Résumé
O que significa "inclusão social"? Nas últimas décadas essa ideia se tornou capaz de conferir uma áurea de sensibilidade aos mais díspares interesses políticos, como se ela, aplicada, trouxesse consigo a panaceia para todas as mazelas sociais. Para explicar a generalização do que chamamos de "noção de inclusão social", começamos investigando a origem do nosso modo de produção e em seguida entramos no que Marx chama de falsa representação/consciência; ou simplesmente "ideologia". Se a falsa representação encobre o funcionamento do social e se a "inclusão social" pode ser uma falsa representação, que social é esse e por que ele precisa ser encoberto? Mostramos como o sistema capitalista depende de uma massa de indivíduos despossuídos (de capital e de meios de produção). Estes, por sua vez, precisam ser adaptados continuamente para fornecerem um tipo de mercadoria essencial ao capital: a força de trabalho. No entanto, os despossuídos enfrentam dois desafios. Primeiro, a um certo nível, o desenvolvimento da técnica leva os setores mais produtivos a requisitarem cada vez menos trabalhadores. Depois, a força de trabalho precisa respeitar um grau social médio de habilidade e intensidade. Somente contratando força de trabalho com grau social próximo ao médio os membros da classe capitalista conseguem extrair o lucro médio do capital. Sabendo que o desenvolvimento técnico torna mais complexa a preparação do fornecedor da força de trabalho, e dele mais se exige, concluímos que a deficiência representa não um conjunto de limitações individuais. Ela representa a situação do grupo mais prejudicado pelo mecanismo de depuração resultante do desenvolvimento das forças produtivas do capital, que só será eliminado pela revolução social. Para sobreviverem, então, resta à maioria dos deficientes no capitalismo buscar proteção estatal ou apoiar-se na caridade privada.
What does "social inclusion" mean? In recent decades, this idea has become capable of giving an aura of sensitivity to the most disparate political interests, as if it, applied, brought with it the panacea for all social ills. To explain the generalization of what we call the "notion of social inclusion", we start by investigating the origin of our mode of production and then we enter what Marx calls false representation/consciousness; or simply "ideology". If false representation covers up the functioning of the social and if "social inclusion" can be a false representation, what social is this and why does it need to be covered up? We show how the capitalist system depends on a mass of dispossessed individuals (capital and means of production). These, in turn, need to be continually adapted to provide a type of commodity essential to capital: labor power. However, the dispossessed face two challenges. First, at a certain level, the development of technique leads the most productive sectors to require fewer and fewer workers. Second, the workforce must respect an average social degree of skill and intensity. Only by hiring a labor force with a social level close to the average can the members of the capitalist class be able to extract the average profit from capital. Knowing that technical development makes the preparation of the workforce supplier more complex, and more is demanded of him, we conclude that the deficiency represents not a set of individual limitations. It represents the situation of the group most affected by the purification mechanism resulting from the development of the productive forces of capital, which will only be eliminated by the social revolution. In order to survive, then, it remains for the majority of the disabled under capitalism to seek state protection or rely on private charity.
Sujets)
Humains , Personnes handicapées , Capitalisme , Effectif/économie , Inclusion socialeRésumé
ABSTRACT OBJETIVE To evaluate the effect of ribociclib versus endocrine therapy on productivity losses due to advanced breast cancer. METHODS Productivity data from the MONALEESA-7 trial, obtained from the results of the application of the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI) questionnaire on progression-free survival state (43-month follow-up), were extrapolated to the 10,936 Brazilian prevalent cases of premenopausal women with hormone receptor positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HR+/HER2-) breast cancer. Productivity loss was determined by quantifying the economic costs of workforce dropout over time in both treatment arms and by discounting the economic costs of absenteeism and presenteeism from workforce retention. A human capital approach was used. RESULTS Net productivity gains in the ribociclib arm were estimated at USD 4,285,525.00, representing 316,609 added work hours over 43 months and a mean of 2,009 added work weeks per year. CONCLUSIONS The phase III MONALEESA-7 trial productivity results applied to the Brazilian premenopausal prevalent cases of hormone receptor positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HR+/HER2-) breast cancer showed that treatment with ribociclib + endocrine therapy improves workforce participation compared with endocrine therapy alone in premenopausal women with hormone receptor positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HR+/HER2-) metastatic breast cancer, with potential economic gains for the Brazilian society.