Effect of chlorocholine chlorid on phenolic acids accumulation and polyphenols formation of buckwheat plants

BACKGROUND: Effect of chlorocholine chloride (CCC) on phenolic acids composition and polyphenols accumulation in various anatomical parts (stems, leaves and inflorescences) of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) in the early stages of vegetation period were surveyed. RESULTS: Treatment of buckwheat seeds with 2% of CCC has been increased content of total phenolics in the stems, leaves and inflorescences. On analyzing the different parts of buckwheat plants, 9 different phenolic acids - vanilic acid, ferulic acid, trans-ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, salycilic acid, cinamic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-anisic acid, methoxycinamic acid and catechins were identified. The levels of identified phenolic acids varied not only significantly among the plant organs but also between early stages of vegetation period. Same changes as in contents of chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, trans-ferulic acid were found for content of salycilic acid. The content of these phenolic acids has been significant increased under effect of 2% CCC treatment at the phase I (formation of buds) in the stems and at the phase II (beginning of flowering) in the leaves and then inflorescences respectively. The content of catechins as potential buckwheat antioxidants has been increased at the early stages of vegetation period after treatment with 2% CCC. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained results suggest that influence of CCC on the phenolics composition can be a result of various mechanisms of CCC uptake, transforming and/or its translocation in the buckwheat seedlings.

Determination of flavonoid and phenolic acid contents of clover, cotton and citrus floral honeys

Authentic samples of clover, cotton and citrus honeys were selected and extracted from their hives placed in clover, citrus, and cotton farms. Their botanical origin was assured then they were extracted and analyzed for flavonoids and phenolic acids content. Results showed that the lowest percentage of authentic samples was found in cotton honey. Moreover, 93.00% +/- 3.00 of pollen grains found in clover honey samples were for clover, 16.25% +/- 3.18 of pollen grains found in cotton honey samples were for cotton and 32.50% +/- 10.60 of pollen grains found in citrus honey samples were for citrus species. In addition, the flavonone hesperetin was found only in citrus honey samples with a mean content of 1.08 +/- 0.36 mg/100 g honey whereas, the flavanol quercetin was found in the three floral honeys. The phenolic acids [cinnamic acid and p-hydroxy benzoic acid] were detected in the three floral honeys with different quantities. It is recommended to use honey as a healthy alternative to sugar; also, to use hesperetin as a floral marker of citrus honey

Characterization of natural organic matters effect on the biodegradation in the slow sand filter.

This study focuses on the differences in biodegradation of the natural organic matters (NOMs) of p-hydroxy-benzoic acid (PHBA) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzoic acid (VA) with slow sand filter (SSF). The PHBA and VA were biologically transformed into another organic matter in the slow sand filtration (SSF) at the start-up period. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of PHBA and VA were stabilized at 2 mg/l after 5th day. The SUVA value of PHBA run decreased with higher sand depth and flow rate, and VA run's increased with higher sand depth, but smaller than PHBA run. Therefore, the PHBA promoted the DBPFP (formation potential of disinfection by products), the VA brought higher biodegradation and lower DBPFP.