Peri-implant femoral fractures: Challenges, outcomes, and proposal of a treatment algorithm / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#Non-prosthetic peri-implant fractures are challenging injuries. Multiple factors must be carefully evaluated for an adequate therapeutic strategy, such as the state of bone healing, the type of implant, the time and performed personnel of previous surgery, and the stability of fixation. The aim of this study is to propose a rationale for the treatment.@*METHODS@#The peri-implant femoral fractures (PIFFs) system, a therapeutic algorithm was developed for the management of all patients presenting a subtype A PIFF, based on the type of the original implant (extra- vs. intra-medullary), implant length and fracture location. The adequacy and reliability of the proposed algorithm and the fracture healing process were assessed at the last clinical follow-up using the Parker mobility score and radiological assessment, respectively. In addition, all complications were noticed. Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation, or median and range according to their distribution. Categorical variables were expressed as frequency and percentages.@*RESULTS@#This is a retrospective case series of 33 PIFFs, and the mean post-operative Parker mobility score was (5.60 ± 2.54) points. Five patients (15.1%) achieved complete mobility without aids (9 points) and 1 (3.0%) patient was not able to walk. Two other patients (6.1%) were non-ambulatory prior to PPIF. The mean follow-up was (21.51 ± 9.12) months (range 6 - 48 months). There were 7 (21.2%) complications equally distributed between patients managed either with nailing or plating. There were no cases of nonunion or mechanical failure of the original implant.@*CONCLUSION@#The proposed treatment algorithm shows adequate, reliable and straightforward to assist the orthopaedic trauma surgeon on the difficult decision-making process regarding the management of PIFF occurring in previously healed fractures. In addition, it may become a useful tool to optimize the use of the classification, thus potentially improving the outcomes and minimizing complications.

Construction and evaluation of a nomogram prediction model for periprosthetic fractures after total hip arthroplasty / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To construct and evaluate nomogram prediction model for periprosthetic fractures in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA).@*METHODS@#A total of 538 patients who underwent THA from April 2013 to February 2019 were selected as the research subjects, including 318 males and 220 females, aged 40 to 60 years old with an average age of (50.79±6.37) years old. All patients with THA were divided into non-fracture group (506 patients) and fracture group (32 pathents) according to the 3-year follow-up results. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were performed to analyze the influencing factors of postoperative periprosthetic fractures in patients with THA. A nomogram prediction model for periprosthetic fractures in patients undergoing THA was constructed, and the validity and discrimination of the prediction model were evaluated.@*RESULTS@#The proportion of patients with osteoporosis, trauma history, and hip revision in the fracture group were higher than those in the non-fracture group(P<0.05), and the proportion of bone cement prosthesis was lower than that in the non-fracture group(P<0.05). The osteoporosis status[OR=4.177, 95%CI(1.815, 9.617), P<0.05], trauma history[OR=7.481, 95%CI(3.104, 18.031), P<0.05], and hip revision[OR=11.371, 95%CI(3.220, 40.153, P<0.05] were independent risk factors for postoperative periprosthetic fractures in patients undergoing THA, cemented prosthesis [OR=0.067, 95%CI(0.019, 0.236), P<0.05] was an independent protective factor for postoperative periprosthetic fractures in patients undergoing THA(P<0.05). Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test showed that χ2=7.864, P=0.325;the area under the curve (AUC) for periprosthetic fractures in patients undergoing THA was 0.892 with a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 77.7% by receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve.@*CONCLUSION@#The nomogram prediction model for periprosthetic fractures after THA constructed in this study has good discrimination, which is beneficial to clinical prediction of periprosthetic fractures in patients undergoing THA, and facilitates individualized fracture prevention.

Ventana cortical anterior para extracción de vástago en revisión de artroplastia total de cadera: una alternativa a la osteotomía trocantérica extendida / Anterior cortical window for stem extraction in total hip arthroplasty revision: an alternative to extended trochanteric osteotomy

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a safe and effective procedure in patients with end-stage ostheoarthritis. In the last years the indication for THA is increasingly in younger patients, associated with rising of life expectancy, this imply an increase in revision surgeries for various causes such as: aseptic loosening, fractures and infections. In this context and in view of the need to replace the femoral component, alternatives to the classic extended trochanteric osteotomy (ETO) arise, such as the anterior cortical window (ACW), which allows the rate of complications to be reduced with excellent results. We present the case of a 51-year-old patient who sustained one episode of dislocation, who required revision surgery due to aseptic loosenig, where the ACW was used for the extraction of the stem. In addition, a review of the literature was made to show advantages and complications regarding ETO.

Analysis of the effect of surgical treatment of periprosthetic femoral fractures after hip replacement / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze and compare the clinical efficacy of different types of surgical treatment of periprosthetic femoral fracture(PFF) after hip arthroplasty (HA).@*METHODS@#From September 2010 to September 2016, 47 patients (47 hips) with periprosthetic fractures after total hip arthroplasty were retrospectively analyzed, including 13 males and 34 females. According to Vancouver classification, there were 2 patients with type AG, 17 patients with type B1, 19 patients with type B2, 7 patients with type B3 and 2 patients with type C. The age of patients ranged from 56 to 94 (71.5±8.3) years. After admission, nutritional risk screening (NRS2002) was used to assess the nutritionalstatus of the patients. Eighteen patients (38%) had malnutrition risk (NRS>3 points). After admission, the patients were given corresponding surgical treatment according to different types. Intraoperative blood loss was recorded. Harris score was used to evaluate the hip function. VAS pain score was performed on admission and after operation.@*RESULTS@#All the 47 patients were followed up for 19 to 62 (34±11) months. The Harris scores were (41.8±12.1) and (89.0±2.6) respectively before and 1 year after operation, and the difference was statistically significant (@*CONCLUSION@#The treatment of hip periprosthetic fracture patients should be based on the general situation of patients, imaging data, intraoperative correction classification, etc. to develop individualized treatment plan in line with patients. For patients with preoperative malnutrition risk, preoperative nutritional intervention may reduce intraoperative bleeding.

Tratamiento de las fracturas femorales periprotésicas Vancouver B3 con injerto óseo impactado. Supervivencia y complicaciones / Impaction bone grafting for the treatment of Vancouver type B3 periprosthetic femoral fractures. Survivorship and complication rate analysis

Objetivos: El tratamiento de elección para las fracturas femorales periprotésicas Vancouver B3 aún no está definido. Por este motivo, nos propusimos analizar la tasa de complicaciones de la técnica de injerto óseo impactado con un vástago cementado cuando se utiliza para tratar estas fracturas. Materiales y métodos: Estudiamos retrospectivamente 33 fracturas femorales periprotésicas B3 tratadas con la técnica de injerto óseo impactado operados entre 2000 y 2016, analizando la tasa de complicaciones. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 75 meses (RIC 36-111). La mediana de edad fue de 78 años (RIC 74-83). La mediana del defecto óseo femoral fue 3 (RIC 3-3) según la clasificación de la Endo-Klinik. Se realizó un análisis de regresión múltiple para determinar los factores de riesgo asociados a complicaciones, las variables incluidas fueron: cantidad de cirugías previas, diámetro de la nueva cabeza femoral y defecto óseo femoral. Resultados: Se realizó una cirugía de revisión en dos etapas en cuatro pacientes. Se registraron cinco fallas asépticas del implante y dos luxaciones en toda la serie. El análisis de regresión lineal multivariable mostró una asociación significativa entre el grado del defecto óseo femoral Endo-Klinik y la tasa de complicaciones (p = 0,04). Conclusión: La reconstrucción femoral con la técnica de injerto óseo impactado para tratar fracturas periprotésicas Vancouver B3 provocó una alta tasa de complicaciones. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Aims: Because the gold standard for the treatment of Vancouver type B3 periprosthetic femoral fractures (PFFs) is yet to be defined, we sought to analyze the complication rate of the impaction bone grafting (IBG) technique with a cemented stem for the treatment of this fractures. Materials and methods: We retrospectively studied 33 B3 PFFs treated with the IBG technique oper-ated between 2000 and 2016, analyzing the complication rate. The median follow-up was 75 months (interquartile range [IQR], 36-111). The median age was 78 years (IQR, 74-83). The median grade of EndoKlinik femoral bone defect was 3 (IQR, 3-3). Weperformed a multiple regression analysis to determine risk factors for complications, including the following variables: number ofprevious surgeries, femoral head diameter, and femoral bone defect. Results: As for infection outcomes, 2-stage revision surgerywas performed in 4 patients. We registered 5 implant failures and 2 dislocations in the whole series. Multiple regression analysisshowed a significant association between the grade of EndoKlinik femoral bone defect and complication rate (P=0.04). Conclu-sion: Femoral reconstruction with the IBG technique evidenced a high complication rate for the treatment of B3 PFF. Level of Evidence: IV

Obturator dislocation of total hip arthroplasty with disassembly of the prosthesis components and periprosthetic fracture in morbid obese patient / Luxación obturatriz de una prótesis total de cadera con desensamblaje de los componentes y fractura periprotésica en un paciente obeso

Abstract: Introduction: Anterior dislocation is a rare complication of total hip arthroplasty (THA). There exist only three cases in the literature. None of them report disassembly of the prosthesis components. We present a morbidly obese woman who suffered an irreducible obturator dislocation of an infected total hip arthroplasty (THA), due to uncontrolled adduction during an early debridement surgery. Following unsuccessful closed reduction attempts, a Vancouver B2 periprosthetic fracture and disassembly of the prosthetic components were observed. Two-stage revision THA was necessary to resolve the infection and restore hip functionality. In obturator dislocation, the femoral head prosthetic can be trapped in the obturator foramen, and this may disassemble the prosthesis components during reduction maneuvers; there's also risk of periprosthetic fracture. This mandate an open reduction of the joint. Patient obesity could be a determining factor for this rare type of hip arthroplasty dislocation. Obturator dislocation is an extremely rare complication of the total hip arthroplasty, whose reductions should be handled with caution given the risks of periprosthetic fractures. In most cases, an open reduction of the joint is required. Clinical importance: Our work is likely to be of great interest because it offers tips for the management of this rare complication based on our experience.

Resumen: Introducción: La luxación anterior es una complicación poco frecuente de la artroplastia total de cadera (ATC). Sólo existen tres casos en la literatura. Ninguno de ellos informa del desmontaje de los componentes de la prótesis. Presentamos el caso una mujer obesa que sufrió una luxación irreducible de una artroplastia total de cadera (THA), la cual estaba infectada, debido a la aducción no controlada durante una cirugía de desbridamiento temprano. Después de los intentos fallidos de reducción cerrada, se presentó una fractura periprotésica clasificada como Vancouver B2 y el desmontaje de los componentes protésicos. Ameritó cirugía de revisión en dos etapas, lo cual se realizó para resolver la infección y restaurar la funcionalidad de la cadera. En la luxación obturatriz, la cabeza femoral puede quedar atrapada en el agujero obturador y, como consecuencia, favorecer la disociación de los componentes protésicos al intentar la reducción, asimismo puede favorecer un brazo de palanca que produzca una fractura periprotésica. La obesidad puede ser un factor determinante para la producción de esta rara complicación. Por todo lo anterior, se recomienda considerar de entrada la reducción abierta. La luxación obturatriz es una complicación rara en la artroplastia total de cadera; su tratamiento puede ser difícil y asociarse a fracturas. La relevancia de este caso es que permite mostrar algunas estrategias de manejo para prevenir complicaciones catastróficas.

Anesthetic Considerations in a 98-year-old Man with Periprosthetic Femoral Shaft Fracture / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

A 98-year-old male patient with history of hemiarthroplasty suffered periprosthetic fracture of right femoral shaft and developed acute coronary event in three days after hospitalization. Femoral nerve and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve blocks combined with general anesthesia were implemented for the internal fixation surgery. The recovery was uneventful after discharge. In this case report, we discussed the main considerations of anesthesia specifically for this complicated case.

Revisión de componente femoral con reconstrucción metafisaria proximal con aloinjerto óseo en lajas en paciente multioperado. Reporte de caso / Review of femoral component with proximal metaphyseal reconstruction using allograft cortical struts in a multioperated patient. Case report

Resumen: Introducción: Las fracturas periprotésicas de cadera son aquéllas que ocurren a nivel femoral y acetabular. A estas fracturas se asocia una amplia variedad de problemas como la conminución, la pérdida ósea y con frecuencia el aflojamiento del vástago femoral. El tratamiento de estas fracturas ha estado históricamente asociado a altas tasas de fracasos del tratamiento, de complicaciones y de resultados insatisfactorios. Objetivo: Presentar el caso clínico-radiográfico del tratamiento de una fractura periprotésica con revisión femoral y reconstrucción metafisaria con lajas de cortical y cables de acero en un paciente multioperado. Material y métodos: Se presenta el caso de un paciente con luxación de prótesis total de cadera izquierda de revisión + fractura periprotésica Vancouver B3, a quien se le realiza revisión de componente femoral y reconstrucción metafisaria proximal de fémur con aloinjerto óseo en lajas y fijación con cables de acero. Resultados: El paciente cursa con adecuada evolución al año de postoperado, deambulando con apoyo de bastón, control radiográfico y adecuada congruencia de los componentes protésicos y datos de consolidación de la fractura. Discusión: En el tratamiento de las fracturas periprotésicas es posible recurrir a la reconstrucción mediante el uso de aloinjertos en laja de cortical, cerclados con cables de acero, con buenos resultados funcionales y radiológicos.

Abstract: Introduction: Periprosthetic hip fractures are those that occur at the femoral and acetabular level. These fractures are associated with a wide variety of problems such as comminution, loose of bone stock and loosening of the femoral stem. Treatment of these fractures has historically been associated with high rates of treatment failures, complications and unsatisfactory outcomes. Objective: To present the clinical-radiographic case of the treatment of a periprosthetic hip fracture, with a femoral revision and metaphyseal reconstruction with cortical strut allograft and cerclage cables, in a multioperated patient. Material and methods: We present the case of a patient with a dislocation of a revision total hip prosthesis with a periprosthetic fracture type B3 of the Vancouver classification, who underwent a revision of the femoral component and a proximal metaphyseal reconstruction of the femur with cortical strut allograft and cerclage cables. Results: The patient had an adequate evolution at the postoperative year, walking with a cane, radiographic control with adequate congruence of the prosthetic components and data of consolidation of the fracture. Discussion: In the treatment of periprosthetic fractures, reconstruction can be done with use of cortical strut allograft and cerclage cables, with good functional and radiological results.

Periprosthetic humeral fractures after reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Case report / Fratura periprotética após artroplastia reversa do ombro. Relato de caso

ABSTRACT Periprosthetic fractures is a severe complication after joint replacement. The rapidly increase of reverse shoulder arthroplasty surgeries, periprosthetic humeral fractures, which are described as rare, may increase in the near future. We report the case of displaced humeral fracture bellow the stem of reverse shoulder prosthesis. The patient was an 85-year-old woman who had a total shoulder replacement 6 years previously. The surgical solution consisted of plate osteossynthesis and cerclage. This report describes an unprecedented case in Brazilian literature; and gives an overview of the existing literature including this injury classification.

RESUMO As fraturas periprotéticas do ombro representam uma grave complicação após a substituição da articulação. Devido ao rápido aumento do número de cirurgias de artroplastia reversa no ombro, as fraturas periprótese do úmero, descritas como raras, podem aumentar no futuro próximo. Descrevemos um caso de fratura desviada do úmero abaixo do componente umeral de uma artroplastia reversa. A paciente era uma mulher de 85 anos de idade, que tinha uma artroplastia reversa do ombro há 6 anos. O tratamento cirúrgico consistiu em osteossíntese com placa, parafusos e cerclagem. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram reportar um caso inédito na literatura brasileira, e revisar a literatura existente e as classificações da lesão.

Fracturas periprotésicas de fémur en artroplastia total de rodilla: experiencia con técnica mínimamente invasiva / Peri-prosthetic femoral fractures in total knee arthroplasty: experience using minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis

ANTECEDENTES: La fractura periprótesica de fémur en artroplastia total de rodilla supone uno de los mayores retos quirúrgicos. La tasa de complicaciones generales supera el 30% tanto con tratamiento conservador como con el quirúrgico. Parece que la técnica de osteosíntesis con placas bloqueadas de manera mínimamente invasiva ofrece buenos resultados para el tratamiento de las fracturas en las que no existe movilización del componente femoral. MÉTODOS: Se estudian retrospectivamente, desde enero de 2005 hasta diciembre del 2011, 32 pacientes, evaluando el tiempo de consolidación, el rango de movilidad, la deambulación y el alineamiento final mediante la realización de telemetrías en carga. El seguimiento medio fue de 56,5 meses (25-144). RESULTADOS: Se siguieron 32 pacientes (31 mujeres; un hombre) de los cuales el rango medio de edad fue de 77 años (70-89). Tres pacientes fallecieron (9%) y 4 pacientes (12%) se perdieron en la evolución final. La tasa media de consolidación fue de 16,5 semanas (8-24); no se produjeron infecciones, presentaron 3 seudoartrosis y solo se produjo un alineamiento en excesivo valgo (15°). El balance articular fue similar al previo a la fractura. La deambulación final fue igual a la previa en 24 de los 25 casos. CONCLUSIONES: Es una técnica adecuada para conseguir la consolidación en este tipo de fracturas y restablecer tanto la movilidad previa como un alineamiento correcto de la extremidad.

BACKGROUND: Peri-prosthetic fracture of the distal femur above total knee arthroplasty presents a challenging surgical problem for orthopaedic surgeons, as complication rates for both surgical and non-surgical treatment have been reported to be as high as 30%. The minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) technique seems to have better results than other techniques in this type of fracture when there is no loosening of the femoral implant. METHODS: A total of 32 patients with this fracture were treated from January 2005 to December 2011. A retrospective review was conducted on the weeks of consolidation, range of motion, final alignment, and the ability to walk. The mean follow up was 56.5 months (25-144). RESULTS: A total of 32 (31 female, 1 male) patients, with a mean age 77 (70-89) years old were treated, of whom 3 (9%) died and 4 were lost to follow-up. The mean time of consolidation was 16.5 weeks (8-24). There were no infections, although there were 3 non-unions and 1 malalignment (15° of valgus). We were able to restore the range of motion in every patient as it was before the fracture, as well as the ability to walk outdoors in 24 patients. CONCLUSION: The MIPO technique is a great technique in order to achieve a good range of motion and alignment of these fractures.

Tratamiento de las fracturas periprotésicas de fémur Vancouver B2 y B3 / Treatment of Vancouver B2 and B3 periprosthetic fractures of the femur

Introducción: Las fracturas periprotésicas femorales luego de un reemplazo total de cadera son cada vez más prevalentes. Cuando estas asientan sobre un tallo flojo (B2) o con déficit de capital óseo (B3), según la clasificación de Vancouver, el tratamiento es la revisión del tallo femoral. Materiales y métodos: Se analizó retrospectivamente a 22 pacientes, 9 fracturas tipo B2 y 13 tipo B3 de la clasificación de Vancouver. El promedio del seguimiento fue de 48 meses. Se utilizaron tallos largos cementados junto con aloinjerto óseo impactado, tablas corticales, tallos largos no cementados de fijación distal y endoprótesis no convencionales, según el caso. Resultados: Se observó la curación y la remodelación de la fractura en todos los pacientes. Las complicaciones fueron 2 (9%) luxaciones, 1 (4,5%) infección, 1 (4,5 por ciento) fractura de calcar, 1 (4,5 por ciento) aflojamiento de cotilo y 2 (9 por ciento) decesos. Conclusiones: Las fracturas posoperatorias periprotésicas de fémur tipo B2 y B3 requieren recambio del tallo femoral, si bien existe una tendencia actual a utilizar tallos no cementados, en esta serie, dada la superposición de tratamientos, según cada subtipo de fractura, no obtuvimos diferencias entre el uso de tallos cementados junto con injerto y tallos no cementados. En casos de grave déficit de capital óseo, las endoprótesis no convencionales ofrecen una opción terapéutica para pacientes con baja demanda funcional. La clasificación de Vancouver es un instrumento útil para evaluar y decidir el tratamiento

Retrograde Intramedullary Nailing for Periprosthetic Supracondylar Fractures of the Femur after Total Knee Arthroplasty

BACKGROUND: Periprosthetic supracondylar fractures of the femur after total knee arthroplasty are not common but are usually difficult to treat due to the advanced age of patients and frequently accompanying osteoporosis. Retrograde intramedullary nailing can be effective in promoting healing of these fractures by providing sufficient stability, but the number of beneficiaries is small due to its limited applicability and the postoperative function has rarely been assessed. This study evaluated the efficacy of retrograde intramedullary nailing for the treatment of periprosthetic supracondylar fractures of the femur using the clinical outcomes. METHODS: Between January 2000 and May 2006, 9 patients (10 knees) with periprosthetic supracondylar fractures of the femur underwent retrograde intramedullary nailing. An open reduction and additional fixation using a shape memory alloy ring were used in 3 of them in whom a closed reduction was not successful. The clinical and radiographic findings were reviewed retrospectively in 7 patients (8 knees), excluding 2 who were unavailable for a follow-up assessment due to death. The mean follow-up period was 39 months (range, 24 to 82 months). The union and alignment of the fracture were assessed radiographically. The postoperative function was evaluated using Sanders' criteria. RESULTS: Radiographic union was obtained in all patients after an average of 13 weeks (range, 12 to 15 weeks) postoperatively. No postoperative infection, heterotopic ossification and component loosening were observed. After union, the coronal alignment averaged 0.1degrees valgus (range, 3.6degrees varus to 2.6degrees valgus) and the mean sagittal alignment was 1.9degrees of extension (range, 0.9degrees of flexion to 6.3degrees of extension). The mean range of motion was 103degrees (range, 90degrees to 120degrees) postoperatively. At the last follow up, there were 1 excellent, 5 good and 2 fair results according to Sanders' criteria. CONCLUSIONS: With retrograde intramedullary nailing, excellent fracture union and good functional recovery were obtained in patients with periprosthetic supracondylar fractures.