Pharmacological Activation of RXR-α Promotes Hematoma Absorption via a PPAR-γ-dependent Pathway After Intracerebral Hemorrhage / 神经科学通报·英文版

Endogenously eliminating the hematoma is a favorable strategy in addressing intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). This study sought to determine the role of retinoid X receptor-α (RXR-α) in the context of hematoma absorption after ICH. Our results showed that pharmacologically activating RXR-α with bexarotene significantly accelerated hematoma clearance and alleviated neurological dysfunction after ICH. RXR-α was expressed in microglia/macrophages, neurons, and astrocytes. Mechanistically, bexarotene promoted the nuclear translocation of RXR-α and PPAR-γ, as well as reducing neuroinflammation by modulating microglia/macrophage reprograming from the M1 into the M2 phenotype. Furthermore, all the beneficial effects of RXR-α in ICH were reversed by the PPAR-γ inhibitor GW9662. In conclusion, the pharmacological activation of RXR-α confers robust neuroprotection against ICH by accelerating hematoma clearance and repolarizing microglia/macrophages towards the M2 phenotype through PPAR-γ-related mechanisms. Our data support the notion that RXR-α might be a promising therapeutic target for ICH.

Hematoma traumático de vulva poco frecuente / Uncommon traumatic vulvar hematoma

El hematoma vulvar es la colección de sangre a nivel vulvar. Generalmente es secundario a un trauma obstétrico, lesiones por contusión o relaciones sexuales consensuadas. Se presenta una paciente de 21 años de edad que acude a esta unidad de salud en el mes de enero de 2017, refiriendo que posterior a un acto sexual comenzó a presentar aumento progresivo de volumen de vulva, acompañado de dolor y de dificultad para la deambulación. Se realizó incisión y drenaje del hematoma, se dan puntos hemostáticos, se colocó drenaje y se inició terapia antimicrobiana con ceftriaxone y metronidazol. El hematoma vulvar de la magnitud presentada constituyó una urgencia quirúrgica por el compromiso de la funcionalidad del aparato genitourinario. El drenaje del hematoma y la indicación de antimicrobianos permitió su evolución satisfactoria(AU)

The vulvar hematoma is the collection of blood in the vulvar area. It is usually secondary to obstetric trauma, contusion injuries or consensual sexual relations. We present a 21-year-old patient who came to this health unit in January 2017, reporting that after a sexual intercourse, she began to present a progressive increase in vulvar volume, pain and difficulty in walking. The hematoma was incised and drained, hemostatic stitches were given, drainage was placed and ceftriaxone and metronidazole were the antimicrobial therapy of choice. The vulvar hematoma of this magnitude was a surgical emergency due to the compromised functionality of the genitourinary system. The drainage of the hematoma and the indication of antimicrobials allowed satisfactory evolution(AU)

Blood loss and transcapillary refill in uncontrolled treated hemorrhage in dogs

Objetive: This study evaluated retroperitoneal hematomas produced by bilateral injury of iliac arteries (uncontrolled hemorrhage), blood volume loss, transcapillary refill, the effects of volume replacement on retroperitoneal bleeding and the hemodynamic changes with and without treatment. Methods: Initial blood volume was determined with Tc99m-labelled red cells, and bleeding was evaluated by means of a portable scintillation camera positioned over the abdomen. Previously splenectomized mongrel dogs (16.8 ± 2.2 kg) were submitted to hemorrhage for 30 minutes and randomized into three groups: I - no treatment (n=7); II - treatment with 32 mL/kg of Lactated Ringer's for three to five minutes (n=7); and III - treatment with 4 mL/kg of 7.5 percent NaCl plus 6.0 percent dextran 70 for three to five minutes (n=7). They were studied for an additional 45 minutes. Results: Volume replacement produced transitory recovery in hemodynamic variables, including mean pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac index, with significant increase in dogs treated with 32 mL/kg of Lactated Ringer's and 7.5 percent NaCl plus 6.0 percent dextran 70 (p<0.001, against no treatment), along with a decrease (p<0.001) in the systemic vascular resistance index. Groups II and III had significant initial decreases in hematocrit and hemoglobin. The treated dogs (groups II and III) presented rebleeding, which was greater during treatment with 32 mL/kg of Lactated Ringer's (group II). Conclusions: Despite the rebleeding observed in treated groups, the utilization of hypertonic saline solution with dextran proved to be effective in the initial reanimation, producing evident transcapillary refill, while the Lactated Ringer's solution produced capillary extravasation and was ineffective in the initial volume replacement in this model of uncontrolled hemorrhage.

Recombinant factor VIIa in a case of pontine hemorrhage.

A 59-year-old lady presented with hypertensive hemorrhage involving the pons. Since she presented within 3 hours of onset of the stroke, recombinant factor VIIa was administered. From a state of altered sensorium there was a rapid recovery of consciousness followed by gradual improvement in limb weakness. Serial CT scans of the brain revealed no further expansion of the hematoma. The hematoma progressively resolved. Recombinant factor VIIa could be an attractive therapeutic option in treating hemorrhages at critical sites like brainstem where expansion of hematoma could be fatal.

Resolución espontánea de hematoma mediastinal yatrogénico en lupus eritematoso generalizado / Spontaneous remission of iatrogenic mediastinal hematoma in systemic lupus erythmatosus

En el presente estudio se reporta el caso de una mujer de 30 años de edad que desarrolló lupus eritematoso generalizado (LEG) y tromboembolia pulmonar (TEP) durante el embarazo. Después de una punción de la vena subclavia, presentó un hematoma mediastinal que generó un desplazamiento de las estructuras vecinas y síndrome de Horner, los cuales se resolvieron sin abordaje quirúrgico, hecho poco común para este tipo de lesiones. El tratamiento consistió en esteroides e inmunosupresores. Se discuten la evolución y el abordaje de estos hematomas y la posible participación del tratamiento en la evolución de este caso