Low Common Carotid Artery Systolic Occlusion Pressure and Symptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis Are Associated with Development of Neurologic Intolerance during Proximal Protected Carotid Artery Stenting

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Neurologic intolerance (NI) is defined as the occurrence of neurological symptoms during carotid artery stenting (CAS). Because NI is inevitable problem, it may be helpful to anticipate its occurrence. So, we studied factors associated with NI during proximal protected CAS. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed all consecutive patients underwent proximal protected CAS from August 2012 to January 2017. RESULTS: We included total 123 patients (109 males, 72±8 years old). The total procedure time was 43±12 minutes, and mean occlusion time was 4.8±1.2 minutes. We divided CAS patients into 2 groups according to presence of NI; neurologic tolerance (NT; n=74, 60%) and NI (n=49, 40%) groups. After the univariate analysis, symptomatic carotid artery stenosis (p = 0.003), absence of anterior communicating artery (p = 0.015) and low common carotid artery occlusion pressure (CCAOP, p < 0.001) were associated with NI. After the multivariate analysis, NI was significantly associated with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis (odds ratio [OR], 5.549; p = 0.014) and systolic CCAOP≤42 mmHg (OR, 6.461; p < 0.001). In NI group, 43 patients (88%) recovered right after the balloon deflation and 2 patients were normalized within 2 hours. However, 1 had major stroke and 3 had minor strokes in 4 patients with persistent NI ≥24 hours. CONCLUSIONS: About 40% showed NI during the CAS. Most of them (88%, 43 of 49 patients) recovered after the balloon deflation, but stroke incidence was significantly higher in NI group. Symptomatic carotid artery stenosis and systolic CCAOP ≤42 mmHg were significantly associated with the development of NI during proximal protected CAS.

Clinical Analysis Comparing Efficacy between a Distal Filter Protection Device and Proximal Balloon Occlusion Device during Carotid Artery Stenting

OBJECTIVE: The main concern during transfemoral carotid artery stenting (CAS) is preventing cerebral embolus dislodgement. We compared clinical outcomes and intraprocedural embolization rates of CAS using a distal filter protection device or proximal balloon occlusion device. METHODS: From January 2011 to March 2015, a series of 58 patients with symptomatic or asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis > or =70% were treated with CAS with embolic protection device in single center. All patients underwent post-CAS diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) to detect new ischemic lesions. We compared clinical outcomes and postprocedural embolization rates. RESULTS: CAS was performed in all 61 patients. Distal filter protection success rate was 96.6% (28/29), whose mean age was 70.9 years, and mean stenosis was 81%. Their preprocedural infarction rate was 39% (11/28). Subsequent DW-MRI revealed 96 new ischemic lesions in 71% (20/28) patients. In contrast, the proximal balloon occlusion device success rate was 93.8% (30/32), whose mean age was 68.8 years and mean stenosis was 86%. Preprocedure infarction rate was 47% (14/30). DW-MRI revealed 45 new ischemic lesions in 57% (17/30) patients. Compared with distal filter protection device, proximal balloon occlusion device resulted in fewer ischemic lesions per patient (p=0.028). In each group, type of stent during CAS had no significant effect on number of periprocedural embolisms. Only 2 neurologic events occurred in the successfully treated patients (one from each group). CONCLUSION: Transfemoral CAS with proximal balloon occlusion device achieves good results. Compared with distal filter protection, proximal balloon occlusion might be more effective in reducing cerebral embolism during CAS.

Risk Factors for Developing Large Emboli Following Carotid Artery Stenting

OBJECTIVE: The introduction and development of the embolic protecting device (EPD) has resulted in a decreased rate of stroke after carotid artery stenting (CAS). The authors performed a retrospective study to investigate the risk factors for developing large emboli after CAS which can lead to ischemic events. METHODS: A total of 35 consecutive patients who underwent CAS between January 2009 and March 2012 were included in this study. Patients were divided into two groups including those with small emboli (group A; grade 1, 2) and those with large emboli (group B; grade 3, 4). The size and number of emboli were assigned one of four grades (1=no clots, 2=1 or 2 small clots, 3=more than 3 small clots, 4=large clots) by microscopic observation of the EPD after CAS. We compared demographic characteristics, medical history, and angiographic findings of each group. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients underwent CAS, and technical success was achieved in all cases. Twenty-three patients were included in group A and 12 patients in group B. Our results demonstrated that advanced age [odds ratio (OR) 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.52; p=0.044] and smoking (OR 42.06; CI 2.828-625.65, p=0.006) were independent risk factors for developing large emboli after CAS. CONCLUSION: In patients with carotid artery stenosis treated with CAS, advanced age and smoking increased the number and size of emboli. Although use of an EPD is controversial, it may be useful in CAS in patients with risk factors for large emboli in order to reduce the risk of ischemic events.

Captured Macro-embolus of Fractured Atheromatous Plaque by the Embolic Protection Device during Carotid Stent Assisted Angioplasty / 신경중재치료의학

The authors present a case in which macro-embolus from the ruptured atheromatous plaque developed during carotid artery stenting (CAS). A 63-year-old man who had suffered a left middle cerebral artery territory infarction had significant proximal left internal carotid artery stenosis required CAS procedure. Immediate after stent deployment, the patient showed abrupt neurological deterioration with 12 x 3 mm sized macro-embolus which was caught by the embolus protection device (EPD). Retrieval of the macro-embolus was performed safely and the patient recovered to pre-procedure status. Macro-embolus can be resulted during the CAS. The EPD can capture the macro-embolus and safe removal is technically feasible.

In-stent restenosis of innominate artery with critical stenosis of right internal carotid artery

A lady with aortitis syndrome developed in-stent restenosis [ISR] of the innominate artery stent and critical stenosis of right internal carotid artery. The therapeutic challenge was gaining access to the carotid vessel, after treating the innominate artery ISR and all the while using distal protection to circumvent potential cerebral embolism. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty [PTA] with or without stenting is a safe therapeutic option for re-vascularization of the supra aortic vessels. In the event of re-stenosis, re-treatment with PTA and stenting is safe. Ample evidence-base exists now for carotid artery stenting [CAS] in preference to carotid endarterectomy in patients with stenotic lesions of the carotid vessels

Extracranial Carotid Disease: An Interpretation of Extracranial Carotid Artery Disease Guideline 2011 / 대한뇌졸중학회지

To date, there have been many clinical trials to examine carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for its clinical usefulness, and-in comparison with the results of CEA-carotid artery stenting (CAS) for its clinical impact. The paper summarizes the guideline for extracranial carotid arterial disease, providing the classification of recommendation and level of evidence. Extracranial carotid artery is unique in its geometry, hemodynamics, and hemorheologic characteristics. Invasive or non-invasive imaging methods for the extracranial carotid arterial disease should be used appropriately for decision making.

The Use of Protection Device in Landmark-wire Technique of Symptomatic Subclavian Artery Occlusion with Combined Approach via Trans-femoral vs. Trans-brachial Arteries: Technical note / 신경중재치료의학

PURPOSE: Since we reported about a landmark technique to reopen an occluded subclavian artery, we have faced difficulty in using protection devices in the vertebral artery to protect against thromboembolism from the reversed steal phenomenon after angioplasty and stenting. Therefore, we are presenting an optimal solution in using a protection device while recanalizing the occluded subclavian artery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Among 21 cases of stenting for subclavian artery steno-occlusion, we applied the landmark technique at the opposite end of an occluded segment in 4 patients and used a protection device in two patients. Because the embolic protection device was placed in the vertebral artery via the brachial artery, optimal angioplasty and stenting via the brachial route were limited. Therefore, angioplasty via the trans-brachial approach was needed to be followed by stenting through a trans-femoral approach. We estimated the safe and optimal steps for placement and retrieval of the protection devices in addition to stenting. RESULTS: The procedure was safely performed when a stent was introduced via the femoral artery and a protection device was used via the brachial artery. However, in cases when a guidewire wasn't passed via the transfemoral route, simultaneous use of two systems via the brachial route could cause friction of devices or trapping of protection devices in a stent. When a protection device was trapped in a deployed stent, we retrieved the protection device with a 4F angiocatheter by selectively rotating the catheter tip. To avoid such procedural difficulty, we recommend using a transbrachial angioplasty followed by trans-femoral stenting while placing the protection device in the vertebral artery via the trans-brachial route. CONCLUSION: If a guidewire is not passed through using a trans-femoral approach while performing the landmark technique, changing the stenting route from brachial to the femoral artery can be useful after securing the lumen in the occluded subclavian artery after angioplasty via the brachial artery.

Clinical research of carotid artery stenting under the protection of proximal embolic protection device / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To study the efficacy of proximal embolic protection device in preventing intracranial artery embolization during carotid artery stenting (CAS) and to evaluate its security and maneuverability.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From October 2007 to July 2008, 23 patients with carotid artery stenosis who were suitable for surgical therapy according to the standards of NASCET or ACAS were enrolled in this clinical research. Among them 19 patients (82.6%) were symptomatic, 6 patients (26.1%) with 50%-70% stenosis and 17 cases (73.9%) with > 70% stenosis. All the patients received carotid angioplasty and stenting under the protection of MO. MA system (one kind of proximal embolic protection device). We recorded the cerebral ischemic time during the procedure and observed neurologic events within 30 days.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the procedures were performed successfully, the mean carotid artery blocking time was (5.3 +/- 1.2) min. No death or stroke occurred during perioperative period. Two cases of patients developed transient loss of consciousness combined with contralateral limb convulsion, while the common carotid artery was occluded by balloon. Two cases of patients developed bradycardia, sustained 6 hours and 1 week. Plaque debris in the withdrawal blood from carotid artery were found in 9 cases. At 30-day follow-up after CAS, TIA occurred in 1 case, new contralateral stroke occurred in 1 case, the incidence of 30-day stroke and death rate was 4.3%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The application of proximal embolic protection device in CAS procedure for preventing neurologic complications is safe and effective, especially for severe stenosis and unstable plaque in carotid artery stenting.</p>

Stenting for Bilateral Renal Artery Occlusion with a Distal Embolic Protection Device / 대한신장학회잡지

Renal artery disease is one of the significant factors that lead to compromise renal function and/or aggravate hypertension in the elderly population. Since the non-surgical treatment of renal artery stenosis, percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty, is available, it is possible to cure the decreased renal function and exacerbated hypertension. However, bilateral renal artery occlusion (BRAO) that brings about anuria and azotemia is rare. In this communication, we'd like to describe a patient who developed acute renal failure due to BRAO. His renal function was completely recovered after successful implantation of stents into both renal arteries. We are unaware of prior reports documenting the beneficial effect of a distal embolic protection device, the PercuSurge GuardWire system (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA), in a clinical setting as described here. The GuardWire arm, a device for transient distal balloon occlusion during angioplasty or stent placement, allows recovery of any liberated plaque by aspiration before restoration of antegrade flow, and thereby performs a double service. We'd like to strongly recommend that stent implantation with adjunctive distal protection is essential to obtain a complete restoration of distal blood flow although there is sufficient collateral blood flow in elderly patients with BRAO and azotemia.