Atendimento de urgência de mulheres grávidas em decorrência de violência sexual: características e tendências observadas em 20 anos / Emergency care for women due to sexual assault: characteristics and tendency observed for 20 years

Objetivo: O atendimento médico de urgência (AMU) é fundamental na prevenção e na redução de agravos da violência sexual (VS), como o uso de anticoncepção de emergência (AE). O objetivo deste estudo é analisar 20 anos de AMU após VS entre gestantes decorrente de estupro. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 2.816 mulheres entre 1999 e 2018. Considerou-se buscar ou não o AMU após a VS e dados sociodemográficos. Analisou-se por dispersão de dados e curva exponencial de tendência. Resultados: O AMU ocorreu em 188 casos (6,7%). Neste grupo, não se prescreveu AE em 31 (16,5%) mulheres. Não houve diferença significativa nos dados sociodemográficos. Os extremos de variação dos percentuais para quem buscou AMU foram de 16,1%, em 1999, e de 2%, em 2010, com queda da linha de tendência exponencial (R2 = 0,4667). Conclusão: Não houve associação com características sociodemográficas e a queda expressiva dos percentuais de gestações sugere, indiretamente, melhora da eficácia dos serviços de saúde em prover a AE.(AU)

Objective: Emergency medical care (EMC) is essential in the prevention and reduction of sexual assault (SA), including the use of emergency contraception (EC). The aim of this study is to analyze 20 years of EMC after SA in pregnant women due to rape. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 2,816 women between 1999 and 2018. It was considered to seek or not EMC after SA and sociodemographic data. Statistical analysis was performed by data dispersion and exponential trend curve. Results: EMC occurred in 188 cases (6.7%). In this group, EC was not prescribed in 31 (16.5%). There was no significant difference in sociodemographic data. The extremes of percentage variation for those seeking EMC were 16.1% in 1999, and 2% in 2010, with a drop in the exponential trend line (R2 = 0.4667). Conclusion: There was no association with sociodemographic characteristics and the significant drop in the percentage of pregnancies indirectly suggests an improvement in the effectiveness of health services in providing EC.(AU)

Dispositivos intrauterinos na contracepção de emergência: novas perspectivas para o uso do sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel / Intrauterine devices in emergency contraception: new perspectives for the use of the levonorgestrelreleasing intrauterine system

Pouco sabe-se a respeito do sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel (SIU-LNG) 52 mg em contracepção de emergência (CE). Foi realizada uma busca não sistemática em bases eletrônicas para avaliar o papel do SIU-LNG na CE e, até o momento, apenas um único trabalho que avaliou o uso isolado do SIU-LNG para uso em CE foi encontrado. Esse estudo demonstrou a não inferioridade do SIU-LNG em relação ao dispositivo intrauterino de cobre em CE. Análises secundárias desse trabalho evidenciaram baixas chances de gestação em pacientes que fizeram uso de SIU-LNG como CE, independentemente da frequência das relações sexuais desprotegidas ou do tempo em que ocorreram (até 14 dias prévios à inserção ou 7 dias após). Torna-se evidente que o SIU-LNG poderá ser uma opção viável para uso em contracepção emergencial, porém mais estudos devem ser realizados, possibilitando a validação desse método.(AU)

Little is known about the 52-mg levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG- -IUS) in emergency contraception (EC). A non-systematic search was carried out in electronic databases to assess the role of the LNG-IUS in EC and, to date, only a single study that evaluated the isolated use of the LNG-IUS for EC use was found. This study demonstrated the non-inferiority of the LNG-IUS in relation to the copper intrauterine device in EC. Secondary analyzes of this study showed low chances of pregnancy in patients who used LNG-IUS as EC, regardless of the frequency of unprotected sexual intercourse or the time it took place (up to 14 days prior to insertion or 7 days after). It is evident that the LNG-IUS may be a viable option for use in emergency contraception, however, more studies must be carried out, enabling the validation of this method.(AU)

Métodos contraceptivos reversíveis de longa duração no Sistema Único de Saúde: o debate sobre a (in)disciplina da mulher / Long-acting reversible contraception methods in the Brazilian Unified National Health System: the debate on women's (in)discipline

Resumo Recentemente a Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia submeteu ao Ministério da Saúde uma solicitação para oferta no Sistema Único de Saúde de métodos contraceptivos reversíveis de longa duração (LARC), para jovens mulheres de 15 a 19 anos. Os dois dispositivos a serem incluídos seriam o implante subdérmico liberador de etonogestrel, com duração de três anos, e o sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel, com duração de cinco anos. O Ministério da Saúde abriu então consulta pública para avaliar tal introdução, terminando por decidir contrariamente à inclusão destes métodos na rede pública de saúde. O artigo discute as estratégias discursivas utilizadas para fundamentar e justificar a aceitação e aplicabilidade destes métodos em "populações especiais". O debate sobre o planejamento reprodutivo precisa compreender melhor as descontinuidades contraceptivas no uso de métodos, a centralidade da contracepção de emergência e o quanto as hierarquias de gênero dificultam uma prática contraceptiva segura. Ao contrário, a ênfase na (in)disciplina da mulher no tocante aos cuidados com a utilização de métodos contraceptivos de uso regular termina por reforçar sua condição de menoridade social.

Abstract Recently, the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations submitted a request to the Brazilian Ministry of Health for an introduction of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) methods for young women aged 15 to 19 years in the Brazilian Unified National Health System. The two devices to be included were the etonogestrel-releasing subdermal implant (ENG implant), with a duration of three years, and the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS), lasting five years. The Ministry of Health then launched a public inquiry to evaluate this introduction, deciding against the inclusion of these methods in the public health services. The article discusses the discursive strategies used to justify the acceptance and applicability of these methods in "special populations." The debate on family planning needs to understand fully the discontinuity of contraception in the use of such methods, the central concept of emergency contraception, and how gender hierarchies prejudice safe contraceptive practice. On the contrary, the emphasis on the (in)discipline of women regarding care with regular-use contraceptive methods effectively reinforces their condition of social minority.

Importancia del conocimiento y promoción de la anticoncepción de emergencia / Significance of knowledge and promotion of emergence contraception

El embarazo no deseado cobra cada año un alto precio a la salud de la mujer, el cual es significativamente mayor en las adolescentes. Resulta paradójico que en pleno siglo XXI muchos profesionales de la salud desconozcan o no posean toda la información necesaria relativa a la anticoncepción de emergencia, más aún conociendo que este método utilizado de forma correcta y temprana puede reducir notablemente la incidencia de embarazos no deseados y por tanto del aborto y sus secuelas, por lo que la anticoncepción de emergencia puede ser de gran utilidad en la preservación y promoción de la salud sexual y reproductiva, e incluso en no pocos casos salvar la vida de las mujeres. Motivado por lo antes comentado, fue que se propuso realizar la presente revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo central de brindarle al personal de la salud, ya sean ginecólogos, médicos de familia, pediatras, enfermeras, las herramientas necesarias para educar y promover en la población general, y muy en especial a las y los adolescentes y jóvenes, respecto al uso adecuado de la anticoncepción de emergencia. Es un pequeño aporte a la lucha constante por la elevación de la calidad de vida de la mujer y la familia cubana

No desired pregnancy every year becomes a high price for women health, which is significantly higher in adolescents. It is paradoxical that in broad XX century many health professionals fails to recognize or not have all the necessary information relative to emergence contraception even though knowing that this method used in appropriate and early way may to reduce significantly the incidence of non-desired pregnancy and therefore the miscarriage and its sequelae, thus, the emergence contraception may be very useful in preservation and promotion of sexual and reproductive behavior, and even in not few cases, to save the women life. Motivated by the above mentioned, we conducted present bibliographic review with the central aim of to offer to health staff, be gynecologists, family physicians, pediatricians, nurses, the tools necessary to educate and to promote in general population and specially in adolescents the appropriate use of mergence contraception. It is our small contribution to constant fight by the rise in life of woman and in the Cuban life

Mecanismo de ação da anticoncepção de emergência: [revisão] / Emergency contraception action mechanism: [review]

Introdução: A anticoncepção de emergência (AE) é método contraceptivo reservado para situações especiais em que outros métodos não são utilizados, falham ou não podem ser empregados. Sua inclusão nas políticas públicas de saúde é estratégica para reduzir a incidência da gravidez indesejada e diminuir a ocorrência do abortamento induzido, clandestino e inseguro. Contudo, persistem barreiras contra o método pautadas no desconhecimento de seu mecanismo de ação e na suposição de efeito abortivo. Objetivo: Revisão dos mecanismos de ação demonstráveis da AE, incluindo efeitos para o endométrio e relação com a implantação do blastocisto. Método: Consulta nas bases de dados do Medline, Lilacs, Scielo e JCR-ISL, incluindo artigos indexados publicados entre 1970 e 2011. Resultados: Evidências diretas e indiretas indicam que a AE impede exclusivamente a fecundação por suprimirou postergar a ovulação, e/ou por interferir na migração sustentada e capacitação dos espermatozoides. Não há evidência de efeito para a morfologia ou receptividade do endométrio, ou efeito sobre a nidação do blastocisto. Conclusão: O mecanismo de ação da AE não interfere nos eventos posteriores à fecundação, não impede ou prejudica a nidação e não se associa com a eliminação precoce do embrião.

Introduction: The emergency contraception is a contraceptive method reserved for special situations, where other methods are not used, fail or cannot be applied. Its inclusion into the public health policies has a strategic nature aiming at reducing the incidence of the undesired pregnancy and minimizing the incidence of the induced, illegal and unsafe abortion. However, barriers persist against the method, based on the ignorance about its action mechanism and on the assumption of its abortive effect. Objective: Review of the emergency contraception demonstrable action mechanisms including their impact on the endometrium and their relationship with the blastocyst implantation. Method: Consultation to the Medline, Lilacs, Scielo e JCR-ISL database, including indexed articles published between 1970 and 2011. Results: Direct and indirect evidence indicate that the emergency contraception blocks only the fecundation by suppressing or postponing ovulation, and/or interfere in the sperm capacity and sustained migration. There is no evidence of effect on the morphology or on the endometrium, or of impact on the blastocyst nidation. Conclusion: The emergency contraception action mechanism does not interfere on the post-fecundation events, does not impede or harm nidation and does not associate with the embryo early elimination.

Anticoncepción postcoital en mujeres adultas y adolescentes sordas / Post-coital contraception in deaf adult women and teenagers

Se revisa la información actualizada sobre los procederes utilizados en anticoncepción postcoital, ya sea mediante el empleo de métodos hormonales (tabletas anticonceptivas) o no hormonales (dispositivos intrauterinos), con el objetivo de lograr que la población femenina sorda en edad fértil conozca y sea capaz de utilizar estos métodos, a fin de disminuir los embarazos no deseados, que conllevan a su interrupción, con sus consabidas complicaciones. El proceder hormonal puede realizarse con los preparados contraceptivos disponibles en el país, es eficaz y tiene escasa complicaciones, mientras que el método no hormonal (dispositivo intrauterino), aunque con indicaciones más precisas, resulta también de elevada efectividad.

We reviewed the updated information on procedures used in postcoital contraception, using either hormonal (contraceptive tablets) or non-hormonal (intrauterine devices) methods. Our objective was that deaf, fertile, feminine population could know and be able of using these methods, to reduce unwanted pregnancy leading to an interruption, with its unpredictable complications. The hormonal procedure could be made with the contraceptive preparations available in the country; it is efficacious and has scarce complications, while the non hormonal method (intrauterine device), although it has more specific indications, has also a high effectiveness.

Awareness of emergency contraception among female college students in Chandigarh, India.

SUMMARY: Adolescents and young women are at the greatest risk of unintended pregnancy because they are unlikely to see a family planning provider before or immediately after the sexual activity. Therefore, preventing unintended pregnancy among them is the important concern. Sexually active young women are clients with special needs for contraception. They are eligible to use a variety of the available contraceptives. Introduction of emergency contraception (EC) in the recent past can help them avoid such unintended pregnancies. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the awareness of emergency contraception in female college students. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted among college-going undergraduate and graduate female students of Punjab University, Chandigarh. Systematic random sampling was used to select the respondents. RESULTS: Of the 1,017 college students included in the study, 507 (49.9%) knew about different contraceptive methods. Maximum awareness was regarding oral contraceptive pills (239, 47.1%). Only 74 (7.3%) had knowledge about emergency contraceptive pills (ECP). Of them, 10 (14.7%) students knew the correct time for use of ECP and the side effects of ECP were known to 48 (88.9%) respondents. CONCLUSIONS: Awareness about ECP was very low among female college students of Chandigarh, especially regarding correct timing of its use and its side effects. Appropriate awareness programs on EC are needed for them.

Introduction of emergency contraception in India.

Emergency contraception is a safe and effective method for preventing unwanted pregnancy following unprotected sexual exposure. The method had not been included in the National Family Programme of India. A Consortium on National Consensus for Emergency Contraception met in New Delhi in January 2001, to reach a consensus on strategies for introduction of emergency contraception in India. During the consortium experts from different walks of life deliberated on issues related to emergency contraception introduction and formulated national consensus statements and guidelines. This paper describes highlights of consortium activity which has led to introduction of emergency contraception in India.

Parivar Seva's experience with emergency contraceptive pills.

Parivar Seva, an NGO working in the area of reproductive health carried out an operation research project as a feasibility study on emergency contraception recently. The study was conducted among 1120 clients coming after unprotected sexual intercourse or improper use of any contraceptive method by using emergency contraception pills coming within 3 days and IUCD coming between 3 and 5 days of unprotected sexual intercourse. It was found that failure of emergency contraception was as low as 0.6%. The success rate in term of preventing pregnancy was 99.4% both with combined oral contraception pills and laevonorgesterol. There lies the scope for introducing emergency contraception in India wide and it can occupy a unique position in a range of contraceptive choices currently available to Indian women, as it can prevent unwanted pregnancies. A coalition of 30 like minded organisations including the Parivar Seva had formed a subcommittee on emergency contraception to evolve strategies to address promotion of emergency contraception.