Complexos de cobre com análogos de produtos naturais encontrados em organismos marinhos com atividade antitumoral / Copper complexes with analogues of natural products found in marine organisms with antitumor activity

Neste trabalho foram sintetizados complexos de cobre(II) com derivados imínicos da isatina, incluindo isatinas bromadas semelhantes a compostos encontrados em gastrópodes, a fim de compará-los com o composto já produzido e investigado [Cu(isaepy)], complexo de cobre(II) com base de Schiff feita a partir da isatina e 2-aminoetilpiridina. A isatina é um oxindol produzido em algumas plantas, também encontrado no tecido de mamíferos, com propriedades antitumorais naturais. Isatinas bromadas foram previamente constatadas como mais citotóxicas frente a células tumorais do que a isatina sem substituições. O objetivo principal foi verificar se a presença de bromo nos compostos análogos ao [Cu(isaepy)] levaria a um aumento da atividade antitumoral, assim como maior interação com DNA, alvo usual de metalofármacos. Depois de sintetizados, os compostos foram caracterizados por análise elementar (CHN), espectroscopia no infravermelho, espectroscopia UV/Vis e EPR. Foram feitos testes de citotoxicidade pelo método MTT com células de sarcoma uterino (MES-SA e MES-AS/Dx5, esta última resistente a doxorrubicina), adenocarcinoma cervical (HeLa) e células não cancerosas de fibroblasto humano P4. Adicionalmente, foram feitos testes de interação com DNA por UV/Vis e dicroísmo circular, além de testes de clivagem de DNA plasmidial. De modo geral, foi demonstrado que a simetria tetragonal em torno do cobre, determinada pelo EPR, é importante para a citotoxicidade dos complexos, que dessa forma podem se intercalar ao DNA e impedir sua replicação, por acabar distorcendo a hélice, e pela habilidade de realizarem clivagem oxidativa das fitas. [Cu(isaepy)] e seus análogos bromados demonstraram uma atividade citotóxica muito parecida, assim como grau de interação e clivagem com DNA. Conclui-se que, embora a presença de bromo nos análogos de [Cu(isaepy)] não levem a um aumento de atividade antitumoral, como observado em ligantes correlatos livres, nossos estudos apontam para diferentes fontes naturais (animal ou vegetal) para obtenção de precursores de novos compostos antitumorais

In the present work, copper(II) complexes were synthesized with isatin derived imine ligands, including brominated oxindoles similar to compounds found in gastropods, in order to compare their reactivity with that of [Cu(isaepy)], a Schiff base-copper(II) complex already investigated, obtained with the precursors isatin and 2-aminoethylpyridine. Isatin is a natural oxindole extracted from plants, and also found in mammal tissue, with antitumor properties. Brominated isatins were previously described as much more cytotoxic, towards tumor cells, than unsubstituted isatin. The aim of this work was to verify if the presence of brome in analogue [Cu(isaepy)] compounds would increase their antitumor activity, along with higher DNA interaction, an usual target for metallodrugs. The copper(II) complexes were synthesized and then characterized through elemental analyses (CHN), infrared, UV/Vis and EPR spectroscopies. Cytotoxicity tests were carried out using MTT assay with cells lines MES-SA e MES-SA/Dx5 (uterine sarcome, sensitive and resistent to doxorubicin), HeLa (cervical adenocarcinoma) and non-tumor cells, human fibroblast P4. Additionally, DNA interaction experiments were carried out through UV/Vis spectroscopy and circular dichroism, and at last, DNA cleavage experiments with the studied complexes. In general, it was shown that a tetragonal symmetry around copper, shown by EPR, is very important to the complexes toxicity, since in that way they are able to intercalate DNA, and prevent its replication, as a consequence of double helix distortion, and eventual oxidative cleavage. [Cu(isaepy)] and its brominated analogues demonstrated a very similar cytotoxicity towards cancer cells, as well as quite same level of DNA interaction and cleavage. Although the presence of brome did not increase significantly their antitumor activity, as verified with the free isatin derivatives, our studies pointed to different natural sources to obtain precursors for such new antitumor compounds

Zinc therapy improves adverse effects of long term administration of copper on epididymal sperm quality of rats

Industrial copper ingest is a common form of poisoning in animals. Zinc has an important role in the physiology of spermatozoa, in sperm production and viability. This study was set to investigate whether the adverse effects of long term copper consumption on quality of rat spermatozoa could be prevented by zinc therapy. Forty eight mature [6-8 weeks old] male rats were randomly allocated to either control [Cont, n=12] or three treatment groups each containing twelve animals. Animals in the first treatment group was gavaged with copper sulfate, the second treatment group was injected with zinc sulfate, and the third treatment group was given combined treatment of copper and zinc. Control animals received normal saline using the same volume and similar methods. Six rats from each group were sacrificed on day 28 and 56 after treatments for sperm quality evaluations. In spite of testicular weight reduction 56 days after copper consumption in comparison to the control group [p=0.002], there was not a significant difference between the control and combined treatment of copper and zinc group [31.40 +/- 0.55 vs. 28.63 +/- 0.55, p=0.151]. Administration of copper caused a significant decrease in the sperm count, viability and motility after 56 days compared to the control group. However, a complete recovery in sperm count was seen in combined treatment of copper and zinc group after 56 days compared to the control group [p=0.999] and a partial improvement was seen about the percentage of viability and motility [p<0.001]. Adverse effects of long term consumption of copper on sperm quality could be prevented by zinc therapy in rats

Valores de referencia de cinc (Zn) y de cobre (Cu) séricos en escolares sanos procedentes de la ciudad de Barquisimeto, Venezuela / Reference values of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in serum from healthy schoolchildren residing in Barquisimeto, Venezuela

En el presente estudio se determinaron las concentraciones séricas de cobre (CuS) y de cinc (ZnS) en escolares de am - bos sexos, con edades entre 7-14 años, que viven en la ciudad de Barquisimeto, estado Lara, Venezuela. La muestra consistió de 195 estudiantes (112 niñas y niños 83) clínicamente sanos, que no mostraron evidencias de enfermedades crónicas o infecciones agudas o procesos inflamatorios al momento de la evaluación clínica. Las concentraciones séricas de los metales se determinaron por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica. La influencia entre los valores séricos de los elementos traza, la edad y el género también se investigó. Las concentraciones séricas promedio de Zn y Cu fueron de 0,97±0,17 y 0,90±0,18µg/mL, respectivamente. No hubo diferencias significativas en los niveles séricos de cinc entre niños y niñas en los diferentes grupos de edad. Los valores séricos de cobre son mayores en las niñas (p <0,05) que en los niños. Los intervalos de referencia para estos elementos traza en suero se calcularon siguiendo los criterios del CLSI y fueron de 0,70 a 1,30 y 0,70 a 1,20 µg/mL para cinc y cobre, respectivamente. La mayoría de los síntomas clínicos de la deficiencia marginal de estos elementos traza no son muy específicos, y su diagnóstico no es fácil. En conclusión, los valores de Cu y Zn, y los intervalos de referencia, de este estudio pueden ser útiles en el diagnóstico de estas deficiencias marginales. Las carencias marginales o graves de estos elementos pueden considerarse factores de riesgo para diversas enfermedades de importancia en salud pública.

In the present study the serum concentrations of copper (CuS) and zinc (ZnS) in schoolchildren of both genders, aged between 7-14 yr. living in the city of Barquisimeto, Lara State, Venezuela. The sample consisted of 195 students (112 girls and 83 boys) clinically healthy at the time of evaluation, which showed no evidence of any chronic disease or acute infections or inflammatory processes. Serum concentrations of me tals were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The relation between serum values of trace elements, age and gender was also investigated. Mean serum concentrations of Zn and Cu were 0,97 ±0,17 and 0,90±0,18 µg/mL, respectively. There were not significant differences in serum zinc between boys and girls in the different age groups. Serum copper values are higher in girls (p<0.05) than in boys. Reference intervals for these serum trace elements were calculated following the criteria of CLSI and were 0,70 to 1,30 and 0,70 to 1,20 µg/mL for zinc and copper, respectively. Most of the clinical symptoms of trace element deficiency are not very specific, and the diagnosis of this deficiency is not easy. In conclusion, the values of Zn and Cu, and the reference intervals, of the present study can be useful in the diagnosis of these marginal trace elements deficiency. Marginal or severe trace element imbalances can be considered risk factors for several diseases of public health importance.

Diagnostic value of copper parameters to predict growth of suckling calves grazing native range in Argentina / Valor diagnóstico dos parâmetros de cobre para prever o crescimento de bezerros lactantes em pastagem nativas na Argentina

A study was conducted to evaluate the predictive diagnostic value of different copper (Cu) parameters as indicators of average daily gain (ADG) in growing calves. The effects in calves of cow Cu supplementation in the last one-third gestation period were also evaluated. Five supplementation trials, with a total of 300 calves, were carried out. Two groups of 30 calves were randomly assigned to each trial, one group was parenterally supplemented (SG) and the other was not supplemented (NSG). Trials began when calves were three-month-old and ended at weaning time. At each sampling calves were weighed and blood was taken to determine Cu concentrations in plasma, Whole Blood (WB), Red Cells (RC) and Packed Cell Volume (PCV). Liver samples from six animals of each group were taken both at the beginning and at the end of the trial. In two trials the mothers of the SG received Cu supplementation at the last one- third gestation period. Four of the five trials exhibited low ADG in the NSGs. In these groups, plasma Cu concentration decreased rapidly before low ADG was detected, which occurred with values remaining below 25µg/dl. The decrease of RC Cu concentration was considerably slow. WB showed an intermediate position. PCV in the SGs was higher than in the NSGs in all trials. Cow supplementation was insufficient to generate a liver storage able to last after calves reached the 3 months of age. These data could be useful to predict the risk of low ADG in grazing calves.

Foi realizado um estudo para predisser o valor diagnóstico de diferentes parâmetros de cobre (Cu) como indicadores de ganho médio diário (ADG) na criação de bezerros. Também foram avaliados os efeitos da suplementação com Cu nas vacas no último terço da gestação. Cinco ensaios de suplementação, com um total de 300 bezerros, foram realizados. Dois grupos de 30 bezerros foram atribuídos aleatoriamente em cada proba, um grupo foi parenteralmente suple mentado (SG) e o outro não foi suplementado (NSG). Os ensaios começaram quando os bezerros tinham três meses de idade e terminou ao tempo do destete. Em cada ensaio os bezerros foram pesados e mostras do sangue foi tomada para determinar as concentrações Cu no plasma, sangue total (WB), eritrócitos (RC) e hematócrito (PCV). Amostras de fígado foram colhidas em seis animais de cada grupo tanto no início quanto no final do ensaio As mães do SG receberam suplementação de Cu no último terço da gestação em dois ensaios. Quatro dos cinco ensaios apresentavam baixa ADG nos NSGs. Nesses grupos, a concentração plasmática de Cu diminuiu rapidamente antes que a baixa do ADG fossei detectada, o que ocorreu com os valores abaixo 25 µg/d. A diminuição da concentração de RC Cu foi bastante lenta. WB mostrou uma posição intermédia. PCV nos SGs foi mais elevado do que nos NSGs em todos os ensaios. A suplementação das vacas foi insuficiente para gerar um armazenamento hepático capaz de durar até os 3 meses de idade dos bezerros. Estes dados poderiam ser úteis para prever o risco de baixa ADG em bezerros em pastagem.

Silicose em ex-mineiros de extração de cobre / Silicosis among former copper mine workers

Introdução: Existe escassez de estudos brasileiros analisando o efeito da exposição contínua à sílica em ex-trabalhadores de minas de cobre. Os achados radiográficos produzidos pela silicose têm recebido atenção médica especial. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar clínica e radiologicamente a silicose em ex-mineiros de extração de cobre. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com 100 ex-mineiros de extração de cobre. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevista pessoal, dados clínicos ocupacionais e exames radiológicos. Na entrevista foi verificada a idade, sexo e o tempo de trabalho na extração de cobre. Os pacientes que já haviam realizado exame radiológico de tórax trouxeram estes para comparação. Os ex-mineiros assinaram um termo de consentimento para a realização dos exames radiológicos os quais foram aplicados pelo radiologista que os interpretou. Resultados: Entre os 100 ex-mineiros 35% são portadores de silicose, 11% apresentaram alterações pulmonares que podem ter outras causas, como tuberculose, enfisema e doença broncopulmonar obstrutiva crônica e 54% não apresentaram nenhuma alteração pulmonar. Conclusão: A alta frequência de silicose encontrada reforça a recomendação de suspender a exposição à sílica tão logo se tenha uma radiografia sugestiva da doença

Introduction: There is scarcity of Brazilian studies analyzing the effect of continuous exposure to silica in former workers of copper mines. The radiographic images produced by silicosis have received special medical attention. The aim of this study was to characterize clinical and radiological silicosis in former copper mine workers. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 100 ex-copper miners. Data were collected through personal interview, occupational clinical data, and radiological examinations. In the interviews we recorded age, gender and working time on the extraction of copper. Patients who had previously undergone chest X-rays have brought these for comparison. The ex-miners signed a consent form to be submitted to Xrays, which was applied by the same radiologist that interpreted them. Results: Among the 100 ex-miners 35% are diagnosed with silicosis, 11% had lung abnormalities that may have other causes such as tuberculosis, emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 54% had no pulmonary change. Conclusion: The high incidence of silicosis found reinforces the recommendation to suspend silica exposure as soon as there is a radiograph suggestive of the disease

Efecto de altos niveles de hierro y molibdeno sobre la nutrición del cobre en vacas mestizas / High levels of dietary iron and molybdenum on copper nutrition in cross bred cows

Para estudiar el efecto de altos niveles de hierro (Fe) y molibdeno (Mo) sobre la nutrición del cobre (Cu), 20 vacas vacías, mestizas Bos taurus x Bos indicus, de 394 kg PV y de más de dos partos, fueron distribuidas según un diseño completamente aleatorizado en los siguientes tratamientos: (1) Testigo (T): 10 ppm Cu; (2) Mo: 10 ppm Cu y 20 ppm Mo; (3) Fe: 10 ppm Cu y 1000 ppm Fe; (4) MoFe: 10 ppm Cu y 1000 ppm Fe y 20 ppm Mo. Las vacas fueron alimentadas ad libitum con pasto de corte (Panicum maximun y Andropogun gayanus), 1,5 kg de alimento por animal día -1 (harina de maíz: 95 por ciento; urea: 5 por ciento) que contenía los minerales en las proporciones indicadas. Se tomaron muestras de suero sanguíneo para determinar Cu, Fe y la actividad de la ceruloplasmina. A través de biopsias, se tomaron muestras del tejido hepático cada 28 días, durante 192 días, para determinar la concentración de Cu, Fe y Mo. El consumo de pasto estuvo alrededor de 10 kg MS/animal día -1. El peso vivo no presentó diferencias entre tratamientos con valores de 385; 353; 396 y 382, kg para T, Mo, Fe, MoFe, respectivamente. La concentración de Cu sérico (µg ml-1) fue de 0,81; 0,67; 0,50 y 0,71, respectivamente para el mismo orden de los tratamientos, siendo Fe el más bajo (P<0,05). Para el Fe sérico, se observaron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos (P<0,05), con valores de 1,49; 1,67; 2,08 y 1,93 µg ml -1, para el testigo, Mo, Fe y MoFe, respectivamente. Los valoresde Cp (absorbancia) fueron 0,093; 0,085; 0,084 y 0,087, para el testigo, Mo, Fe y MoFe, respectivamente, sin diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. Los niveles de Cu hepático fueron diferentes (P<0,01) entre tratamientos, con valores más altos (mg kgMS-1) para T (71,9) y más bajos para Mo (26,6), Fe (30,8) y MoFe (31,4). La concentración de Fe en el hígado registró valores (mg kgMS-1) de 559,0; 513,3; 559,8 y 797,3para T, Mo, Fe y MoFe, respectivamente, sin diferencias significativas...

To evaluate the effect of high levels of iron (Fe) and molybdenum (Mo) on copper (Cu) nutrition, 20 dry cross bred cows, Bos Taurus x Bos indicus, of 394 kg BW, with no less than two calving, were assigned to the following treatments: (1) Control (C); 10 ppm Cu(2); Mo 10 ppm + 20ppm Cu (Mo); (3) 10ppm Cu+ 1000 ppm Fe (Fe); and (4) 10 ppmCu+ 1000 ppm Fe+ 20 ppm Mo ( MoFe). Cows were fed chopped forage ad libitum (Panicum maximum and Andropogun gayanus) and 1.5 kg concentrate feed (corn meal, 95% and urea, 5%) containing minerals in the proportions as previously indicated. Serum samples were taken every 28 days for Cu, Fe and cerulopasmine (Cp) activity. Liver sample, via biopsy, at the same time intervals, were also taken to measure Cu, Fe and Mo concentrations. The experiment lasted 192 days. Body weights were not affected by treatments: 385; 353; 396 and 382 kg, respectively for T, Cu, Fe,and MoFe. Copper serum concentration values (µg ml-1) were 0.81, 0.67, 0.50 and 0.71, respectively for the same order, being Fe the lowest (P<0.05). Ceruloplasmine absorbancy values were not different among treatments. Liver copper concentration values were significantly different (P<0.05) among treatments, with higher value (mg KgMS-1) for T (71.9) and lower for Mo (26.6), Fe (30.8) and MoFe (31.4). Liver iron concentration (mg kgMS-1) values were not different among treatments, with values of 559.0, 513.3, 559.8, and 797.3 respectively for C, Mo, Fe and MoFe. Liver Mo take up (mg kgMS-1) was greater (P<0.01) for Mo treatment (19.9) and MoFe (15.8) in relation to T (1.7) and Fe (1.9). Results indicate that high levels of Mo and Fe decreased liver copper, below critical levels. However, the reduction of liver copper was no associated with clinical sign of copper efficiency. Probably lower levels of liver copper are required to show changes in ceruloplasmine and blood serum concentrations as well as other biochemical changes at tissue level...

Comparative effects of copper, iron, vanadium and titanium on low density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro

Oxidation of low density lipoprotein [LDL] has been strongly implicated in the phathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The use of oxidants in dietary food stuff may lead to the production of oxidized LDL and may increase both the development and the progression of atherosclerosis. The present work investigated the effects of some elements including: copper [Cu], iron [Fe], vanadium [V] and titanium [Ti] on in vitro LDL oxidation quantitatively. The first LDL fraction was isolated from fresh plasma by single vertical discontinuous density gradient ultracentrifugation. The formation of conjugated dienes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and increase in electrophoretic mobility of LDL were monitored as markers of the oxidation of LDL. It was demonstrated that Cu, Fe, V and Ti exhibited strong oxidant activity in this respect [P<0.001]. Oxidation of LDL in the presence of Cu was more and appeared to be in this order Cu>Fe> V>Ti. Discussion: Cu, Fe, V and Ti are redox-active transition metals that may cause oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA molecules. We suggest that these elements may also influence the oxidation of LDL in vivo, which could increase both the development and progression of atherosclerosis

Efeitos do cobre e cromo na comunidade zooplanctônica: um estudo experimental em mesocosmos / Effects of copper and chromium on the zooplankton community: a mesocosms experimental study

O crescente desenvolvimento industrial e urbano tem acarretado a introdução de grandes quantidades de metais nos ecossistemas aquáticos, expondo, potencialmente, sua biota e toda a cadeia alimentar que dela se origina à contaminação por esses elementos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos dos metais cromo e cobre sobre a estrutura da comunidade zooplanctônica de espécies holo-zooplanctônicas em experimentos de mesocosmos realizados na Represa do Lobo-Broa (CHREA/USP). Na análise das amostras de zooplâncton foram contadas e identificadas as espécies dos três principais grupos zooplanctônicos (Copepoda, Cladocera e Rotifera), quantificados os ovos e classes populacionais de Cladocera e Copepoda, e posteriormente feitos os cálculos de diversos índices ecológicos. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as concentrações dos metais aplicadas causaram efeitos sobre a comunidade zooplanctônica. No entanto, estes efeitos foram diferenciados entre os diversos grupos e espécies observadas, sendo que para avaliar os efeitos sub-letais, uma análise populacional demonstrou ser mais eficiente do que índices ecológicos gerais. Apesar dos índices ecológicos terem demonstrado que os efeitos da contaminação por cromo foram mais severos sobre a comunidade zooplanctônica em relação ao cobre, os microcrustáceos apresentaram um melhor desenvolvimento no tanque contaminado cromo, sendo estes efeitos diferentes para as diversas espécies. Foram observadas alterações na abundância, produção e estoque de ovos de Calanoida, com efeito mais pronunciado no tanque contaminado com cobre. Os Cyclopoida foram mais resistentes à contaminação pelos metais, porém apresentaram sensibilidade diferenciada entre as espécies e entre os estágios de desenvolvimento. Em geral, os cladóceros foram mais sensíveis à contaminação, com efeito tóxico agudo em várias espécies, e efeitos crônicos para ambos os metais, avaliados pela redução no desenvolvimento e produção de ovos. Foram observadas ainda diferenças na sensibilidade entre as espécies de Cladocera, e a competição por recursos demonstrou ser um fator importante na sucessão de espécies nos mesocosmos. O cromo causou efeitos tóxicos mais acentuados sobre a maioria das espécies de Rotifera. A competição por recursos e a predação sobre Rotifera foram fatores importantes na estruturação de suas populações, sendo bastante influenciadas por efeitos indiretos causados pela contaminação do meio.

use of new markers for the detection of liver damage in experimental rats administered certain heavy metals

Pollution either environmental or industrial becomes one of the most serious problems in this century. In a previous research dealing with the same subject, groups of male healthy workers were selected and recruited from some industrial locations [melting units of different metal factories]. Certain parameters were determined and the results obtained revealed that, neither serum liver enzymes, nor heavy metals level recorded any alterations. Fibronectin and chondroitin sulfate on the other hand, demonstrated significant increase which may be considered as an early marker for liver cirrhosis which may happen later on. The present work was suggested using experimental animals, which received the same heavy metals [Fe, Cu and Pb] for Certain periods aiming to support and confirm the previously observed clinical findings through the examination of liver tissues histopathologically

Effects of Hg and Cu on hemocytes-mediated functions in the prawn, Macrobrachium malcolmsonii.

Sublethal effects of Hg (9.6, 14.5 and 24.1 microg/l) and Cu (60.5, 90.8 and 150.5 microg/l) on the hemocytes-mediated functions in the juveniles of the economically important freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium malcolmsonii were investigated. The population of total hemocytes, percentile phagocytosis and superoxide anion production were found to be increased in test prawns exposed to the lowest sublethal concentration of these two metals in comparison to controls. This indicates the fact that a mechanism of host-defence was in an active state to encounter metal toxicity. The total hemocytes population, percentile phagocytosis and superoxide anion production were found to be decreased in test prawns exposed to intermediate as well as the highest sublethal concentrations of Hg and Cu when compared with controls. This suggests that high concentrations of both Hg and Cu have inhibitory effects on the immune functions of the hemocytes in the prawn, M. malcolmsonii.

Some nutritional and clinicopathological studies in Japanese Quail exposed to a recently used pesticide [Copper oxychloride]

Thirty quails [80-100 g b. wt.] were divided into two groups to determine thenutritional and clinicopathological changes induced by 1% copper oxychloride. Blood samples were collected for determination of hemoglobin, PCV and somebiochemical blood parameters. Liver and kidney weight were increased and wereassociated with clinicopathological changes. Microbiological examination,revealed presence of Strept. pyogens, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli andanthracoids. A significant decrease in the value of Hb, PCV and iron wasdetected. There was significant increase in levels of ALT, AST, urea,creatinine, sodium, potassium, glucose, copper, cortisol hormone and insulinin treated groups in comparison with the control groups. Post-mortemexamination of scarified quails revealed hyperemia of internal organs [kidneyand liver]

Environmental risk increase due to heavy metal contamination caused by a copper mining activity in Southern Brazil

The Camaquä Copper Mines (CCM) were the main sulphide deposit in Southern Brazil and have been in operation from last century to 1996. To evaluate water contamination and environmental risk increase by heavy metals from mining operations, two points on the Joäo Dias Creek were sampled (Station 1, background area and Station 2, contaminated area). Mining activity increased the natural weakly heavy metal fluxes by approximately 5424 kg. ( ~ 60 percent) of the total metal flux, 1542 kg. ( ~ 49 percent) of dissolved and 3881 kg ( ~ 66 percent) of particulate metal flux. Total metal flux of anthropic origin was mostly due to Fe followed by Cu > Zn > Mn whereas Cd, As and Pb fluxes were negligible. The potential human health hazards and risk assessment related to daily intake of water from Joäo Dias Creek are mostly due to Mn and should be of concern for the contaminated area. The ingestion of water from station 2 represents incremental risks of 130 percent and 59 percent respectively, considering the non-carcinogenic and the carcinogenic effects. The real increase of human health hazards may be greater than those related to the total concentrations since Mn and As dissolved concentrations were 5.5 and 2.0 higher than acceptable, respectively

Toxic effects of copper and zinc mixtures on some haematological and biochemical parameters in common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linn).

The effect of heavy metals and mixture were studied on some haematological and biochemical parameters in fish, Cyprinus carpio at sublethal level over the period of 30 days. Heavy metal significantly decreased total RBC count, haemogoblin, heamatocrit (Hct) (except copper after 10 days exposure). The WBC count was increased significantly in all the treated fish. The MCH, MCHC, MVC were increased depending upon the exposure period; declined PVC was noticed at 1% level of significance after 30 days on all the treated fish. Serum level of chloride and calcium content were increased where as serum glucose, cholesterol and total serum protein were decreased significantly. The alteration in haematological and biochemical parameters shows more toxic in mixture after 30 days, showed more than 'addition action' of the individual toxicant.

Effects of some trace heavy metals on Poecilia reticulata (Peters).

Three trace heavy metals viz., nickel, copper and zinc were studied for their toxic action against Poecilia retriculata (Peters). Among these, copper was found to be most active followed by zinc and nickel. Accumulations of these metals as well as behavioural studies were carried out after exposing fish to sub-lethal concentration of LC20. It was found that the highest quantity of nickel was accumulated in the fish body followed by zinc and copper. After exposure to sub-lethal concentration of metals some behavioural changes in fish were observed due to stress, such as mucus like secretion over gills, excessive excretion, anoretic condition and increased distance between gills and operculum. In all the cases fin movement was observed. Role and use of such changes as biological indicators or as biological early warning system in water quality assessment has been discussed.

A presumptive case of lead poisoning in a brass-worker's child.

A one-year-old male child was admitted with the complaints of vomiting and irritability for 4 days, haematemesis and melaena for one day and had generalised tonic convulsions on the day of admission. Examination revealed exaggerated reflexes with group II coma. Blood film showed basophilic shippling. Straight x-ray showed lead lines in the metaphyses of ribs, humerii, scapulae, iliac crests and upper ends of femurs. The boy's father was an employee of brass industry where brass alloys used cotained lead in substantial amount. A presumptive case of lead poisoning (as diagnosed) was treated symptomatically. Chelating agent was called for but the patient left. In the present case the hands of the child were contaminated with lead dust brought home by his father either in person or in clothings. The child used his hands constantly in his mouth to get poisoned by lead.

Avaliaçäo da infiltraçäo marginal em cavidades de classe II restauradas com resina composta associada a outros materiais restauradores / Evaluation of marginal leakage in different materials applied at to class II cavities restorations in association with composite resin

As resinas compostas vêm sofrendo inúmeras alteraçöes, com o objetivo de tornar o seu uso adequado para restauraçöes de dentes posteriores, entretanto, problemas clínicos associados à sua utilizaçäo säo comumente observados, dentre eles, a microinfiltraçäo marginal. Algumas alternativas clínicas têm sido sugeridas, na tentativa de reduzir as falhas decorrentes do emprego deste material, principalmente em restauraçöes estendidas à regiäo do cemento, local este onde os problemas se agravam. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu, portanto, em estudar a efetividade do vedamento marginal de diferentes materiais aplicados no terço cervical com término em cemento para, em associaçäo à resina composta, restaurar esteticamente cavidades de classe II, através da técnica mista, avaliando-se com esta finalidade o índice de infiltraçäo marginal tanto na interface cemento/material, quanto na interface dos materiais restauradores. Cavidades MOD com margens cervicais estendidas além da junçäo amelocementária foram confeccionadas em 84 dentes pré-molares humanos livres de cáries, os quais foram distribuídos em grupos de 12 elementos cada, correspondendo a 7 condiçöes experimentais...

Toxicología ambiental: metalotioneínas y metabolismo celular / Environmental toxicology: metallothioneins and cellular metabolism

Las metalotioneínas (MT) constituyen una familia de proteínas de bajo peso molecular (6-8 kDa), presentes en procariotes y eucariotes, con elevado contenido en cisteína (30-35 por ciento) y marcada capacidad para combinarse con iones metálicos. dentro del metabolismo celular, se le han asignado múltiples funciones, desde un papel central en la homeostasis celular de ciertos metales pesados esenciales ("pool" citosólico de Zn y/o Cu), la detoxificación de metales pesados no esenciales, hasta su participación en ciertos procesos inflamatorios y la inactivación de radicales libres. La variación en el nivel de MT es indicador de exposición a xenobióticos, de situaciones ambientales adversas así como de situaciones de estrés fisiológico. Como tal, esta respuesta puede utilizarse tanto a nivel de la toxicología laboral, clínica y en estudios ecotoxicológicos. A este respecto, se encuentra en fase experimental su utilización con fines de diagnóstico ambiental. Esta revisión tiene como objeto constituir una breve reseña sobre los principales conocimientos reunidos hasta la fecha. Se ha avanzado significativamente en los aspectos básicos y metodológicos de la inducción de metalotioneínas en situaciones de estrés. Sin embargo, y a pesar de contarse con un número importante de estudios específicos, y a diferencia de otras proteínas menos estudiadas, queda aún sin precisar su función básica dentro del metabolismo celular

Niño con coloración verdosa del cabello / Boy with green hair

Presentamos un niño de 18 meses de edad, con pelo verde, debido a su exposición a polvillo o nube con trazas de cobre, desde una industria hogareña. Revisamos las posibles causas de pelo verde, un problema dermatológico muy inusual

Estudio de ingesta y niveles séricos de cobre como factor de riesgo de enfermedad ateromatosa / Copper intake and blood levels as risk factor for atherosclerosis

Zinc and copper intake, plasma levels and serum lipid levels were measured in 20 patients with cerebrovascular disease, 20 patients with an acute myocardial infarction and 40 subjects hospitalized for elective surgery, that served as controls. Results: Copper and zinc intake was below recommended allowances in all subjects. Serum zinc and copper levels did not differ in the three study groups. In patients with myocardial infarction a weak correlation was found between serum copper and total cholesterol (r = 0.24; p < 0.05) and LDL cholesterol (r = 0.31; p < 0.05). Conclusions: No differences in copper levels were found in subjects with atherosclerosis and controls. The correlation between serum copper and cholesterol deserves further investigation