Peritonitis asociada a diálisis peritoneal causada por el complejo Paecilomyces variotii / Peritonitis associated with peritoneal dialysis caused by Paecilomyces variotii complex

La peritonitis asociada a diálisis peritoneal es una complicación grave en el paciente con este tipo de modalidad de terapia de reemplazo renal, siendo la etiología fúngica una de las que conlleva mayor morbimortalidad. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 22 años que desarrolló una peritonitis asociada a diálisis peritoneal causada por el complejo Paecilomyces variotii; un hongo filamentoso poco frecuente en este grupo de pacientes.

Peritonitis associated with peritoneal dialysis is a serious complication in patients with this type of renal replacement therapy modality, with fungal aetiology being one of the most associated with morbidity and mortality. We present the case of a 22-year-old patient who developed fungal peritonitis associated with peritoneal dialysis caused by Paecilomyces variotii complex; a rare cause of peritonitis in this group of patients.

Caracterización clínica y microbiológica de los eventos de peritonitis asociada a diálisis peritoneal en un hospital de Chile. Un análisis retrospectivo / Clinical and microbiological characterization of Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis events in a hospital in Chile. A retrospective analysis

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las infecciones asociadas a diálisis peritoneal constituyen una de las causas de morbimortalidad más importante en estos pacientes y la terapia antimicrobiana empírica y dirigida adecuada es fundamental para mejorar el resultado, por lo que es importante establecer la microbiología local. OBJETIVO: Revisar la experiencia clínica de cinco años del Hospital Carlos Van Buren de Valparaíso, Chile, describiendo las características clínicas y microbiológicas de los pacientes con episodios de peritonitis asociada a diálisis peritoneal. METODOLOGÍA De forma retrospectiva se accedió a los registros clínicos de aquellos pacientes mayores de 18 años que presentaron al menos un evento de peritonitis asociada a diálisis peritoneal. RESULTADOS: De un total de 26 episodios, 62% de los pacientes fueron de sexo femenino, con un promedio de edad de 53 años. La principal comorbilidad fue la hipertensión arterial (100%), y el dolor abdominal fue el síntoma más frecuente (85%), con una mortalidad general de 7,7%. En el laboratorio la leucocitosis, la proteína C reactiva (PCR) y la velocidad de hemosedimentación (VHS) fueron los hallazgos más importantes. Predominaron las cocáceas grampositivas (54%), seguido de bacilos gramnegativos no fermentadores y Enterobacterales en igual proporción (11,5% cada grupo). Casos aislados de Candida albicans y Pasteurella canis fueron identificados, y en 15% de los casos el cultivo resultó negativo. CONCLUSIÓN: Se pudo conocer las características clínicas y microbiológicas locales de esta patología, para así redefinir las directrices de manejo en la institución.

BACKGROUND: Infections associated with peritoneal dialysis are one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in these patients, and adequate empirical and targeted antimicrobial therapy are essential to improve the outcome, so it is important to establish the local microbiology. AIM: To review the clinical experience of 5 years at the Carlos Van Buren Hospital in Valparaíso, Chile, in order to know the clinical and microbiological characteristics of patients with episodes of peritonitis associated with peritoneal dialysis. METHODS: Retrospectively, the clinical records of those patients over 18 years of age who presented at least one peritonitis event associated with peritoneal dialysis were accessed. RESULTS: Of a total of 26 episodes, 62% of the patients were female, with a mean age of 53 years. The main comorbidity was arterial hypertension (100%), and abdominal pain was the most frequent symptom (85%), with an overall mortality of 7.7%. In the laboratory parameters, leukocytosis, C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were the most important findings. Gram-positive cocci (54%) predominated, followed by Gram-negative non-fermenting and enterobacterial bacilli in the same proportion (11.5% each group). Isolated cases of Candida albicans and Pasteurella canis were identified, and in 15% of the cases the culture was negative. CONCLUSION: It was possible to know the local clinical and microbiological characteristics of this pathology, in order to redefine management guidelines for our institution.

Peritoneal dialysis for refractory heart failure from a congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries who has not undergone definitive surgery: A case report

@#Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of significant morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization worldwide including the Philippines. Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (C-TGA) occurs when the right atrium enters the morphological left ventricle which gives rise to the pulmonary artery and the left atrium communicates with the right ventricle which gives rise to the aorta. Heart failure can occur in C-TGA especially if associated with other heart defects. Ideal management is anatomic correction via surgery to prevent or address heart failure. Peritoneal dialysis has been used as a therapeutic intervention for patients with refractory heart failure and kidney injury with or without kidney failure due to its gentler fluid removal compared to conventional ultrafiltration resulting in less myocardial stunning and neurohormonal activation. We present the case of a patient with heart failure who started on peritoneal dialysis (PD) as an adjunct therapy for fluid management after failing to satisfactorily achieve volume control with diuretics. The patient is a 56-year-old man with C-TGA admitted for decompensated heart failure. He was initially treated with intravenous diuretics on the first admission but was readmitted after 3 months for decompensation this time with borderline low blood pressure making diuresis difficult. The patient was given loop diuretics, tolvaptan, and angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) but still with decreasing trends in urine output and inadequate symptom control. PD was initiated before discharge with subsequent improvement in heart failure symptoms. The patient was on regular follow-up for PD maintenance and titration of heart failure medication. In this case report, we have shown how PD can be an effective adjunct to guideline-directed medical therapy in patients with severely symptomatic heart failure who have an unstable hemodynamic status and for which volume management cannot be satisfactorily achieved with diuretics.

Clinical Outcome and Risk Factors of Treatment Failure of Peritoneal Dialysis Associated Peritonitis Caused by Klebsiella Pneumoniae:A Multicenter Study / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To investigate the treatment outcomes,prognosis,and risk factors of treatment failure of peritoneal dialysis associated peritonitis (PDAP) caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae,and thus provide clinical evidence for the prevention and treatment of this disease. Methods The clinical data of PDAP patients at four peritoneal dialysis centers from January 1,2014 to December 31,2019 were collected retrospectively.The treatment outcomes and prognosis were compared between the patients with PDAP caused by Klebsiella.pneumoniae and that caused by Escherichia coli.Kaplan-Meier method was employed to establish the survival curve of technical failure,and multivariate Logistic regression to analyze the risk factors of the treatment failure of PADP caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Results In the 4 peritoneal dialysis centers,1034 cases of PDAP occurred in 586 patients from 2014 to 2019,including 21 cases caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae and 98 cases caused by Escherichia coli.The incidence of Klebsiella pneumoniae caused PDAP was 0.0048 times per patient per year on average,ranging from 0.0024 to 0.0124 times per patient per year during 2014-2019.According to the Kaplan-Meier survival curve,the technical failure rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae caused PDAP was higher than that of Escherichia coli caused PDAP (P=0.022).The multivariate Logistic regression model showed that long-term dialysis was an independent risk factor for the treatment failure of Klebsiella pneumoniae caused PDAP (OR=1.082,95%CI=1.011-1.158,P=0.023).Klebsiella pneumoniae was highly sensitive to amikacin,meropenem,imipenem,piperacillin,and cefotetan,and it was highly resistant to ampicillin (81.82%),cefazolin (53.33%),tetracycline (50.00%),cefotaxime (43.75%),and chloramphenicol (42.86%). Conclusion The PDAP caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae had worse prognosis than that caused by Escherichia coli,and long-term dialysis was an independent risk factor for the treatment failure of Klebsiella pneumoniae caused PDAP.

Etiological diagnostic value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis / 中华肝脏病杂志

Objective: To explore the etiological diagnostic value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis. Methods: The study was a retrospective cohort study. The clinical data of patients with PD-related peritonitis who were treated and underwent microbial cultivation and mNGS test at the same time from June 2020 to July 2021 in the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University were analyzed. The positive rate, detection time and consistency between mNGS test and traditional microbial culture were compared. Results: A total of 18 patients with age of (50.4±15.4) years old and median dialysis time of 34.0 (12.4, 62.0) months were enrolled in the study, including 11 males and 7 females. Pathogenic microorganisms were isolated in 17 patients by mNGS test, with a positive rate of 17/18, which was higher than 13/18 of microbial culture, but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.219). Both mNGS test and microbial culture isolated positive pathogenic bacteria in 12 patients, and mNGS test isolated the same types of pathogenic bacteria as microbial cultivation did in 11 patients. In five patients with negative microbial culture, mNGS test also isolated pathogenic microorganisms, including 3 cases of Staphylococcus epidermidis, 1 case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 1 case of Ureaplasma urealyticum. In 1 patient, microbial culture isolated pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli) whereas mNGS test did not. The detection time of mNGS was 25.0 (24.0, 27.0) h, which was significantly shorter than 89.0 (72.8, 122.0) h of microbial culture (Z=3.726, P<0.001). Conclusions: mNGS test can improve the detection rate of pathogenic microorganisms in PD-related peritonitis and greatly shorten the detection time, and has good consistency with microbial culture. mNGS may provide a new approach for pathogen identification of PD-related peritonitis, especially refractory peritonitis.

Advances on pathogenesis of acquired peritoneal ultrafiltration failure in peritoneal dialysis / 中华肝脏病杂志

Peritoneal ultrafiltration failure is a common reason for peritoneal dialysis (PD) withdrawal as well as mortality in PD patients. Based on the three-pore system, inter-cellular small pores and trans-cellular ultra-small pores (aquaporin-1) are mainly responsible for water transfer across the peritoneum. Both small and ultra-small pores-dependent water (free water) transport decline accompanied with time on PD, with more significant decrease in free water, resulting in peritoneal ultrafiltration failure. The reduction of free water transport is associated with fast peritoneal solute transfer, reduced crystalloid osmotic gradient due to increased interstitial glucose absorption, and declined osmotic conductance to glucose resulted from impaired aquaporin-1 function and peritoneal interstitial fibrosis. The decline of small pore-based water is mainly because of fast loss of crystalloid osmotic gradient, decrease of hydrostatic pressure mediated by peritoneal vasculopathy, as well as reduced absolute number of small pores. The current review discusses the advance on pathogenesis of acquired peritoneal ultrafiltration failure in long-term PD.

Evaluation of the relationship between cardiac calcification and cardiovascular disease using the echocardiographic calcium score in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis: a cross-sectional study

INTRODUCTION@#An echocardiographic calcium score (ECS) predicts cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population. Its utility in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients is unknown.@*METHODS@#This cross-sectional study assessed 125 patients on PD. The ECS (range 0-8) was compared between subjects with CVD and those without.@*RESULTS@#Among the subjects, 54 had CVD and 71 did not. Subjects with CVD were older (69 years vs. 56 years, P < 0.001) and had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) (81.5% vs. 45.1%, P < 0.001). They had lower diastolic blood pressure (72 mmHg vs. 81 mmHg, P < 0.001), lower phosphate (1.6 mmol/L vs. 1.9 mmol/L, P = 0.002), albumin (30 g/L vs. 32 g/L, P = 0.001), parathyroid hormone (34.4 pmol/L vs. 55.8 pmol/L, P = 0.002), total cholesterol (4.5 vs. 4.9, P = 0.047), LDL cholesterol (2.4 mmol/L vs. 2.8 mmol/L, P = 0.019) and HDL cholesterol (0.8 mmol/L vs. 1.1 mmol/L, P = 0.002). The ECS was found to be higher in subjects with CVD than in those without (2 vs. 1, P = 0.001). On multivariate analysis, only DM and age were independently associated with CVD.@*CONCLUSION@#The ECS was significantly higher in PD patients with CVD than in those without, reflecting a higher vascular calcification burden in the former. It is a potentially useful tool to quantify vascular calcification in PD patients.

O processo de adaptação do paciente para realização da diálise peritoneal no domicílio / El proceso de adaptación del paciente para la realización de la diálisis peritoneal en el domicilio / The process of patient adaptation to perform peritoneal dialysis at home

Objetivos: identificar as estratégias de adaptação no domicílio, utilizadas pelos pacientes para início do tratamento da diálise peritoneal; descrever as principais facilidades e dificuldades encontradas pelos pacientes na realização da diálise peritoneal no domicílio; identificar o entendimento e a aceitação do paciente sobre o método de diálise peritoneal. Método: estudo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, organizadas e analisadas conforme a técnica de análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: da análise das unidades de significação emergiram três categorias temáticas, sendo elas representações da DP; vivências e sentimentos frente à doença e na escolha do método; (re) conhecendo aspectos facilitadores e dificultadores diante a diálise peritoneal em casa; identificando as estratégias para adequação do cotidiano à diálise peritoneal. Conclusão: após o reconhecimento da necessidade da utilização da diálise peritoneal para manutenção da vida, o paciente desenvolve uma série de adaptações para viabilizar o tratamento diário em domicílio.

Objetivos: identificar las estrategias de adaptación en el domicilio, utilizadas por los pacientes para iniciar el tratamiento de la diálisis peritoneal; describir las principales facilidades y dificultades encontradas por los pacientes en la realización de la diálisis peritoneal en el domicilio; identificar la comprensión y aceptación del paciente sobre el método de diálisis peritoneal. Método: estudio descriptivo, con enfoque cualitativo. Los datos fueron recogidos a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas, organizadas y analizadas conforme a la técnica de análisis de contenido de Bardin. Resultados: del análisis de las unidades de significación emergieron tres categorías temáticas, siendo ellas representaciones de la DP; vivencias y sentimientos frente a la enfermedad y en la elección del método; (re) conociendo aspectos facilitadores y dificultadores ante la diálisis peritoneal en casa; identificando las estrategias para adecuación del cotidiano a la diálisis peritoneal. Conclusión: tras el reconocimiento de la necesidad de la utilización de la diálisis peritoneal para el mantenimiento de la vida, el paciente desarrolla una serie de adaptaciones para viabilizar el tratamiento diario en domicilio.

Objectives: to identify the strategies of adaptation at home, used by patients to begin treatment of peritoneal dialysis; to describe the main facilities and difficulties encountered by patients in performing peritoneal dialysis at home; to identify the patient's understanding and acceptance of the peritoneal dialysis method. Method: descriptive study with qualitative approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, organized and analyzed according to Bardin's content analysis technique. Results: three thematic categories emerged from the analysis of the units of meaning, which were representations of PD; experiences and feelings regarding the disease and the choice of method; (re)knowing aspects that facilitate and hinder peritoneal dialysis at home; strategies for the adaptation of daily life to peritoneal dialysis. Conclusion: after recognizing the need to use peritoneal dialysis for life maintenance, the patient develops a series of adaptations to enable daily treatment at home.

Sobrevida de pacientes en hemodiálisis crónica versus diálisis peritoneal crónica / Survival of patients on chronic hemodialysis versus chronic peritoneal dialysis

RESUMEN Objetivo. Comparar la supervivencia de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en hemodiálisis (HD) versus diálisis peritoneal (DP). Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un análisis de supervivencia de una cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes ≥ 18 años que iniciaron HD versus DP en el Hospital Víctor Lazarte Echegaray del 2015 al 2019. Se analizaron las covariables: edad, sexo, diabetes mellitus con causa de ERC, catéter venoso central temporal (CVC) como acceso vascular inicial y tasa de filtración glomerular. Se calculó la supervivencia con curvas de Kaplan-Meier para la cohorte global y para edad ≥ 60 años, diabetes mellitus como causa de ERC y CVC. Se estimó el riesgo de fallecer mediante Hazard Ratio (HR) según el modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox para cada covariable ajustada a la modalidad de diálisis en un análisis bivariado y multivariado considerando diferencia significativa si el valor de p < 0,05. Resultados. Se incluyeron 368 pacientes en HD de los cuales fallecieron 129 (35,1%) y 172 pacientes en DP de los cuales fallecieron 66 (38,4%) (p=0,455). La probabilidad acumulada de supervivencia a los 60 meses para HD fue de 30% y para DP fue de 37% con curvas de supervivencia similares (p=0,719). La mediana del tiempo de sobrevida en HD fue de 32 meses (RIC: 20-53) y en DP fue de 32,5 meses (RIC: 18-57) (p=0,999). Se determinó que las covariables asociadas con una mayor mortalidad ajustadas a la modalidad de diálisis fueron edad ≥60 años (HR 1,77; p<0,001) y diabetes mellitus como causa de ERC (HR 1,63; p=0,002). Conclusiones. La supervivencia de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en HD y DP fue similar.

ABSTRACT Objective. To compare the survival of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis (HD) versus peritoneal dialysis (PD). Materials and methods. Survival analysis of a retrospective cohort of patients ≥ 18 years who started HD versus PD at the Victor Lazarte Echegaray Hospital from 2015 to 2019. We analyzed the following covariates: age, sex, diabetes mellitus as cause of CKD, temporary central venous catheter (CVC) as initial vascular access and glomerular filtration rate. Survival was calculated with Kaplan-Meier curves for the overall cohort and for age ≥ 60 years, diabetes mellitus as a cause of CKD and CVC. The risk of death was estimated by Hazard Ratio (HR) according to the Cox proportional hazards model for each covariate adjusted for dialysis type in a bivariate and multivariate analysis considering significant difference if the p-value < 0.05. Results. We included 368 patients on HD of whom 129 (35.1%) died, and 172 patients on PD of whom 66 (38.4%) died (p=0.455). The cumulative probability of survival at 60 months for HD was 30% and for PD was 37% with similar survival curves (p=0.719). The median survival time for HD was 32 months (IQR: 20-53) and for PD was 32.5 months (IQR: 18-57) (p=0.999). The covariates associated with higher mortality adjusted for dialysis type were age ≥60 years (HR 1.77; p<0.001) and diabetes mellitus as a cause of CKD (HR 1.63; p=0.002). Conclusions. Survival of patients with CKD on HD and PD was similar.

Diálisis peritoneal de inicio urgente en pacientes con COVID-19 en una ciudad de gran altura / Urgent start peritoneal dialysis in patients with COVID-19 in a high rise city

Estimado director: La COVID-19 afecta a los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en diálisis,1,2 ya que estos presentan factores de riesgo para desarrollar enfermedad grave, como diabetes mellitus, hipertensión arterial y edad mayor de 65 años. A esto se une la uremia, la inflamación crónica, el trastorno mineral óseo y la diálisis condicionan inmunosupresión crónica.3 La uremia produce cambios en la inmunidad innata y adaptativa y condiciona la disminución de la habilidad bactericida de los neutrófilos, la hiporeactividad de monocitos y diferenciación disminuida de células dendríticas, respuesta de células T alteradas, activación de la apoptosis inducida de células T y B, disminución de linfocitos B, cambios en la relación Th1/Th2 y disminución en número y actividad de células "natural killers".4,5 Además, en la ERC existe una alteración del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona y de la relación ECA/ECA-2, que condiciona mayor susceptibilidad y peores resultados ante la infección por COVID-19.6 A pesar de ello, en diálisis, se ha reportado una cifra elevada de pacientes asintomáticos7 y también, síntomas gastrointestinales como náuseas, vómitos y diarrea,8,9 que son factores que provocan la diseminación de la enfermedad. Resalta la presencia de linfopenia y el patrón de vidrio esmerilado en gran número de pacientes, aunque también es frecuente la neumonía bilateral.6 Igualmente, los índices neutrófilo/linfocito y plaquetas/linfocitos se identifican como marcadores pronósticos tempranos de severidad de COVID-19 incluso en pacientes en hemodiálisis.10,11,12 Los pacientes con ERC deben continuar la terapia dialítica antes, durante o tras la infección por COVID-19. En ese sentido, se ha planteado que la diálisis peritoneal podría minimizar el riesgo de contraer la enfermedad por ser una terapia domiciliaria. Su uso en pacientes con falla renal y COVID-19 es segura, ya que brinda estabilidad hemodinámica, no precisa de anticoagulación ni de acceso vascular, puede iniciarse en forma aguda sin mayores complicaciones, disminuye la exposición del personal, puede ser monitorizada por teleconsulta y sus resultados son similares en comparación a las técnicas extracorpóreas.13,14,15 Presentamos nuestra experiencia en el manejo de cuatro pacientes con ERC, con infección por COVID-19 e iniciaron diálisis peritoneal, al no contar con hemodiálisis hospitalaria en su Centro Asistencial en Juliaca, Perú; ubicada a 3 827 metros sobre el nivel del mar. Dos de ellos eran hombres y tres tenían antecedente de hipertensión arterial. Los cuatro fueron hospitalizados en área COVID-19 y realizaron diálisis peritoneal manual, recibieron entrenamiento a cargo de la enfermera del programa por vía telefónica, por WhatsApp y mediante videos grabados previamente. Hubo complicaciones médicas y quirúrgicas relacionadas a la inserción del catéter en dos pacientes y se utilizó en forma aguda y urgente con un tiempo máximo de 36 h tras la cirugía. Las principales características de los pacientes se presentan en la tabla 1 y sus exámenes de laboratorio en la tabla 2. Al alta, dos de ellos...(AU)

Development and validation of a prediction model for treatment failure in peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis patients: a multicenter study / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To develop and validate a risk prediction model of treatment failure in patients with peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis (PDAP).@*METHODS@#We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) in 3 dialysis centers in Jilin Province who developed PDAP between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2019. The data collected from the Second Hospital of Jilin University and Second Division of First Hospital of Jilin University) were used as the training dataset and those from Jilin Central Hospital as the validation dataset. We developed a nomogram for predicting treatment failure using a logistic regression model with backward elimination. The performance of the nomogram was assessed by analyzing the C-statistic and the calibration plots. We also plotted decision curves to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the nomogram.@*RESULTS@#A total of 977 episodes of PDAP were included in the analysis (625 episodes in the training dataset and 352 episodes in the validation dataset). During follow-up, 78 treatment failures occurred in the training dataset and 35 in the validation dataset. A multivariable logistic regression prediction model was established, and the predictors in the final nomogram model included serum albumin, peritoneal dialysate white cell count on day 5, PD duration, and type of causative organisms. The nomogram showed a good performance in predicting treatment failure, with a C-statistic of 0.827 (95% CI: 0.784-0.871) in the training dataset and of 0.825 (95% CI: 0.743-0.908) in the validation dataset. The nomogram also performed well in calibration in both the training and validation datasets.@*CONCLUSION@#The established nomogram has a good accuracy in estimating the risk of treatment failure in PDAP patients.

Death and cardiovascular outcomes in end-stage renal failure patients on different modalities of dialysis

INTRODUCTION@#Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in end-stage renal failure (ESRF) patients are high. We examined the incidence and predictors of death and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in ESRF patients on different modalities of dialysis.@*METHOD@#Data were obtained from a population-based database (National Registry Disease Offices) in Singapore. The study cohort comprised all adult patients initiated on dialysis between 2007 and 2012 who were closely followed for the development of death and AMI until September 2014. Cox regression methods were used to identify predictors of death and AMI.@*RESULTS@#Of 5,309 patients, 4,449 were on haemodialysis and 860 on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Mean age of the cohort was 61 (±13) years (44% women), of Chinese (67%), Malay (25%) and Indian (7%) ethnicities. By September 2014, the incidence of all-cause death was 34%; close to a third of the patients died from a cardiovascular cause. Age >60 years and the presence of ischaemic heart disease, diabetes, stroke, peripheral vascular disease and PD were identified as independent predictors of all-cause death. PD patients had lower odds of survival compared to patients on haemodialysis (hazard ratio 1.51, 95% confidence interval 1.35-1.70, P<0.0001). Predictors of AMI in this cohort were older age (>60 years) and the presence of ischaemic heart disease, diabetes, stroke, peripheral vascular disease and current/ex-smokers. There were no significant differences in the incidence of AMI between patients on PD and haemodialysis.@*CONCLUSION@#The short-term incidence of death and AMI remains high in Singapore. Future studies should investigate the benefits of a tighter control of cardiovascular risk factors among ESRF patients on dialysis.

Comparison of planned-start, early-start and deferred-start strategies for peritoneal dialysis initiation in end-stage kidney disease

INTRODUCTION@#In patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) suitable for peritoneal dialysis (PD), PD should ideally be planned and initiated electively (planned-start PD). If patients present late, some centres initiate PD immediately with an urgent-start PD strategy. However, as urgent-start PD is resource intensive, we evaluated another strategy where patients first undergo emergent haemodialysis (HD), followed by early PD catheter insertion, and switch to PD 48-72 hours after PD catheter insertion (early-start PD). Conventionally, late-presenting patients are often started on HD, followed by deferred PD catheter insertion before switching to PD≥14 days after catheter insertion (deferred start PD).@*METHODS@#This is a retrospective study of new ESKD patients, comparing the planned-start, early-start and deferred-start PD strategies. Outcomes within 1 year of dialysis initiation were studied.@*RESULTS@#Of 148 patients, 57 (38.5%) patients had planned-start, 23 (15.5%) early-start and 68 (45.9%) deferred-start PD. Baseline biochemical parameters were similar except for a lower serum urea with planned-start PD. No significant differences were seen in the primary outcomes of technique and patient survival across all 3 subgroups. Compared to planned-start PD, early-start PD had a shorter time to catheter migration (hazard ratio [HR] 14.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.65-121.04, P=0.016) while deferred-start PD has a shorter time to first peritonitis (HR 2.49, 95% CI 1.03-6.01, P=0.043) and first hospital admission (HR 2.03, 95% CI 1.35-3.07, P=0.001).@*CONCLUSION@#Planned-start PD is the best PD initiation strategy. However, if this is not possible, early-start PD is a viable alternative. Catheter migration may be more frequent with early-start PD but does not appear to impact technique survival.

Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Outcome of Pseudomonas Peritoneal Dialysis-associated Peritonitis / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and treatment of Pseudomonas peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis(PsP). Methods The data of patients receiving peritoneal dialysis in four tertiary hospitals in Jilin province from 2015 to 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.According to the etiological classification,the patients with peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis(PDAP)were classified into PsP group and non-PsP group.The incidence of PsP was calculated,and the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of the two groups were compared.Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw the survival curve,and Cox regression was performed to analyze the risk factors affecting the technical failure of PsP.The treatment options of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-caused PDAP and the drug sensitivity of PsP were summarized. Results A total of 1530 peritoneal dialysis patients with complete data were included in this study,among which 439 patients had 664 times of PDAP.The incidence of PsP was 0.007 episodes/patient-year.PsP group had higher proportion of refractory peritonitis(41.38% vs.19.69%,P=0.005),lower cure rate(55.17% vs.80.79%, P=0.001),and higher extubation rate(24.14% vs.7.09%,P=0.003)than non-PsP group.The technical survival rate of PsP group was lower than that of non-PsP group(P<0.001).Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was an independent risk factor for technical failure in patients with PsP(HR=9.020,95%CI=1.141-71.279,P=0.037).Pseudomonas was highly sensitive to amikacin,meropenem,and piperacillin-tazobactam while highly resistant to compound sulfamethoxazole,cefazolin,and ampicillin. Conclusion The treatment outcome of PsP is worse than that of non-PsP,and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an independent risk factor for technical failure of PsP.

Proxemia em diálise peritoneal: expressões de clientes, cuidadores e enfermeiros na capacitação / Proxemics in peritoneal dialysis: expressions of clients, caregivers and nurses in training

Introdução: Os fatores proxêmicos envolvidos na capacitação em diálise peritoneal permeiam a tríade enfermeiro, cliente e cuidador durante o processo de comunicação no momento do ensino-aprendizagem. Estes fatores podem estar presentes na relação com a forma de comunicação verbal e não verbal que o enfermeiro irá estabelecer com o cliente e/ou cuidador. Objetivos: Identificar como se apresentam os fatores proxêmicos entre enfermeiros, cuidadores e clientes no processo de capacitação em diálise peritoneal; Analisar como a comunicação proxêmica influencia na aprendizagem para a capacitação em diálise peritoneal; Discutir a importância dos fatores proxêmicos como elementos essenciais da comunicação durante a capacitação em diálise peritoneal; Construir uma história em quadrinhos com as principais evidências dos fatores proxêmicos emergentes na capacitação em DP. Método: Pesquisa descritiva e exploratória com abordagem qualitativa, ancorada e analisada pelo referencial de Hall sobre proxemia. O estudo teve 20 participantes, sendo 6 enfermeiros envolvidos no processo de capacitação para DP, 5 clientes indicados para capacitação em diálise peritoneal e 9 cuidadores responsáveis pelo acompanhamento da diálise peritoneal de clientes. Estudo realizado no setor de diálise peritoneal de um hospital público de ensino de grande porte situado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro - Brasil. Os dados foram coletados entre fevereiro de 2019 a janeiro de 2020. Os dados referentes a observação foram quantificados posteriormente por frequência simples e os dados qualitativos das entrevistas resultaram da técnica de análise temática de conteúdo de Bardin (2011). As categorias identificadas foram: A Comunicação Proxêmica na Aprendizagem na Capacitação em DP e Uso da comunicação Proxêmica por enfermeiros como ferramenta de auxílio na capacitação para DP. O estudo foi aprovado nos Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa da EEAN/HESFA e da instituição coparticipante, sob os números de pareceres, respectivamente 3.054.326; 3.132.440. Resultados: Os dados apresentados emergiram do contexto de 96 capacitações em diálise peritoneal, as quais duraram cerca de 52 horas. Os resultados da categoria 1 se referiram a comunicação proxêmica do enfermeiro influenciando na aprendizagem do cliente e/ou cuidador informal de modo positivo relacionada a posição do corpo na interação, expressões faciais; gestos corporais com mãos, dedos, cabeça; toque afetivo e instrumental; momentos de silêncio durante a capacitação em DP, pois desta forma o enfermeiro direciona o seu olhar aos aspectos cognitivos, afetivos e psicomotores presentes neste processo. Poucos aspectos negativos foram visualizados relacionados a posição do corpo na interação, expressões faciais e gestos com as mãos, porém podem ser modificados com o uso da linguagem proxêmica. Os resultados da segunda categoria se referem aos dez fatores proxêmicos emergentes e com maior frequência: a posição do ângulo dos ombros com eixo sociopeto e a posição do corpo na interação predominante pessoal e íntima; incluindo também 62 toques afetivos como beijos, abraços e aperto das mãos; 36 toques instrumentais a quatro mãos; 35 posições da cabeça de baixo para cima; 22 expressões faciais com franzir da testa, as sobrancelhas erguidas levantadas, com aumento de abertura dos olhos; 18 gestos frequentes apontando com o dedo indicador; 17 pés cruzados; 10 apoios das mãos no queixo, boca e cabeça; 10 batidas de palmas. Em relação a técnica do espelho foi possível destacar os principais resultados de 15 participantes (6 enfermeiros, 3 clientes e 6 cuidadores informais). As falas dos participantes estiveram voltadas para o autocuidado, relacionadas a suas expressões faciais, cabelos, barba e relacionadas ao ambiente, com utilização da expressão ("correria") e sensação ("tô com fome"). O Produto de Inovação está relacionado a produção de material didático-instrucional voltado para História em Quadrinhos colocando em evidência os fatores proxêmicos como subsídios importantes no ensino e na capacitação em dialise peritoneal. Discussão: Os fatores proxêmicos influenciam na aprendizagem durante a Capacitação em DP. Faz-se necessário que o enfermeiro considere a sua relação no processo ensino-aprendizagem com as "quatro vias do saber" de Delors, as quais são: aprender a conhecer; aprender a fazer; aprender a conviver; e aprender a ser. Deve também não deixar de considerar os princípios da Taxionomia de Bloom, com foco nas habilidades cognitivas, psicomotoras e afetivas. Na segunda categoria têm-se a comunicação proxêmica auxiliando os enfermeiros na capacitação para DP, têm-se que na posição do ângulo dos ombros (Eixo Sociopeto) esteve relacionada a apoio e segurança; a posição do corpo na interação pessoal esteve relacionada ao fornecimento de autonomia e diminuição do nervosismo) e íntima (fornecimento de segurança na prevenção de erros ou após a sua ocorrência); expressão facial (testa, sobrancelhas, olhos) relacionada a surpresa ou preocupação com os erros; código visual voltado para a compreensão da informação; expressão facial "riso" relacionada a nervoso (momentos de tensão) ou elogio (momentos de parabenização); gesto apontando com o indicador, gesto com sinal de mão fechada e dedão virado para cima e posição da cabeça de baixo para cima estão relacionados a confirmação da ação; bater palmas relacionado a elogios; posição das mãos indicando nervosismo; toque afetivo indicando aproximação e toque instrumental relacionado a auxílio e compreensão das informações. Em relação a técnica do espelho foi possível perceber através das falas dos enfermeiros, cuidadores informais e clientes que houve uma interiorização do olhar para compreender por dentro, já que na capacitação o enfermeiro tem que ter um olhar para fora. Esta percepção de si através do código visual possibilitou reflexões e falas acerca da preocupação com o seu autocuidado. Conclusão: Houve o atendimento a tese, pois os dados expressaram que ao realizar uma capacitação em diálise peritoneal, os fatores proxêmicos adotados pelo enfermeiro influenciam no processo de apreensão de conhecimento e de aprendizagem do cuidador que está a se capacitar para realizar a DP no cliente. O desenvolvimento de um material didático-instrucional voltado para a história em quadrinhos apresenta relevância na área da enfermagem nefrológica à medida que por meio dele o conhecimento sobre os fatores proxêmicos se disseminam no campo da prática e no ensino de enfermagem.

Introduction: The proxemic factors involved in peritoneal dialysis training permeate the triad nurse, client, and caregiver during the teaching-learning communication process. These factors may be present in the relationship with the form of verbal and non-verbal communication that the nurse will establish with the client and/or caregiver. Objectives: To identify how proxemic factors are presented among nurses, caregivers and clients in the process of peritoneal dialysis training; To analyze how proxemic communication influences learning for peritoneal dialysis training; To discuss the importance of proxemic factors as essential elements of communication during peritoneal dialysis training; Build a comic book with the main evidence of the emerging proxemic factors in PD training. Method: Descriptive and exploratory research with a qualitative approach, anchored and analyzed by Hall's referential on Proxemics. The study had 20 participants, being 6 nurses involved in the PD training process, 5 clients indicated for training in peritoneal dialysis and 9 caregivers responsible for monitoring clients' peritoneal dialysis. Study carried out in the peritoneal dialysis sector of a large public teaching hospital located in the city of Rio de Janeiro - Brazil. Data were collected between February 2019 to January 2020. The qualitative data from the interviews resulted from the thematic content analysis technique of Bardin (2011). The categories identified were Proxemic Communication in Learning in PD Training and Use of Proxemic Communication by nurses as an aid tool in PD training. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of EEAN/HESFA and the co-participant institution, under the numbers of opinions, respectively 3.054.326; 3.132.440. Results: The data presented emerged from the context of 96 peritoneal dialysis training, which lasted about 52 hours. The results of category 1 referred to the proxemic communication of the nurse influencing the learning of the client and/or informal caregiver in a positive way related to the position of the body in the interaction, facial expressions; body gestures with hands, fingers, head; affective and instrumental touch; moments of silence during the PD training, because in this way the nurse directs his gaze to the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects present in this process. Few negative aspects were visualized related to body position in the interaction; facial expressions and hand gestures, but they can be modified with the use of proxemic language. This proxemic communication presents itself in moments related to the explanation of procedures, return to the gesture received, confirmation of explanations, meetings and farewells during the training and execution of the technique. The results of the second category refer to the ten most frequently emergent proxemic factors: the position of the angle of the shoulders with sociopathic axis and the position of the body in the predominantly personal and intimate interaction; also including 62 affective touches such as kisses, hugs and shaking hands; 36 four-handed instrumental touches; 35 head positions from bottom to top; 22 facial expressions with frowning, the raised eyebrows raised, with increased opening of the eyes; 18 frequent pointing gestures with the index finger; 17 crossed feet; 10 hand supports on the chin, mouth and head; 10 clapping. Regarding the mirror technique, it was possible to highlight the main results of 15 participants (6 nurses, 3 clients and 6 informal caregivers). The participants' speeches were focused on self-care, related to their facial expressions, hair, beard, and related to the environment, with the use of expression ("running") and sensation ("I'm hungry"). The Innovation Product is related to the production of didactic-instructional material focused on Comics, highlighting the proxemic factors as important subsidies in teaching and training in peritoneal dialysis. Discussion: The proxemic factors influence the learning during the PD training. It is necessary that nurses consider their relationship in the teaching-learning process with the "four ways of knowing" of Delors, which are: learning to know; learning to do; learning to live together; and learning to be. It should also not fail to consider the principles of Bloom's Taxonomy, focusing on cognitive, psychomotor, and affective skills. In the second category we have the proxemic communication helping the nurses in the PD training, we have that the position of the shoulder angle (Sociopathic axis) was related to support and safety; the body position in personal interaction was related to providing autonomy and decreasing nervousness) and intimate (providing security in the prevention of errors or after their occurrence); facial expression (forehead, eyebrows, eyes) related to surprise or concern about the errors; visual code directed to the understanding of the information; facial expression "laughter" related to nervousness (moments of tension) or praise (moments of congratulation); gesture pointing with the index finger, gesture with closed hand and thumb up and head position from bottom to top are related to confirmation of action; clapping hands related to praise; hand position indicating nervousness; affective touch indicating closeness and instrumental touch related to help and understanding of the information. Regarding the mirror technique, it was possible to notice through the nurses', informal caregivers', and clients' statements that there was an internalization of the look to understand "from the inside", since in the training the nurse must look "outwards". This perception of the self through the visual code enabled reflections and speeches about the concern with self-care. Conclusion: The thesis was answered, because the data expressed that when training in peritoneal dialysis, the proxemic factors adopted by nurses influence the process of apprehension of knowledge and learning of the caregiver who is being trained to perform PD in the client. The development of a didactic-instructional material focused on comics presents relevance in nephrology nursing as through it the knowledge about proxemic factors is disseminated in the field of practice and nursing education.

Introducción: Los factores proxémicos que intervienen en la capacitación en la diálisis peritoneal hacen que el enfermero, el cliente y el cuidador se comuniquen durante el proceso de comunicación en el momento del ensino-aprendizaje. Estos factores pueden estar presentes en la relación con la forma de comunicación verbal y no verbal que la enfermera establecerá con el cliente y/o el cuidador. Método: Investigación descriptiva y exploratoria con abordaje cualitativo, ancorada y analizada por la referencia de Hall sobre proxemia. El estudio contó con 20 participantes, entre los que se encontraban 6 enfermeros implicados en el proceso de capacitación para DP, 5 clientes indicados para la capacitación en diálisis peritoneal y 9 cuidadores responsables del acompañamiento de la diálisis peritoneal de los clientes. Estudio realizado en el sector de diálisis peritoneal de un gran hospital público de enseñanza ubicado en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro - Brasil. Los datos se recogieron entre febrero de 2019 y enero de 2020. Los datos relacionados con la observación se cuantificaron posteriormente mediante la frecuencia simple y los datos cualitativos de las entrevistas resultaron de la técnica de análisis de contenido temático de Bardin (2011). Las categorías identificadas fueron La comunicación proxémica en el aprendizaje en la formación en DP y el uso de la comunicación proxémica por parte de las enfermeras como herramienta de ayuda en la formación en DP. El estudio fue aprobado en los Comités de Ética de la Investigación de la EEAN/HESFA y la institución co-participante, bajo los números de dictamen, respectivamente 3.054.326; 3.132.440. Resultados: Los datos presentados surgieron del contexto de 96 entrenamientos de diálisis peritoneal, que duraron aproximadamente 52 horas. Los resultados de la categoría 1 se refirieron a la comunicación proxémica de la enfermera que influye en el aprendizaje del cliente y/o cuidador informal de forma positiva relacionada con la posición del cuerpo en la interacción, las expresiones faciales; los gestos corporales con las manos, los dedos, la cabeza; el tacto afectivo e instrumental; los momentos de silencio durante el entrenamiento en DP, porque de esta forma la enfermera dirige su mirada a los aspectos cognitivos, afectivos y psicomotores presentes en este proceso. Se observaron pocos aspectos negativos relacionados con la posición del cuerpo durante la interacción, las expresiones faciales y los gestos con las manos, pero pueden modificarse con el uso del lenguaje proxémico. Esta comunicación proxémica se presenta en momentos relacionados con la explicación de los procedimientos, la devolución del gesto recibido, la confirmación de las explicaciones, los encuentros y las despedidas durante el entrenamiento y la ejecución de la técnica. Los resultados de la segunda categoría se refieren a los diez factores proxémicos emergentes y con mayor frecuencia: la posición del ángulo de los hombros con el eje sociopeto y la posición del cuerpo en la interacción personal e íntima predominante; incluyendo también 62 toques afectivos como besos, abrazos y apretones de manos; 36 toques instrumentales a cuatro manos; 35 posiciones de la cabeza de abajo a arriba; 22 expresiones faciales con el ceño fruncido, las cejas levantadas, con aumento de la apertura de los ojos; 18 gestos frecuentes de señalar con el dedo índice; 17 pies cruzados; 10 apoyos de la mano en la barbilla, la boca y la cabeza; 10 palmadas. En cuanto a la técnica del espejo, se pudieron destacar los principales resultados de 15 participantes (6 enfermeras, 3 clientes y 6 cuidadores informales). Los discursos de los participantes se centraron en el cuidado de sí mismos, en relación con sus expresiones faciales, el cabello, la barba y en relación con el entorno, con el uso de la expresión ("apuro") y la sensación ("tengo hambre"). El Producto de Innovación está relacionado con la producción de material didáctico-instructivo enfocado a los Cómicos, destacando los factores proxémicos como subsidios importantes en la enseñanza y formación en diálisis peritoneal. Discusión: Los factores proxémicos influyen en el aprendizaje durante la Formación en DP. Es necesario que las enfermeras consideren su relación en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje con las "cuatro formas de conocer" de Delors, que son: aprender a conocer; aprender a hacer; aprender a vivir juntos; y aprender a ser. Tampoco debe dejar de considerar los principios de la Taxonomía de Bloom, centrándose en las habilidades cognitivas, psicomotoras y afectivas. En la segunda categoría, la comunicación proxémica ayuda a las enfermeras en la formación en DP; la posición del ángulo de los hombros (eje socio-óptico) se relacionó con el apoyo y la seguridad; la posición del cuerpo en la interacción personal se relacionó con la provisión de autonomía y la disminución del nerviosismo) e íntima (provisión de seguridad en la prevención de errores o después de su ocurrencia); la expresión facial (frente, cejas, ojos) se relacionó con la sorpresa o la preocupación por los errores; código visual dirigido a la comprensión de la información; expresión facial "risa" relacionada con el nerviosismo (momentos de tensión) o elogio (momentos de felicitación); gesto señalando con el dedo índice, gesto con signo de mano cerrada y pulgar girado hacia arriba y posición de la cabeza de abajo a arriba están relacionados con la confirmación de la acción; palmas relacionadas con el elogio; posición de la mano que indica nerviosismo; tacto afectivo que indica cercanía y tacto instrumental relacionado con la ayuda y comprensión de la información. En relación con la técnica del espejo, se pudo constatar, a través de las declaraciones de las enfermeras, de los cuidadores informales y de los clientes, que había una interiorización de la mirada para comprender desde dentro, ya que, en la formación, la enfermera tiene que mirar hacia fuera. Esta percepción del yo a través del código visual permitió reflexiones y afirmaciones sobre la preocupación por el autocuidado. Conclusión: Se ha prestado atención a este tema, ya que los datos expresan que, al realizar una capacitación en diálisis peritoneal, los factores proxémicos adoptados por el enfermero influyen en el proceso de aprehensión de conocimiento y de aprendizaje del cuidador que se está capacitando para realizar la DP en el cliente. El desarrollo de un material didáctico-instructivo centrado en el cómic presenta relevancia en el área de la enfermería nefrológica en la medida en que a través de él se difunden los conocimientos sobre los factores proxémicos en el ámbito de la práctica y en la educación enfermera.

Renal Ped: protótipo de serious game para criança em diálise peritoneal / Renal Ped: prototype of a serious game for children on peritoneal dialysis

Estudos têm avançado no oferecimento de dispositivos digitais para contribuir com o processo ensino aprendizagem no cuidado em saúde. Contudo, a clientela infantil ainda carece de dispositivos específicos, em especial para condições crônicas e que demandam cuidados específicos. Este estudo tem o objetivo de desenvolver um protótipo de serious game voltado para o cuidado da criança com Doença Renal Crônica que realiza tratamento com Diálise Peritoneal. Os objetivos específicos são: identificar as principais dificuldades dos pais e/ou cuidadores na continuidade do tratamento da criança com doença renal crônica em domicílio; identificar as dúvidas mais frequentes de crianças com doença renal crônica e suas famílias em relação à doença e ao seu manejo no domicílio e desenvolver um protótipo de um serious game sobre cuidados relacionados a diálise peritoneal para crianças com DRC. Trata-se de pesquisa metodológica, com referencial teórico da aprendizagem significativa de David P. Ausubel e referencial metodológico de Jeannie Novak. O estudo cumpriu as etapas de conceito e o Game Design Document. Na primeira etapa e para responder aos dois primeiros objetivos específicos, conduziu-se estudo qualitativo com entrevistas semiestruturadas com crianças com Doença Renal Crônica em tratamento com Diálise Peritoneal e com seus principais cuidadores. O referencial para análise foi a análise temática indutiva, o que resultou em três temas: 1) A Diálise Peritoneal: percursos/direções para qualidade de vida e de cuidado da criança com doença renal crônica, com cinco subtemas; 2) O aprendizado para o cuidado na Diálise Peritoneal da criança com doença renal crônica, que envolve dois subtemas; 3) Diálise Peritoneal na criança: tecnologia de informação e comunicação para o cuidado, composto por dois subtemas. Os temas, acrescidos de literatura específica para o cuidado da criança em Diálise Peritoneal, e documentos e normativas do Ministério da Saúde brasileiro, e de manuais para uso do dispositivo na Diálise Peritoneal, fundamentaram o conteúdo do protótipo do serious game. O Game Design Document foi elaborado pela pesquisadora e um designer gráfico. Nele, detalha-se o roteiro, a conceituação artística e a jogabilidade. O serious game conta com cinco lições. O início tem a Escolha e montagem de um avatar; Lição 1: Cuidados com o cateter de Diálise Peritoneal; Lição 2: Alimentação da criança com Doença Renal Crônica; Lição 3: Higiene das mãos; Lição 4: Diálise Peritoneal no domicílio; Lição 5: Prevenção de infecção. O protótipo contém imagens para colorir, figuras que demonstram alimentação saudável, interação com jogador para higiene das mãos, sequência a ser indicada para a realização da diálise peritoneal e um quiz sobre peritonite. O jogador avança no game ao acertar cada proposta de cada lição. Como fragilidades, indicam-se o número de participantes nas entrevistas e a não construção do protótipo junto com as crianças. Das potencialidades do protótipo do serious game, tem-se a oferta de dispositivo que fortalece o processo de ensino aprendizagem da criança com doença renal crônica em tratamento dialítico. O seu uso pode ultrapassar a criança e alcançar não somente os cuidadores, como também profissionais de saúde, no cenário hospitalar ou da atenção básica, que poderão utilizá-lo como ferramenta de capacitação para o cuidado no domicílio. O estudo permitiu entender todo o processo de idealização, produção e desenvolvimento de jogos e tecnologias voltadas à educação, demonstrando que é possível tornar a aprendizagem prazerosa e associar conteúdos teóricos e científicos à cenários lúdicos. Estudo futuro validará o protótipo com especialistas sobre o tema e, posteriormente, com a população-alvo, com intuito de consolidar a construção do serious game propriamente dito

Studies have advanced in order to offer digital devices to contribute to the teaching-learning process in health care. However, the child clientele still lacks specific devices, especially for chronic conditions which require specific care. This study aims to develop a prototype of a serious game aimed at the care of children with Chronic Kidney Disease undergoing treatment with Peritoneal Dialysis. The specific objectives are: to identify the main difficulties of parents and/or caregivers in continuing the treatment of children with chronic kidney disease at home; to identify the most frequent doubts of children with chronic kidney disease and their families regarding the disease and its management at home and to develop a prototype of a serious game about care related to peritoneal dialysis for children with Chronic Kidney Disease. This is a methodological research, with a theoretical framework of meaningful learning by David P. Ausubel and a methodological framework by Jeannie Novak. The study fulfilled the concept steps and the Game Design Document. In the first stage and to respond to the first two specific objectives, a qualitative study was conducted with semi-structured interviews with children with Chronic Kidney Disease undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis and with their main caregivers. The reference for analysis was inductive thematic analysis, which resulted in three themes: 1) Peritoneal Dialysis: pathways/directions for quality of life and care for children with chronic kidney disease, with five subthemes; 2) Learning for the care in Peritoneal Dialysis of the child with chronic kidney disease, which involves two sub-themes; 3) Peritoneal Dialysis in children: information and communication technology for care, consisting of two sub-themes. manuals for using the device in Peritoneal Dialysis, supported the content of the serious game prototype. The Game Design Document was prepared by the researcher and a graphic designer. In it, the script, the artistic concept and the gameplay are detailed. The serious game has five lessons. The beginning has the choice and assembly of an avatar; Lesson 1: Peritoneal Dialysis catheter care; Lesson 2: Feeding the child with Chronic Kidney Disease; Lesson 3: Hand hygiene; Lesson 4: Peritoneal Dialysis at Home; Lesson 5: Prevention of Infection. The prototype contains coloring images, figures that demonstrate healthy eating, interaction with a player for hand hygiene, sequence to be indicated for performing Peritoneal Dialysis and a quiz on peritonitis. The player advances in the game by hitting each proposal of each lesson. As weaknesses, the number of participants in the interviews and the failure to build the prototype together with the children with Chronic Kidney Disease are indicated. Serious game prototype, has potential as device that strengthens the teaching-learning process of children with Chronic Kidney Disease undergoing dialysis treatment. Its use can go beyond the child and reach not only caregivers, but also health professionals, in the hospital or primary care setting, who can use it as a training tool for home care. The study allowed us to understand the entire process of idealization, production and development of games and technologies aimed at education, demonstrating that it is possible to make learning enjoyable and associate theoretical and scientific content with playful scenarios. A future study will validate the prototype with experts on the subject and, later, with the target population, in order to consolidate the construction of the serious game itself

CA-125 and CCL2 may indicate inflammation in peritoneal dialysis patients / CA-125 e CCL2 podem indicar inflamação em pacientes em diálise peritoneal

Abstract Introduction: Progressive structural changes in the peritoneal membrane occur over the course of treatment in peritoneal dialysis (PD), resulting in an increase in cytokines such as CCL2 and structural changes in peritoneal membrane triggering an increase in CA-125 in dialysate, which reflects a probable local inflammatory process, with possible loss of mesothelial cells. Thus, the current study aimed to evaluate the association between plasma and CCL2 and CA-125 dialysate levels in patients undergoing PD. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted with 41 patients undergoing PD. The assessments of CA-125 and CCL2 levels were performed using a capture ELISA. Correlations were estimated using Spearman's correlation and the investigation of the association between the explanatory variables (CCL2) and response variable (CA-125) was done for crude ratio of arithmetic means and adjusted utilizing generalized linear models. Results: A moderate positive correlation was observed between the levels of CA-125 and CCL2 in the dialysate (rho = 0.696). A statistically significant association was found between the levels in the CCL2 and CA-125 dialysate (RoM=1.31; CI = 1.20-1.43), which remained after adjustment for age (RoM = 1.31; CI=1.19-1.44) and for time in months of PD (RoM=1.34, CI=1.22-1.48). Conclusion: The association of CA-125 levels with CCL2 in the dialysate may indicate that the local inflammatory process leads to temporary or definitive changes in peritoneal membrane. A better understanding of this pathogenesis could contribute to the discovery of new inflammatory biomarkers.

Resumo Introdução: Alterações estruturais progressivas na membrana peritoneal ocorrem no decorrer do tratamento em diálise peritoneal (DP), resultando em um aumento de citocinas como CCL2 e alterações estruturais na membrana peritoneal desencadeando um aumento de CA-125 no dialisato, o que reflete um provável processo inflamatório local, com possível perda de células mesoteliais. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a associação entre CCL2 e CA-125 no plasma e no dialisato de pacientes submetidos à DP. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 41 pacientes submetidos à DP. As avaliações dos níveis de CA-125 e CCL2 foram realizadas utilizando ELISA de captura. As correlações foram estimadas usando a correlação de Spearman, e a investigação da associação entre as variáveis explicativas (CCL2) e a variável resposta (CA-125) foi feita pela razão bruta das médias aritméticas e ajustada utilizando modelos lineares generalizados. Resultados: Foi observada uma correlação positiva moderada entre os níveis de CA-125 e CCL2 no dialisato (rho = 0,696). Foi encontrada uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre os níveis no dialisato de CCL2 e CA-125 (RoM=1,31; IC = 1,20-1,43), que permaneceu após ajuste por idade (RoM = 1,31; IC=1,19-1,44) e pelo tempo de DP em meses (RoM=1,34, IC=1,22-1,48). Conclusão: A associação dos níveis de CA-125 com CCL2 no dialisato pode indicar que o processo inflamatório local leva a alterações temporárias ou definitivas na membrana peritoneal. Uma melhor compreensão desta patogênese pode contribuir para a descoberta de novos biomarcadores inflamatórios.

Quality of life in primary caregivers of patients in peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis / Qualidade de vida em cuidadores primários de pacientes em diálise peritoneal e hemodiálise

Abstract Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is gaining track as an efficient/affordable therapy in poor settings. Yet, there is little data regarding differences in quality of life (QoL) of primary caregivers (PCG) of patients in PD and hemodialysis (HD). Aim: To compare the QoL of PCG of patients in PD and HD from an upper middle-income population in a Mexican city. Methods: Cross-sectional study was carried out with PCG of patients in PD (n=42) and HD (n=95) from 4 hospitals (response rate=70.2%). The SF 36-item QoL questionnaire, the Zarit burden interview, and the Goldberg anxiety/depression scale were used. Mean normalized scores for each QoL domain were compared by dialysis type. Adjusted odds were computed using logistic regression to determine the probability of low QoL (<70% of maximum possible score resulting from the added scores of the 8 dimensions). Results: The PD group had higher mean scores for emotional role functioning (+10.6; p=0.04), physical functioning (+9.2; p=0.002), bodily pain (+9.2; p=0.07), social functioning (+5.7; p=0.25), and mental health (+1.3; p=0.71); the HD group had higher scores for physical role functioning (+7.9, p=0.14), general health perception (+6.1; p=0.05), and vitality (+3.3; p=0.36). A non-significant OR was seen in multivariate regression (1.51; 95% CI 0.43-5.31). Zarit scores were similar, but workload levels were lower in the PD group (medium/high: PD 7.2%, HD 14.8%). Anxiety (HD 50.5%, PD 19%; p<0.01) and depression (HD 49.5%, PD 16.7%; p<0.01) were also lower in the PD group. Conclusion: Adjusted analysis showed no differences in the probability of low QoL between the groups. These findings add to the value of PD, and strengthen its importance in resource-limited settings.

Resumo Histórico: A diálise peritoneal (DP) vem ganhando terreno como terapia eficiente/acessível em ambientes pobres. Contudo, há poucos dados sobre diferenças na qualidade de vida (QV) dos cuidadores primários (CP) de pacientes em DP e hemodiálise (HD). Objetivo: Comparar QV dos CP de pacientes em DP e HD de uma cidade mexicana de renda média. Métodos: Estudo transversal com CP de pacientes em DP (n=42) e HD (n=95) de 4 hospitais (taxa resposta=70,2%). Aplicou-se o questionário QV-36 itens, entrevista de sobrecarga de Zarit e escala de ansiedade/depressão Goldberg. Escores médios normalizados para cada domínio de QV foram comparados por tipo de diálise. Probabilidades ajustadas foram calculadas usando regressão logística para determinar a probabilidade de baixa QV (<70% da pontuação máxima possível resultante das pontuações adicionadas das 8 dimensões). Resultados: O grupo DP apresentou escores médios mais altos para aspectos emocionais (+10,6; p=0,04), capacidade funcional (+9,2; p=0,002), dor (+9,2; p=0,07), aspectos sociais (+5,7; p=0,25), saúde mental (+1,3; p=0,71); o grupo HD teve pontuação maior para aspectos físicos (+7,9, p=0,14), estado geral de saúde (+6,1; p=0,05), vitalidade (+3,3; p=0,36). Uma probabilidade não significativa foi observada na regressão multivariada (OR=0,66; 95% IC 0,18-2,31). Os escores de Zarit foram semelhantes, mas os níveis da sobrecarga foram menores na DP (médio/alto: DP 7,2%, HD 14,8%). Ansiedade (50,5% vs 19%; p<0,01) e depressão (49,5% vs 16,7%; p<0,01) foram menores na DP. Conclusão: O risco de baixa QV entre grupos não foi diferente na análise ajustada. Estes achados fortalecem a importância da DP em ambientes com recursos limitados.

Evaluación de la calidad de vida de pacientes chilenos en diálisis peritoneal mediante el cuestionario KDQOL-36 / Health-related quality of life of patients on peritoneal dialysis

BACKGROUND: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is an important predictor of health outcomes in chronic kidney disease (CKD) including those patients in renal replacement therapy. Its evaluation through validated questionnaires is essential for comprehensive care in people undergoing renal replacement therapy. AIM: To evaluate the quality of life in patients with CKD on peritoneal dialysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study. The KDQOL-36 quality of life questionnaire was applied to 67 patients aged 55 ± 15 years, in peritoneal dialysis at a public hospital in Santiago. Scores range from 0 to 100, values greater than 50 represent a better HRQoL. RESULTS: The burden, symptoms, and effects of kidney disease component of the survey had scores over 50. Women, people without diabetes, those actively working and those with better incomes reported a better HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS: These patients on peritoneal dialysis report a good quality of life, especially in the specific components of kidney disease.