemia was noted in 32% cases in group A and 60% cases in group B. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) was successful in 92% cases in well nourished group A cases and in 80% in group B cases. The mean time in hours required for hydration (group A 8.1+/-1.6; group B 9.1+/-1.4; p<0.05) and hospital stay in days (group A 1.6+/-0.9; group B 3.2+/-3.3; p<0.05) were longer in group B.

Hiponatremia e hipokalemia graves, recientes, asociadas a hidroclorotiazida, enalaprila y citalopram: caso clínico / Severe and recent hyponatremia and hypokalemia associated to the use of hydrochlorothiazide, enalapril and cytalopram: clinical case

We report a 72 years old hypertensive female, treated with enalapril 10 mg/day and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg/day during three years. She presented a depressive disorder and cytalopram was prescribed in a dose of 10 mg/day. Two weeks before admission, a serum electrolyte analysis disclosed normal results and the cytalopram dose was increased to 20 mg/day. The patient was admitted with a hyponatremic encephalopathy with a plasma sodium of 100 mEq/L and a plasma potassium of 2.0 mEq/L. cytalopram, enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide were discontinued, hypertonic NaCl and KCl were administered. The patient had a favorable evolution with a remarkable improvement of her symptoms

Tratamiento de la hipokalemia grave en el paciente pediátrico críticamente enfermo utilizando infusiones de KCI a 0.5 y 1.5 mEq/kg/hora / Treatment of severe hypokalemia in critically ill pediatric patients using KCl infusions at 0.5 and 1.5 mEq/kg/h

Introducción. Objetivo. determinar la utilidad de dos esquemas de tratamiento de hipokalemia grave con infusión de KCl a dosis de 0.5 y 1.5 mEq/kg/hora intravenosa (IV) en niños críticamente enfermos. Material y métodos. Se realizó un ensayo clínico controlado en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (UTIP) del Hospital de Pediatría del Centro Médico Nacional de enero de 1993 a enero de 1994. Se incluyeron niños de 1 mes a 16 años de edad que ameritaron ingreso a la UTIP y que durante algún momento de su evolución desarrollaron hipokalemia grave (potasio sérico igual o menor de 2.5 mEq/L). Fueron asignados en forma aleatoria a dos grupos, el grupo 1 al cual se le administró KCl a 0.5 mEq/kg/hora IV hasta la obtención de potasio de potasio sérico igual o mayor a 3 mEq/L con un máximo de 2 infusiones. En el grupo 2 se administró KCl a 1.5 mEq/kg/hora hasta la obtención de potasio sérico igual o mayor de 3 mEq/L. Se determinaron previo a cada infusión: gasometría arterial, glucosa semicuatitativa en sangre, registro del estado de gravedad de acuerdo a la esacala de falla orgánica múltiple (FOM), diagnóstico, edad, sexo, potasio sérico basal y del mismo modo, al término de cada infusión se registró glucosa semicuantitativa en sangre y gasometría arterial. El análisis consistió en medidas de tendencias central (promedio y mediana), para la descripción de variables; se realizó la comparación de las características basales entre los grupos con "U" de Mann-Whitney y prueba exacta de Fisher. Para determinar la influencia de las características basales en la respuesta al tratamiento se realizó correlación de Pearson y Spearman. Resultados. Se estudiaron 37 pacientes, 17 del grupo 1 y 20 del grupo 2. El promedio de edad para ambos grupos fue de 6.37 años con una desviación estándar de 5.51 con distribución normal (sesgo 0.5, curtosis 2). En ambos grupos predominó el sexo masculino. El estado de gravedad de acuerdo a la escala de FOM fue una mediana de 12 puntos....

Intoxicaçäo digitálica / Digitalis intoxication

O fator mais importante na intoxicaçäo digitálica é o seu reconhecimento. A intoxicaçäo continua sendo comum e de difícil confirmaçao. Isto se deve às semelhanças existentes entre arritmias, sintomas geraos pela intoxicaçäo digitálica e doença cardíaca de base. Além disso, os níveis plasmáticos terapêuticos da digoxina apresentam alto grau de variabilidade e muitas vezes sobrepöm-se aos da toxicidade, näo servindo, portanto, como parâmetro diagnóstico, especialmente na emergência. A intoxicaçäo pela digital, complicaçäo potencialmente fatal, inclui também os pacientes que ingerem doses maciças na medicaçäo intencional ou acidentalmente. A terapia convencional continua sendo a reposiçäo de potássio sempre que necessário, objetivando manter nível plasmático igual ou superior a 4 mEq/l, o controle dos níveis do magnésio e cálcio, correçäo do balanço hídrico e ácido-básico, bem como a adminstraçäo de antiarrítmicos apropriados ou a instalaçäo de marcapasso temporário. A aquisiçäo terapêutica mais recente é o uso de anticorpo antidigoxina (Fab), que apesar do seu alto custo, quando bem indicado, constitui tratamento efetivo. O objetivo deste artigo é rever o mecanismo de açäo da digital, realçar as manifestaçöes cardíacas e extracardíacas da intoxicaçäo, rever a importância da determinaçäo dos níveis séricos da digital e as alternativas terapêuticas.

Estudio clínico, evolutivo y terapéutico de un caso de sindrome de Bartter a lo largo de 8 años / Clinic, evolution and therapeutics of a case of Bartter syndrome for 8 years long

Se presenta el caso de un niño de 2 años y 5 meses ingresado por un cuadro de vómitos, diarrea y deshidratación. Llamaba la atención un hipocrecimiento marcado: talla de 69 cm, peso 5320 g. y un perímetro caraneano de 42 cm. Tenía una historia de poliuria y polidipsia desde los 4 meses cuya causa no había sido aclarada. En los exámenes humorales del ingreso se destacaba una alcalosis hipopotasémica y una hiponatremia. Lograda su hidratación en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos y descartada la diabetes insípida hipofisaria por la prueba de la vasopresina, se planteó la posibilidad de un Síndrome de Bartter. Esto fue confirmado ya que presentaba cifras exageradas de renina y aldosterona con presión arterial normal. El tratamiento inicial con cloruro de potasio, hidroclorotiazida e indometacina, fue espectacular, mejorando la sintomatología y retornando un crecimiento y desarrollo acelerados. Posteriormente y por razones sociales, hubo dificultades en el control del niño ya que la madre no lo traía a la consulta. Más adelante, al encargarse los abuelos del cuidado del niño, fue posible ajustar las dosis de los fármacos lo que llevó a que mejoraran su peso y talla. Los controles actuales, a los 10 años de edad revelaron: buena escolaridad, EEG normal, normotensión arterial y en lo humoral azoemia y creatininemia normales. El estudio del ionograma en sangre mostró: un sodio de 139 mEq/1 (normal), potasio de 2,6 mEq/1 (bajo), calcio ionizado de 1,18 mmol/1 (normal) y un cloro de 86 mEq/1 (discretamente bajo). El magnesio es normal. En orina el sodio es normal 254 mEq/24 horas, el potasio es alto (124 mEq/24 h.) y un cloro bajo de 154 mEq/24 h. Así pues mantiene un potasio bajo en sangre y aumentado en la orina a pesar de la medicación correcta y continuada. El Síndrome de Bartter, enfermedad genética autosómica recesiva, es provocada por una tubulopatía topografiada a nivel de la rama gruesa del asa de Henle que causa un defecto en la reabsorción del cloro. Aunque poco frecuente (1,2 casos por millon de habitantes) mejora en muchos de sus aspectos como en nuestro caso, con los inhibidores de las prostaglandinas, diuréticos y suplementos de potasio, permitiendo una vida normal

Paralisia periódica: análise clínica de 20 pacientes / Periodic paralysis: clinical analysis in 20 patients

Este estudo consiste da avaliaçäo de 20 pacientes com diagnóstico de paralisia periódica (PP) sendo descritos aspectos epidemiológicos, manifestaçöes clínicas, exames subsidiário, tratamento e evoluçäo. Dezesseis pacientes tinham a forma hipocalêmica (5 familiares, 5 esporádicos, 5 tireotóxicas e 1 secundária). Näo houve casos de PP normocalêmica. Houve predomínio do sexo masculino (14 pacientes). Todos os 5 pacientes com forma tireotóxica eram do sexo masculino e nenhum deles tinha origem oriental. Somente 4 pacientes tinham a forma hipercalêmica (3 familiares, 1 esporádico). Nas duas formas os ataques ocorreram preferencialmente no período da manhä sendo o repouso após exercício o fator desencadeante mais importante. No entanto observamos que 75 por cento dos pacientes com a forma hipercalêmica referiram crises de curta duraçäo (< 12 horas). Crises mais prolongadas foram referidas por 43 por cento dos pacientes com a forma hipocalêmica. A maioria das crises caracterizava-se por fraqueza generalizada, predominando nos membros inferiores e sendo sua frequência variável. A creatinoquinase foi avaliada em 10 pacientes e 8 tinham níveis elevados que variaram de 1,1 a 5 vezes o valor normal. A eletroneuromiografia foi realizada em 6, mas o fenômeno miotônico foi a única alteraçäo encontrada em 2 pacientes. Inibidores da anidrase carbônica, principalmente a acetazolamida, usados no tratamento profilático em 9 pacientes mostraram uma boa resposta em todos. Embora a PP seja algumas vezes considerada doença benigna, encontramos sintomas respiratórios em 5 pacientes, miopatia permanente em 1, alteraçöes eletrocardiográficas durante crise em 4; óbito durante paralisia ocorreu em 2 pacientes. Assim, o correto diagnóstico e o tratamento imediato säo cruciais. Este estudo mostra que o hipertireoidismo é importante causa de PP em nosso meio, mesmo em pacientes näo orientais. Assim, a investigaçäo endócrina é mandatória já que as crises de paralisia só desaparecem após a normalizaçäo dos níveis hormonais

Acidose tubular renal distal manifestando-se com rabdomiólise / Distal renal tubular acidosis manifesting with rhabdomyolysis

A hipocalemia severa é causa incomum de rabdomiólise. Descreve-se ocaso de uma paciente de 28 anos com acidose tubular renal distal, que desenvolveu hipocalemia severa com consequente rabdomiólise. O estudo histológico do músculo evidenciou áreas focais de necrose muscular predominando em fibras do tipo II, com discreta reaçäo macrofágica. A melhota clínica e laboratorial apresentada pela paciente ocorreu após a normalizaçäo do potássio sérico, tendo sido fundamental, neste caso, a correçäo da acidose metabólica

Diuretic induced hyponatraemia in the elderly.

Diuretics are an important cause of symptomatic hyponatraemia in the elderly. The hyponatraemia is often associated with hypokalaemia which may play a role in the aetiology. Diuretic induced hyponatraemia must be considered in the differential diagnosis of elderly patients presenting with altered sensorium or seizures. This is especially important in those known to be hypertensives since diuretics are frequently used to treat hypertension in the elderly.

Oral rehydration therapy in severely malnourished children with diarrheal dehydration.

Fifty patients of grade III & IV malnutrition with diarrhoeal dehydration were rehydrated using the WHO recommended ORS. Serum sodium and potassium levels were estimated at admission and 24 hours later. Forty seven patients were successfully rehydrated orally. In 7 patients the level of dehydration at initial assessment was overestimated. Periorbital edema developed in 25.5% of the patients rehydrated. No patient had cardiac failure or convulsions during therapy. Though persistent hyponatremia and hypokalemia were found in 10.6% and 19.15% cases respectively after rehydration, the incidence decreased as compared to the pre-hydration levels and was comparable to that found in malnourished children without diarrhea who served as controls in the present study. Oral rehydration was discontinued in three patients due to development of excessive vomiting in one case and paralytic ileus in two. Thus WHO ORS can be used safely in children with severe malnutrition but constant monitoring is required.