Hormona de crecimiento en sangre de papel filtro para el diagnóstico de deficiencia de hormona de crecimiento / Growth hormone of dried blood spot for the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency

INTRODUCCIÓN: El diagnóstico de deficiencia de hormona de crecimiento (DHC) es difícil de establecer, y se puede asociar a serias complicaciones, especialmente en el período neonatal. La prueba de estímulo de secreción de hormona de crecimiento (HC) se considera de elección para el diagnóstico, pero presenta complicaciones metodológicas y se asocia a efectos adversos. Los neonatos presentan aumento de la secreción de HC de forma fisiológica, siendo una ventana diagnóstica. OBJETIVO: Evaluar si la muestra de sangre en papel filtro tomada en el período neonatal, en contexto del tamizaje neonatal de hipotiroidismo congénito y fenilcetonuria, permite diferenciar pacientes con DHC, de los que no la presentan. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio de casos y controles mediante determinación de concentración de HC en sangre de papel filtro extraída en período neonatal, comparando controles con DHC con casos con deficiencia descartada. Se realizó extracción de la muestra del papel filtro, obteniendo dos discos de 0,125 pulgada por cada uno de los pacientes desde el centro de la mancha de sangre del papel, para un ELISA de HC humana altamente sensible basado en el uso de anticuerpos policlonales dirigidos contra la HC humana recombinante de 22kDa de peso molecular. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo un total de 7 casos de DHC y 10 controles. La mediana de concentración de HC de papel filtro en los casos es 2,0 ng/ml (Rango intercuartil 3,6 ng/ml) y controles 2,05 ng/mL (RIC 2,0 ng/ml), U de Mann-Withney 30,5 (p = 0,68). Los dos casos con deficiencia de hormonas hipofisarias múltiples (DHHM) presentan concentraciones menores a 1 ng/ml. CONCLUSIÓN: La muestra de papel filtro no permitió diferenciar a los pacientes con DHC de los casos controles, aunque los casos con DHHM presentaron concentraciones mucho menores, en comparación a la deficiencia de hormona de crecimiento aislada (DHCA).

INTRODUCTION: The diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is difficult to determine, and could be associated with severe complications, especially in the neonatal period. The stimulation test of growth hormone (GH) secretion is considered the gold standard for diagnosis, but it has methodological complications and is associated with adverse effects. Neonates present physiological increased secretion of GH, representing a diagnostic window. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if the dried blood spot on filter paper obtained in the neonatal period, as part of a neonatal screening for con genital hypothyroidism and phenylketonuria, allows differentiating patients with GHD from those who do not have it. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Study of cases and controls by measuring the GH concen tration in dried blood spot on filter paper obtained in the neonatal period, comparing controls with GHD with cases with discarded deficiency. The sample was extracted from the filter paper, obtaining two 0.125 inch discs per each patient from the center of the blood spot on the paper, for a highly sen sitive ELISA assay for human GH based on the use of polyclonal antibodies against 22 kDa recom binant human GH. RESULTS: Seven cases of GHD and ten controls were obtained. The median GH concentration of the dried blood spot in the cases is 2.0 ng/ml (Interquartile range 3.6 ng/ml) and 2.05 ng/ml (Interquartile range 2.0 ng/ml) in the controls, Mann-Whitney U test 30.5 (p = 0.68). The two cases with multiple pituitary-hormone deficiency (MPHD) present concentrations lower than 1 ng/ml. CONCLUSION: The dried blood spot sample did not differentiate GHD patients from control cases, although MPHD cases present much lower concentrations compared to isolated growth hor mone deficiency (IGHD).

Clinical, hormonal and radiological features of partial Sheehan's syndrome: an Indian experience

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of this study was to describe clinical presentation, hormonal profile and imaging characteristics of 21 patients with partial Sheehan’s syndrome. Subjects and methods This prospective study was carried out over a period of six years (2008-2013). The evaluation of patients included clinical assessment, hormone estimations and contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of pituitary. Results We documented preservation of gonadotroph, corticotroph and lactotroph function in 71.4, 61.9, and 9.5% of patients respectively. Conclusion To conclude some of the pituitary functions can be preserved in Sheehan’s syndrome and this has important implications from the treatment and long term morbidity point of view.

Pituitary deficiency after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

OBJECTIVE: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage puts patients at high risk for the development of pituitary insufficiency. We evaluated the incidence of pituitary dysfunction in these patients and its correlation with clinical outcome. METHODS: Pituitary function was tested in 66 consecutive patients in the first 15 days after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The following were measured in all patients: thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, triiodothyronine, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, total testosterone (in males), estradiol (in females), prolactin, serum cortisol, plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone, growth hormone and insulin growth factor. RESULTS: The endocrine assessment was made at a mean of 7.4 days (standard deviation ±6.6) after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Forty-four (66.7%) female and 22 (33.3%) male patients were evaluated. Thirty-nine patients (59.1%) had some type of pituitary dysfunction. Follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone deficiency was the most frequent disorder (34.8%), followed by growth hormone/insulin growth factor (28.7%), adrenocorticotropic hormone (18.1%) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (9%). Seventeen (25.7%) patients showed deficiencies in more than one axis. A greater incidence of hormone deficiency was observed in patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤13 (t test, p = 0.008), Hunt-Hess grade ≥4 (t test, p<0.001), or Fisher grade 4 (t test, p = 0.039). Hormone deficiency was not significantly associated (p>0.05) with increased hospitalization or clinical outcome. CONCLUSION: Pituitary dysfunction was identified in a substantial portion of patients with previous aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, but no association was found between this dysfunction and poor clinical outcome. .

Hiponatremia grave como manifestación inicial de síndrome de Sheehan de diagnóstico tardío: caso clínico / Hyponatremia secondary to panhypopituirarism: report of one case

Hyponatremia is common among older people and its possible causes are not thoroughly investigated in this age group. We report a 69 years old female with a history of hypothyroidism in treatment that consulted for malaise, anorexia and a severe hyponatremia that required hospital admission. A new interrogation, revealed that the patient suffered an uterine hemorrhage in 1977, remaining with agalactia. She also referred asthenia since 1990. Her serum cortisol was below normal limits and a sella turcica magnetic resonance imaging revealed a pituitary atrophy. The patient was treated with cortisol and discharged in good conditions.

Perfil lipídico e composição corporal na deficiência do hormônio de crescimento em adultos / Lipid profile and alteration of body composition in growth hormone deficient adults

OBJETIVO: A síndrome da deficiência de hormônio de crescimento (DGH) no adulto e o conseqüente aumento no risco cardiovascular têm sido bastante estudados nos últimos anos. De grande relevância clínica são as alterações na composição corporal com aumento do tecido adiposo visceral e perfil lipídico adverso. MÉTODOS: Estudou-se o perfil lipídico e o tecido adiposo visceral de 31 adultos com DGH comparado com um grupo controle de indivíduos saudáveis pareados por idade, sexo e índice de massa corporal (IMC). A avaliação da gordura visceral foi feita por tomografia computadorizada de abdome e por medidas antropométricas, através do IMC (Kg/m²) e da medida da cintura (cm). A avaliação do perfil lipídico foi obtida através de dosagens laboratoriais de colesterol (CT), triglicerídeos (TG), HDL, LDL, apolipoproteínas A e B e lipoproteína (a). RESULTADOS: Foi observado aumento do tecido adiposo visceral nos pacientes DGH (156,66 ± 72,72 vs. 113,51 ± 32,97 cm²; p-valor = 0,049), além de aumento nos níveis de TG (158,80 ± 80,29 vs. 97,17 ± 12,37 mg/dl; p-valor = 0,007) e diminuição nos níveis de HDL (45,41 ± 13,30 vs. 55,34 ± 14,31 mg/dl; p-valor = 0,002). Não houve diferença entre os demais parâmetros do perfil lipídico e nas medidas antropométricas. CONCLUSÃO: Adultos deficientes de GH apresentam aumento da adiposidade visceral e aumento das concentrações de TG com diminuição das concentrações de HDL.

Adult growth hormone deficiency metabolic alterations and evaluation of different risk groups

El déficit de hormona de crecimiento (GH) del Adulto (AGHD) es una entidad clínica heterogénea caracterizada por incremento de la morbimortalidad cardiovascular, cambios en la composición corporal, osteoporosis y deterioro de la calidad de vida. Para caracterizar subpoblaciones con mayor riesgo de afectación, estudiamos 77 pacientes AGHD, 35 de inicio en la infancia (AGHD-CO): EC 18-44 a; 13 mujeres y 22 varones, y 42 de inicio en la adultez (AGHD-AO): EC 25-70 a; 22 mujeres y 20 varones. Se midió IGF-I, perfil lipídico, glucemia y hemoglobina glicosilada. Evaluación cardiológica: tensión arterial, electrocardiograma, ergometría y ecocardiograma bidimensional con Doppler mitral, evaluando función diastólica (relación ondas A/E y tiempo de desaceleración), función sistólica (fracciones de eyección y acortamiento) e índice de masa cardíaca (IMC). Se registró el índice de masa corporal y la circunferencia de cintura. Se evaluó, mediante densitometría, la composición corporal total y la densidad mineral ósea y se dosaron marcadores óseos: osteocalcina, fosfatasa alcalina fracción ósea, propéptido tipo I carboxiterminal del procolágeno, Pyridinolina y Deoxipyridinolina. El subgrupo de mujeres AGHD-AO presentó mayores niveles de colesterol total: 240 mg/dl (156-351) (p< 0.005), LDL: 140 mg/dl (62-262) (p< 0.04) y de colesterol total / HDL: 4.04 (3.12-12.7) (p< 0.04); mientras que las mujeres AGHD-CO presentaron menor IMC: 62 g/m2 (53-107) (p< 0.01), menor relación A/E: 0.56 (0.39-0.72) (p< 0.01) y menor tiempo de desaceleración: 164 mseg (135-210) (p< 0.01). El subgrupo de varones AGHD-AO presentó mayor circunferencia de cintura: 98 cm (83-128) (p< 0.03) y los varones AGHD-CO, menor fracción de acortamiento: 41% (30-49) (p< 0.006) y menor tiempo de desaceleración: 153.5 mseg (127-230) (p< 0.03). En ambos sexos, el contenido mineral óseo fue menor en los pacientes AGHD-CO (mujeres p< 0.02, varones: p< 0.0008). Nuestros hallazgos confirman la diferente afectación de los pacientes AGHD, en particular en relación al sexo y al momento de inicio de la deficiencia, demostrando la heterogeneidad del síndrome.

Effects of testosterone on growth hormone secretion and somatomedin-C generation in prepubertal growth hormone deficient male patients

1. The role of testosterone (T) in growth was evaluated in 11 prepubertal hypopituitary males during two 15-day periods separated by a 4-week interval, i.e., before (PRE-T period) and during T ester treatment (50 mg every 5 days, 3 im doses-T period). 2. T increased growth hormone (GH) secretion, assessed by 4-h rhythm (mean +/- SEM = 1.90 +/- 0.27 vs 1.77 +/- 0.21 ng/ml; P < 0.05) and after a GHRH stimulus (3.42 +/- 0.54 vs 3.08 +/- 0.43 ng/ml; P < 0.05) as compared to the PRE-T period. 3. T also increased basal somatomedin-C (SM-C) levels (0.20 +/- 0.03 vs 0.15 +/- 0.02 U/ml; P < 0.001) and SM-C generation. After GH was administered in 4 im doses (0.01, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 U/kg), SM-C levels were 0.31 +/- 0.08 vs 0.24 +/- 0.07 U/ml, P < 0.001. T did not change incremental (absolute minus basal) SM-C levels (0.15 +/- 0.08 vs 0.12 +/- 0.07 U/ml; P > 0.05). 4. The results suggest that T increased plasma SM-C levels by stimulating residual GH secretion in hypopituitary males

Padronizaçäo e aplicaçäo dos testes rápido e prolongado de estímulo com ACTH em pacientes com insuficiência adrenocortical primária e secundária / Standardization and clinical applications of the rapid and prolonged ACTH stimulation tests in patients with primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency

Apesar de utilizados há muito tempo na avaliaçäo funcional do córtex adrenal, os testes de estímulo rápido e prolongado com ACTH apresentaram aspectos ainda näo devidamente padronizados como: via de administraçäo do produto, duraçäo e horário de realizaçäo, critérios de interpretaçäo dos testes e aplicabilidade clínica. Assim, procuramos uniformizar o procedimento e os critérios de interpretaçäo de ambos os estímulos, além de estabelecer os padröes de resposta obtidos em portadores de insuficiência adrenocortical primária e secundária. Para isto, utilizamos 16 indivíduos controles normais nos quais os testes rápido e prolongado foram realizados empregando-se, respectivamente, as vias intravenosa (250 mcg erm bolo) e intramuscular (20 UI de uma preparaçäo de depósito, a cada 8 horas); o primeiro teve duraçäo de 60 minutos e o segundo de três dias. Dentre os vários critérios analisados para a interpretaçäo dos testes, optamos pelo valor isolado de cortisol após ACTH. Os limites críticos inferiores deste parâmetro (média menos 1,64 desvios-padräo, com 95% de confiança foram de 19,1 e 49,0 mcg/dl, respectivamente, para os testes rápido e prolongado. Uma vez padronizados, ambos os testes foram aplicados em 16 pacientes comprovadamente addisonianos, 14 com hipopituitarismo e 13 em uso crônico de corticosteróides. Em resposta ao teste rápido, os pacientes com doença de Addison näo alteraram os níveis de cortisol (1,1 ñ 1,2 para 1,2 ñ 1,1 mcg/dl), enquanto nos pacientes com hipopituitarismo e naqueles sob uso crônico de corticosteróides houve uma elevaçäo discreta, mas significante (1;6 ñ 5,6 ñ 1,0 mcg/dl). Durante o teste prolongado, 15 dos 16 pacientes addisonianos näo alteraram seus níveis circulantes de cortisol (1,7 ñ 1,3 mcg/dl), enquanto 11 dos 14 pacientes com hipopituitarismo (20,3 ñ 9,5 mcg/dl) e 11 dos 13 sob uso crônico de corticosteróides (19,8 ñ 8,8 mcg/dl) apresentaram uma elevaçäo signficante, logo no primeiro dia, que se acentuou com a manutençäo do estímulo...

Avaliaçäo endócrina na síndrome de Sheehan / Evaluation of endocrine function in Sheehan's syndrome

Consideramos 17 pacientes com síndrome de Sheehan: nove (grupo I) com concentraçöes basais elevadas de tirotropina (TSH) e oito (grupo II) com níveis basais normais de TSH. As respostas do TSH, prolactina (PRL), hormônio folículo-estimulante (FSH), hormônio luteinizante (LH), hormônio do crescimento (GH) e cortisol, aos estímulos apropriados, foram diminuídas ou ausentes. A discreta elevaçäo dos valores de TSH e LH pós-hormônios liberadores foi significativamente maior nas pacientes do grupo I. A resposta tiroidiana ao TSH exógeno foi normal em todos os casos, excluindo-se com isso a possibilidade da existência de lesäo primária da tiróide.