Hemobilia como causa infrecuente y grave de hemorragia digestiva alta / Hemobilia as a rare and serious cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Introducción: La hemobilia es por definición una causa de hemorragia digestiva alta, donde existe una comunicación de la vía biliar en cualquiera de sus segmentos con vasos sanguíneos que desembocan a través de la ampolla de Vater. Su presentación es infrecuente y no sospechada en la práctica clínica diaria de gastroenterólogos, cirujanos, hepatólogos, clínicos e intensivistas, con un difícil manejo diagnóstico-terapéutico y una elevada morbi-mortalidad. Objetivo: Describir tres casos de pacientes con diagnóstico de hemobilia. Desarrollo: Se presentan tres casos con hemobilia que tuvieron una elevada mortalidad y con diferente etiología; en el primer caso por trombosis de la arteria hepática postrasplante hepático, el segundo secundario a un colangiocarcinoma de la unión hepatocística y el tercero con diagnóstico de un aneurisma de la arteria hepática derecha confirmado y parcialmente tratado por angiotomografía, posteriormente intervenido quirúrgicamente y único sobreviviente. Conclusiones: Resultaron tres casos con hemobilia de diferentes causas, con una elevada mortalidad por la intensidad de la hemorragia digestiva alta y las comorbilidades asociadas, además de señalar que ninguno de ellos presentó la tríada clásica reportada por Quincke(AU)

Introduction: Hemobilia is, by definition, a cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, where there is a communication of the bile duct in any of its segments with blood vessels that flow through the ampulla of Vater. It is rare and it is not suspected in the daily clinical practice of gastroenterologists, surgeons, hepatologists, clinicians and intensivists, hence the diagnostic-therapeutic management is difficult and it has high morbidity and mortality. Objective: To report three cases of patients with a diagnosis of hemobilia. Case report: We report three cases of hemobilia of high mortality and different etiology. The first case had post-liver transplantation hepatic artery thrombosis, the second had asecondary cholangiocarcinoma of the hepatocystic junction and the third had diagnosis of confirmed right hepatic artery aneurysm partially treated by CT angiography, subsequently operated on and the only survivor. Conclusions: These three hemobilia cases had different causes, and high mortality due to the intensity of the upper gastrointestinal bleeding and the associated comorbidities, in addition to noting that none of them exhibited the classic triad reported by Quincke(AU)

Hemorrhagic cholecystitis presenting as obstructive jaundice

No abstract available.

Etiology, Clinical Features, and Endoscopic Management of Hemobilia: A Retrospective Analysis of 37 Cases / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Hemobilia is a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) is considered to be an excellent diagnostic and treatment modality. Thirty-seven cases of hemobilia with different underlying pathologies were analyzed to illustrate clinical features and to evaluate the role of endoscopic management. METHODS: A total of 37 patients (26 men and 11 women; mean age, 66.2+/-15.3 years) who were confirmed to have hemobilia by ERCP in a single center from 2000 to 2010 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with iatrogenic causes of hemobilia were excluded in this study. RESULTS: The causes of hemobilia were hepatocellular carcinoma in 14, bile duct and gallbladder malignancies in 12, common bile duct stones with cholangitis in 4, acute cholecystitis in 4, and pancreatic cancer in 2 patients. The clinical features of hemobilia were jaundice (89.2%), abdominal pain (78.4%), and melena (13.5%). The cholangiographic findings of hemobilia were amorphous filling defects in 15, tubular filling defects in 6, and cast-like filling defects in 6 patients. Endoscopic management included endoscopic nasobiliary drainage in 26 patients and endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage in 7 patients. Biliary obstruction caused by hemobilia was successfully treated with endoscopic biliary drainages in most cases. CONCLUSIONS: The most common non-iatrogenic causes of hemobilia were hepatobiliary malignancies, and the majority of patients presented with jaundice and abdominal pain. Endoscopic biliary drainage is recommended as the initial management to control biliary obstruction.

Hemobilia: diagnóstico por imágenes a propósito de dos casos / Hemobilia: imaging report of two cases

El diagnóstico de hemobilia resulta difícil en la práctica diaria; el tratamiento está destinado a detener el sangrado y resolver la causa del mismo. Los aneurismas de la arteria hepática constituyen una patología poco frecuente y una de las causas raras de hemobilia, la presentación clínica es inespecífica e incluye dolor abdominal, ictericia obstructiva y sangrado digestivo alto. Recientemente con el desarrollo de la radiología intervencionista se ha logrado reducir el número de cirugías, mediante la embolización transarterial, obteniendo tasas de éxito entre 80-100%.2 Se presentaran 2 casos de hemobilia, todos fueron estudiados con ecografía, colangiografía por resonancia magnética y angiotomografía. Se describen las características de esta patología con los distintos métodos por imágenes; se destaca la indicación de la arteriografía no sólo para el diagnóstico sino también como tratamiento (embolización). En un caso, la hemobilia fue identificada por duodenoscopia y en el otro por gastroscopia. A ambos pacientes se le realizó ultrasonido abdominal el cual mostró hepatomegalia, vesícula distendida con barro biliar, dilatación de vías biliares e imagen hipoecogénica en segmento V hepático. El doppler revela flujo activo en la vía biliar. Angiotomografía y colangiografía por resonancia magnetica revelaron aneurisma en la arteria hepática derecha en íntimo contacto con la vía biliar, correlacionado con la imágen hipoecogénica observada por ultrasonido. Ambos casos fueron resueltos por la liberación de coils intra-arteriales sin complicaciones.

The diagnosis of hemobilia is difficult in daily practice; treatment is designed to stop the bleeding and resolve its cause. Hepatic artery aneurysms are an uncommon condition and one of the rare causes of hemobilia; clinical presentation is nonspecific and includes abdominal pain, obstructive jaundice and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Recently, due to the development of interventional radiology, the number of surgeries has successfully been reduced through transarterial embolization, achieving success rates between 80-100%.2 We present 2 cases of hemobilia that were evaluated by ultrasound, MRI cholangiography and angiotomography. We describe the characteristics of this disease with the use of different imaging methods; with emphasis on the use of arteriography not only for diagnosis but also for treatment (embolization). In one case, the hemobilia was identified by duodenoscopy, and in the other by gastroscopy. Both patients underwent abdominal ultrasound that showed hepatomegaly, distended gallbladder with biliary sludge, distended bile ducts and a hypoechoic image in liver segment V. Doppler revealed active flow into the bile duct. Angiotomography and MRI reported an aneurysm in the right hepatic artery in close contact to the bile duct, correlated to the hypoechoic image seen by ultrasound. Both cases were treated with transarterial coil placements without any complications.

Right hepatic arterial pseudoaneurysm with hemobilia following minilaparotomy cholecystectomy: a rare complication

Hepatic arterial pseudoaneurysm with hemobilia occurs less frequently as a complication of minilaparotomy cholecystectomy than laparoscopic cholecystectomy; however, given its severe nature, it needs to be managed promptly. This report presents a case of right hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm with hemobilia in a 36-year-old woman who underwent minilaparotomy cholecystectomy 5 weeks earlier. Angiography with embolization was carried out as definitive treatment

A case of hemocholecyst associated with hemobilia following radiofrequency ablation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma / 대한간학회지

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is performed as an alternative to surgical resection for primary or secondary liver malignancies. Although RFA can be performed safely in most patients, early and late complications related to mechanical or thermal damage occur in 8-9.5% cases. Hemocholecyst, which refers to hemorrhage of the gallbladder, has been reported with primary gallbladder disease or as a secondary event associated with hemobilia. Hemobilia, defined as hemorrhage in the biliary tract and most commonly associated with accidental or iatrogenic trauma, is a rare complication of RFA. Here we report a case of hemocholecyst associated with hemobilia after RFA for hepatocellular carcinoma that was successfully managed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Hemobilia as the Initial Manifestation of Cholangiocarcinoma in a Patient with Choledochoduodenostomy / 대한소화기학회지

Hemobilia occurs when injury or disease causes communication between intrahepatic blood vessels and the intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary system. The causes of hemobilia include trauma, gallstone disease, vascular malformation, inflammation, and biliary or hepatic tumors. Hemobilia could be diagnosed by endoscopy, hepatic angiography, computed tomography, and ultrasonogram. Patients with hemobilia may present with biliary colic, obstructive jaundice and gastrointestinal bleeding. Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma usually presents with obstructive jaundice and is one of the unusual cause of hemobilia. We, herein, report a case of hemobilia caused by cholangiocarcinoma in a 69-year-old woman. She had the past history of lung cancer and choledochoduodenostomy due to gallstone. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a blood clot protruding from the choledochoduodenostomy site and the ulcerative mass in the common bile duct. Pathologic examination of the ulcerative mass was compatible with those of cholangiocarcinoma.

Hyponatremia and Mortality among Patients on the Liver-Transplant Waiting List / 대한소화기학회지

No abstract available.

A Case of Hemocholecyst / 대한소화기학회지

No abstract available.

Hemobilia from Ruptured Hepatic Artery Aneurysm in Polyarteritis Nodosa

Hemobilia, in patients with the diagnosis of polyarteritis nodosa, is rare at clinical presentation and has a grave prognosis. We describe a case of massive hemobilia, due to aneurysmal rupture, in a patient with polyarteritis nodosa. A 39-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with upper abdominal pain. The patient had a history of partial small bowel resection, for intestinal infarction, about 5 years prior to this presentation. Abdominal computed tomography demonstrated multiple high attenuation areas in the bile duct and gallbladder. Hemobilia with blood seepage was visualized on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; this bleeding stopped spontaneously. The following day, the patient developed a massive gastrointestinal bleed with resultant hypovolemic shock. Emergent hepatic angiogram revealed multiple microaneurysms; a communication was identified between a branch of the left hepatic artery and the bile duct. Hepatic arterial embolization was successfully performed. The underlying disease, polyarteritis nodosa, was managed with prednisolone and cyclophosphamide.

Haemobilia after blunt hepatic traumatism: interest of the arteriography and the embolisation

The hemobilia is the result of a pathological communication between bile ducts and vessels the intra or extra hepatic. We reported a case of a 48 year old patient who was admitted to emergency service for an accident of the public highway with a central hepatic-hematome, detected by scanner. The treatment consisted of a simple monitoring. Three weeks after the hepatic contusion, the patient developed a hemobilia by cracking of intra hepatic a pseudoaneurism in the bile ducts, the diagnosis had been evoked by the presence of hematemess, directed by Doppler echo, and confirmed by the coeliace arteriography. The haemostasis was successfully treated by precutneous arteriographic embolisation. Without recurrence for two years. The post traumatic hemobilia is a rare complication of the hepatic contusions, observed in 0.5 to 2 percent of the cases. Traditional symptomatology gathers three signs or triad of Sandbloom, which biliary colics, ictere and diagestive haemorrhage. Pulsated the Doppler echo is an effective examination in the tracking of the hepatic aneurisms. The surgery which was formerly the treatment of choice of the hemobilies currently left place to the percutaneous embolisation

Hemobilia as presenting manifestation of polyarteritis nodosa.

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a multisystem necrotizing inflammatory vasculitis of medium-sized muscular arteries. Hepatobiliary complications secondary to thrombosis or aneurysm formation in PAN are rare and are associated with poor outcome. We describe an 18-year-old man with PAN who presented with hemobilia secondary to rupture of a hepatic artery aneurysm, which was successfully managed with coil embolization followed by immunosuppressive therapy.

Disseminated tuberculosis presenting as hemobilia, successfully treated by arterial embolization.

Tuberculosis, specially disseminated tuberculosis, involves the liver frequently. Focal hepatic tuberculosis with local hemorrhage has been reported. We report on a twenty-one year female with disseminated tuberculosis presenting with initially non-localisable massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding, subsequently found to have pancreatitis, right sided pleural effusion and hemobilia which was treated successfully.

Hemobilia: four case reports and review of the literature.

In this report, we present four cases of hemobilia. Hemobilia occurs when conditions produce an abnormal communication between blood vessels and bile ducts. Although iatrogenic procedures as causes of hemobilia have been reported with increasing frequency, non-iatrogenic etiologies are still quite rare. We, therefore, report 4 cases of hemobilia secondary to different etiologies found in our institution from 1996 to 1998, that are non-iatrogenic. The first patient was a case of congenital aneurysm, the second pseudoaneurysm from trauma, the third cholangiocarcinoma and the fourth hepatocellular carcinoma. The classical triad consists of melena, jaundice and abdominal pain. Direct observation of blood flowing from the Ampulla of Vater by endoscopy was the initial diagnostic procedure in all four cases. Diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasonography, computerized tomography, angiography or surgery. Transcatheter selective embolization as a noninvasive treatment for hepatic aneurysm/pseudoaneurysm is emphasized.

Diagnóstico e tratamento da hemobilia pós-trauma apresentaçäo de caso / Diagnosis and treatment of post-traumatic haemobilia-case report

Os autores apresentam um caso de hemobilia pós-trauma em um paciente de 47 anos, masculino, vítima de trauma abdominal fechado com queixa de intensa dor abdominal difusa, hematêmese e icterícia. A confirmaçäo do diagnóstico foi feita pela colangioressonância e a cirurgia preconizada foi ligadura da artéria hepática que provou ser eficaz em controlar hemorragia proveniente do fígado

Procesos hemorrágicos hepáticos no traumáticos. Utilidad de la tomografía axial computada / Non traumatic liver hemorrhagic process. CT evaluation

Se estudiaron 42 pacientes (17 hombres y 25 mujeres), dos de ellas embarazadas y una en puerperio, para valorar la utilidad de la TAC en la detección de procesos hemorrágicos no traumáticos (PHNT) en 42 hepatopatías locales y difusas asociadas a hepatomegalia y masas palpables subcostales. Dieciocho pacientes (43 por ciento) presentaron PHNT. En 12 casos, sospechados por clínica, laboratorio, rayos X y US (67 por ciento) y en otros 15 por TAC (83 por ciento). Dos requirieron arteriografías (11 por ciento) y uno RM (6 por ciento) ante tomografías dudosas. Tres PHNT se localizaron en segmento hepático IV, tres en IV y V, dos en el VI, once en ambos hemihígados y uno en hemihígado izquierdo. Los PHNT se comprobaron mediante biopsia, estudios postmorten, aspiración dirigida o laparotomía. El US proporcionó imagen diagnóstica de la hepatopatía en 86 por ciento de los casos (36/42) y la TAC en 93 por ciento (39/42). Se destaca la utilidad de la TAC para sospechar PHNT en adenoma hepatocelular (3/3), hematomas de embarazo y puerperio (3/3), quistes hepáticos (1/4), policistosis (2/2), y colangiocarcinoma (1/1), así como sus limitaciones en hemangiomas gigantes (2/7) y metástasis (2/10)