Recomendaciones sobre diagnóstico, manejo y estudio de la infección del tracto urinario en pediatría: rama de Nefrología de la Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría. Parte 1 / Recommendations on diagnosis, management and study of the urinary tract infection in pediatrics: nephrology Branch of the Chilean Society of Pediatrics. Part 1

Resumen: La infección del tracto urinario (ITU) es una de las infecciones bacterianas mas frecuentes en la edad pediátrica, pero su diagnóstico y manejo se pueden ver complicados por lo inespecífico de sus sín tomas y signos de presentación, la dificultad en la interpretación de los exámenes, especialmente en niños mas pequeños, y por un pronóstico respecto a daño renal muchas veces incierto. En los últimos años, se ha evidenciado una modificación significativa en el enfoque diagnostico y terapéutico de esta patología, surgiendo la necesidad de actualizar las recomendaciones previas. El propósito de esta re vision es contribuir a reducir la variabilidad de la práctica clínica en el manejo de ITU en la población pediátrica, mejorando la detección y manejo de la patología estructural y otros factores de riesgo de daño renal, evitando acciones innecesarias en aquellos niños con bajo riesgo. En esta primera parte, se presentan las recomendaciones en cuanto a diagnóstico y manejo de la ITU en pediatría. En la segunda parte se detalla su estudio, prevención y seguimiento.

Abstract: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most frequent bacterial infection in pediatrics. However, its diagnosis and management can be complicated due to the nonspecific clinical presentation, the difficulty of exams interpretation, especially in younger children, and an uncertain prognosis regar ding renal damage. In recent years, significant worldwide change has come in treatment, diagnosis, and images studies, we have decided to update the current recommendations on UTI management published by the Pediatric Nephrology branch of Chilean Pediatrics Society in previous years. The purpose of these recommendations is to reduce the variability of clinical practice in management of UTI in our pediatric population, favoring diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in the most ap propriate way, improving detection and management of structural pathology and other risk factors of renal damage, avoiding unnecessary actions in children with low risk. This first part includes diag nosis and treatment recommendations of urinary tract infection in pediatric age. In the second part the study, prevention and monitoring of urinary tract in pediatric age is detailed.

Infection in Patients with Decompensated Heart Failure: In-Hospital Mortality and Outcome / Infecção em Pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca Descompensada: Mortalidade Hospitalar e Evolução

Abstract Background: Heart failure (HF) is a syndrome, whose advanced forms have a poor prognosis, which is aggravated by the presence of comorbidities. Objective: We assessed the impact of infection in patients with decompensated HF admitted to a tertiary university-affiliated hospital in the city of São Paulo. Methods: This study assessed 260 patients consecutively admitted to our unit because of decompensated HF. The presence of infection and other morbidities was assessed, as were in-hospital mortality and outcome after discharge. The chance of death was estimated by univariate logistic regression analysis of the variables studied. The significance level adopted was P < 0.05. Results: Of the patients studied, 54.2% were of the male sex, and the mean age ± SD was 66.1 ± 12.7 years. During hospitalization, 119 patients (45.8%) had infection: 88 (33.8%) being diagnosed with pulmonary infection and 39 patients (15.0%), with urinary infection. During hospitalization, 56 patients (21.5%) died, and, after discharge, 36 patients (17.6%). During hospitalization, 26.9% of the patients with infection died vs 17% of those without infection (p = 0.05). However, after discharge, mortality was lower in the group that had infection: 11.5% vs 22.2% (p = 0.046). Conclusions: Infection is a frequent morbidity among patients with HF admitted for compensation of the condition, and those with infection show higher in-hospital mortality. However, those patients who initially had infection and survived had a better outcome after discharge.

Resumo Fundamento: A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é uma síndrome cujas formas avançadas têm mau prognóstico, que é mais agravado pela presença de comorbidades. Objetivo: Avaliamos o impacto da infecção em pacientes com IC descompensada que internaram em hospital universitário terciário de São Paulo. Métodos: Estudamos 260 pacientes consecutivos que internaram em nossa unidade com IC descompensada. Avaliamos a presença de infecção e de outras morbidades. Avaliaram-se mortalidade hospitalar e evolução após a alta. A chance de óbito foi estimada pela análise de regressão logística univariada para as variáveis estudadas. Considerou-se P < 0,05 significativo. Resultados: Dos pacientes estudados, 54,2% eram homens, sendo a idade média ± DP de 66,1 ± 12,7 anos. Durante a internação, 119 pacientes (45,8%) apresentaram infecção: 88 (33,8%) tiveram diagnóstico de infecção pulmonar e 39 (15%), de infecção urinária. A mortalidade hospitalar ocorreu em 56 pacientes (21,5%) e, após a alta, 36 pacientes (17,6%) morreram no seguimento. Durante a internação, 26,9% do grupo com infecção morreu vs 17% do grupo sem infecção (p = 0,05). Entretanto, após a alta, a mortalidade foi menor no grupo com infecção: 11,5% vs 22,2% (p = 0,046). Conclusões: Infecção é uma comorbidade frequente entre os pacientes com IC internados para compensação, causando um aumento da mortalidade durante a hospitalização. Entretanto, após a alta, os pacientes inicialmente com infecção apresentaram melhor evolução.

Clinical characterization and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli in pediatric patients with urinary tract infection at a third level hospital of Quito, Ecuador / Caracterización clínica y resistencia antimicrobiana de Escherichia coli en pacientes pediátricos con infección del tracto urinario en un hospital de tercer nivel en Quito, Ecuador

Abstract: Background: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are among the most common infections in pediatric patients. The main etiopathogenic agent is Escherichia coli. The purpose of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern of E. coli in pediatric patients and to understand their main clinical and laboratory manifestations. Methods: Fifty-nine patients were included in the study and classified into two groups: hospitalization (H) and external consultation (EC). Every patient presented urine cultures with the isolation of E. coli that included an antibiogram. Clinical signs and symptoms, urinalysis, complete blood count (CBC) and serum inflammatory markers were analyzed. Results: The most common clinical manifestations were fever (H: 76.5%; EC: 88%), vomiting (H: 32.4%; EC: 32%), hyporexia (H: 20.6%; EC: 16%), abdominal pain (H: 20.6%: EC: 28%), and dysuria (H: 14.7%; EC: 32%). Ten patients (16.95%) presented UTI for extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli. Ampicillin, nalidixic acid, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole showed a higher resistance rate, being ampicillin the most significant (H: 88.2%; EC: 92%). Leukocyturia, bacteriuria and urine nitrites were frequent alterations in urinalysis (H: 52.9%; EC: 92%). In ESBL E. coli patients, a positive correlation was found between leukocytes in CBC and C-reactive protein (r = 0.9, p < 0.01). Diarrhea and foul-smelling urine were associated with E. coli resistance. Conclusions: The presence of leukocytes, bacteria, nitrites and the Gram stain are the most common indicators. Nitrofurantoin and phosphomycin are good therapeutic options. However, an antibiogram must be conducted to determine the best therapeutic agent.

Resumen: Introducción: Las infecciones de tracto urinario (ITU) se encuentran entre las más frecuentes en pediatría, siendo Escherichia coli el principal agente etiopatogénico. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el patrón de resistencia antimicrobiana de E. coli en pacientes pediátricos y conocer sus principales manifestaciones clínicas y de laboratorio. Métodos: Se incluyeron en el estudio 59 pacientes en dos grupos: hospitalización (H) y consulta externa (CE). En cada uno se realizó un urocultivo y un antibiograma con aislamiento de E. coli. Se analizaron signos y síntomas, uroanálisis, hemograma y marcadores séricos de inflamación. Resultados: Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes fueron fiebre (H: 76.5%; CE: 88%), vómito (H: 32.4%; CE: 32%), hiporexia (H: 20.6%; CE: 16%), dolor abdominal (H: 20.6%: CE: 28%) y disuria (H: 14.7%; CE: 32%). Diez pacientes (16.95%) presentaron ITU por E. coli beta-lactamasa de espectro extendido (BLEE). La ampicilina, ácido nalidíxico y trimetroprim con sulfametoxazol mostraron alta resistencia, siendo ampicilina la más significativa (H: 88.2%, CE: 92%). Leucocituria, bacteriuria y nitritos en orina fueron frecuentes en el uroanálisis. En pacientes con E. coli BLEE se encontró una correlación positiva entre los leucocitos y la proteína C reactiva (r = 0.9, p < 0.01). La diarrea y el mal olor en la orina se asociaron con resistencia de E. coli. Conclusiones: La leucocituria, la bacteriuria, los nitritos y la tinción Gram son los indicadores más frecuentes de ITU. La nitrofurantoina y fosfomicina son buenas opciones terapéuticas. Sin embargo, debe realizarse un antibiograma para determinar el mejor tratamiento.

Bladder control training in girls with lower urinary tract dysfunction

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of standard and biofeedback bladder control training (BCT) on the resolution of dysfunctional elimination syndrome (primary outcome), and on the reduction of urinary tract infections (UTI) and the use of medications such as antibacterial prophylaxis and/or anticholinergic/alpha-blockers (secondary outcome) in girls older than aged least 5 years. Materials and Methods 72 girls, median age of 8 years (interquartile range, IQR 7-10) were subjected to standard BCT (cognitive, behavioural and constipation treatment) and 12 one-hour sessions of animated biofeedback using interactive computer games within 8 weeks. Fifty patients were reevaluated after median 11 (IQR, 6-17) months. Effectiveness of BCT was determined by reduction of dysfunctional voiding score (DVS), daytime urinary incontinence (DUI), constipation, UTI, nocturnal enuresis (NE), post void residual (PVR), and improvements in bladder capacity and uroflow/EMG patterns. Results BCT resulted in significant normalization of DUI, NE, constipation, bladder capacity, uroflow/EMG, while decrease of PVR didn't reach statistical significance. In addition, the incidence of UTI, antibacterial prophylaxis and medical urotherapy significantly decreased. There were no significant differences in DVS, DUI, NE, bladder capacity and voiding pattern at the end of the BCT and at the time of reevaluation. The success on BCT was supported by parenteral perception of the treatment response in 63.9% and full response in additional 15.3% of the patients. Conclusion Combination of standard and biofeedback BCT improved dysfunctional elimination syndrome and decreased UTI with discontinuation of antibacterial prophylaxis and/or anticholinergic/alpha-blockers in the majority of the patients. Better training results are expected in patients with higher bladder wall thickness as well as in those with vesicoureteral reflux, ...

Presentaciones efectivas en medicina El arte de comunicar y transmitir: diez recomendaciones / Effective Presentations in Medicine. The Art of Communication and Transmission: Ten Recommendations

Para lograr una comunicación efectiva durante una conferencia o presentación, es necesario seguir reglas simples, que incluyen la preparación de la conferencia con el auditorio en mente y con la definición de un mensaje específico para dejar a la audiencia. Debe capturarse pronto la atención del público y todas las acciones posteriores deben ir encaminadas a mantenerla. Los textos deben ser precisos y con tamaños fácilmente visibles, las diapositivas deben ofrecer buen contraste, con fondos sólidos y simples y deben evitarse las animaciones excesivas. Al cierre de la conferencia, las conclusiones y la sesión de preguntas ofrecen la oportunidad invaluable de reforzar el mensaje que se quería dejar.

To communicate effectively during a lecture or presentation it is necessary to follow simple rules, including the preparation of the conference with the audience in mind and with the definition of a specific message to leave the audience. The public's attention should be quickly captured and all subsequent actions should aim to keep it. The text must be accurate and sizes easily visible, the slides should provide good contrast with solid and simple backgrounds and should avoid excessive animations. At the close of the conference, the conclusions and question session offers the invaluable opportunity to reinforce the desired message.

Have we Overtreated Children with Vesicoureteric Reflux?

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most common serious bacterial infections in young children. These UTIs have a high association with vesicoureteric reflux (VUR). The pathophysiology of VUR's renal sequelae; its investigation and management is presently undergoing a reassessment. This review documents these changes focusing on compelling new data. With regard to the need for and benefit of imaging procedures in children with UTIs we present an algorithm for investigation that is tailored to the African context. The value of continuous antibiotic prophylaxis is questioned and the role of injectable ureteric bulking is discussed with reference to the Swedish Reflux Trial

Curso de atualização em emergências médicas: aula 11: infecção urinária aguda / Updating course in medical emergencies: class 11: acute urinary infection

A infecção do trato urinário (ITU) é a infecção bacteriana mais freqüente nos seres humanos. É responsável por grande parte das consultas de emergência e internações hospitalares na prática médica. Apesar da maioria dos casos ser de fácil manuseio, a identificação e o tratamento adequado dos casos complicados são um desafio na prática clínica. Este artigo visa principalmente orientar quanto aos fatores de risco, bem como na identificação e no tratamento dos casos de infecção urinária complicada.

The urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most frequent infection of the humans and it is responsible for a great part of emergency consults and hospital commitments. Although that the majority of the cases are easy to treat, the identification and the adequated treatment of the complicated cases is a challenge on the medical practice. This article has the purpose to orientate for the risk factors as well as on the identification and treatment of those cases of complicated urinary tract infections.

Abordagem da ITU em idosos no Pronto-socorro / ITU approach in aged in first aid

A infecção do trato urinário (ITU) é uma doença de alta prevalência clínica, responsável por mais de 6 milhões de consultas por ano nos EUA. Manifesta-se em qualquer idade, sendo prevalente em várias faixas etárias. Sua prevalência aumenta com o passr da idade, ainda mais quando se encontram co-morbidades ou restrição ao leito. Normalmente, nos indivíduos idosos, a ITU ocorre na faixa etária acima de 60 anos, chegando a atingir 3 por cento a 4 por cento dos homens. A hiperplasia prostática, assim como a demência, são co-morbidades importantes.

Manejo kinésico del piso pelviano en infecciones urinarias a repetición / Pelvic floor kinesis for the treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections

Evaluar la terapia de reeducación miccional en pacientes con infección urinaria (ITU) a repetición portadores de disinergia entre la micción y la actividad esfinteriana uretral externa y con presencia de residuo postmiccional elevado, independiente de si presentan o no síntomas de disfuncional miccional. Material y Método: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes portadores de ITU a repetición, sin malformaciones de la vía urinaria, que en su estudio demostraran signos de disfunción miccional con disinergia entre la micción y la actividad electromiográfica, y que tuvieran residuo postmiccional elevado. Todos fueron sometidos a terapia kinésica del piso pelviano y reeducación de hábitos miccionales. Los parámetros para medir los resultados fueron: 1. Nuevos episodios de infección urinaria. 2. Presencia o ausencia de disinergia mediante una flujometría (FM) con electromiografía (EMG) con electrodos de superficieperineales. 3. Medición del residuo postmiccional Resultados: 18 pacientes cumplieron con el criterio de ingreso al estudio. La edad promedio al iniciar la terapia fue de 8 años 9 meses, con un promedio de 4 episodios de ITU por paciente, en un tiempo promedio de evolución de 4 años. Destaca que el 33 por ciento de nuestros pacientes que no relataban síntomas de disfunción miccional al ingreso al estudio, igualmentepresentaron disinergia y residuo elevado. El promedio de residuo postmiccional fue de 58 por ciento antes deiniciar el tratamiento. Éste consistió en ejercicios de kinesiología del piso pelviano y educación sobre la dinámica urinaria. Cuatro pacientes presentaron ITU posterior al tratamiento, todas afebriles, 3 pacientes con sólo 1 episodio. Respecto a la disinergia todos los pacientes lograron adecuada relajación del esfínter uretral externo durante la micción y el promedio de residuo postmiccional fue de 6 por ciento. Conclusiones: Frente a la ITU a repetición, aun en ausencia de síntomas de disfunción miccional, se deben buscar elementos...

To evaluate the therapy of voiding retraining in patients with recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI) whit dyssynergia to relax the urinary sphincter during micturition and large volume post-void residualurine. Material and Method: Retrospective study of patients with recurrent UTI, without malformations of the urinary tract, that in their study demonstrated signs of voiding dysfunction with dyssynergia between the voiding and electromyography activity, and large volume post-void residual urine. All patients were underwent to pelvic floor muscle retraining and behavioral therapy. The parameters to measure the outcomes were: 1. New episodes of urinary tract infections. 2. Presence or absence of dyssynergia evaluated by uroflowmetry (FM) with concomitant electromyography (EMG) 3. Measurement of post-void residual urine. Results: Study enrollment criteria were fulfilled by 18 patients. The mean age was 8 years 9 months,with 4 episodes of UTI by patient (average). There were 33 percent of the patients without symptoms of voiding dysfunction, but with dyssynergia and large volume post-void residual. The volume post-void residual was 58 percent before the treatment. Post treatment, 4 patients developed UTI without fever (3 of them patients developed 1 episode). All patients obtained to relax the urinary sphincter during micturition and the volume post-void residual was 6 percent (average) after treatment. Conclusions: The recurrent UTI, even in absence of symptoms of voiding dysfunction, we recommended to study with voiding diary, FM/EMG and volume post-void residual. In the patients with recurrent urinary tract infections and voiding dysfunction,the pelvic floor muscle retraining and behavioral therapy is an important therapeutic tool. This treatment allows to obtain a normal synergia detrusor-sphincter and to improve the volume post-void residual, both factors, that when they are altered facilitate development of UTI.

Hospital-associated funguria: analysis of risk factors, clinical presentation and outcome

Fungal urinary tract infections are an increasing problem in hospitalized patients. Funguria may be a result of contamination of the urine specimen, colonization of hte urinary tract, or may be indicative of true invasive infection. In this study, we report the risk factors, clinical features, treatments and outcome in a group of 68 hospitalized patients (adults and children) with fungal isolates recovered from 103 urinary samples. Underlying medical conditions were present in most patients. In the pediatric group, urinary tract abnormalities (86) and prematurity (19)accounted for the majority of the cases. Diabetes mellitus (28), nephrolithiasis, and benign prostatic hyperplasia were the most common diseases in adults. Indwelling urethral catheters were noted in 38 of the pediatric patients and in 43 of adults during hospitalization. Candida albicans strains were responsible for 97 and 75 of positive cultures in children and adults, respectively. Symptoms such as fever, dysuria, frequency and flank pain were generally absent in both groups. Fluconazole was the most frequent antifungal utilized (61) in children and ketoconazole in the adult group (42). Removing the urinary catheter was attempted in 6 pediatric patients (29) and in only 8 adults (17). One patient (4) in the pediatric group died compared to 10 in the adult group (21, p=0.04). Successful diagnosis and treatment of funguria depends on a clear understanding of the risk factors and awareness of fungal epidemiology.

Infecçäo do trato urinário no pós-transplante renal em crianças / Urinary tract infecction after renal transplant in children

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os aspectos clínicos-laboratoriais e os fatores de risco encolvidos na UTI em crianças transplantadas renais. Fatores de risco relacionados à infecçäodo trato urinário(ITU) no período de pós-transplante renal, tais como:sexo, idade, tipo de doador, doença de base, tempo detratamento dialítico prévio ao transplante e nível deimunossupressäo foram avaliados em 62 crianças. Foramtambém analisados perda do enxerto e funçäo renal após ITU. A ITU foi identificada em 20/62 (32 porcento) dos pacientes, observando-se recorrência em 45 porcento dos casos, 25 porcento dos quais reinfecçöes. Em 84 porcento dos casos, as ITU foram assintomáticas. A bactéria mais frequêntemente isolada foi Escherichia coli, tanto nos 63 porcentodos episódios de ITU domiciliar, quanto nos 37 porcento de ITU hospitalar. As 20 crianças apresentaram 38 episódios de ITU, sendo 60 porcento no período precose (até três meses após-transplante) e 40 porcento no período tardio. Em resumo, os autores abservaram maior frequência de ITU precose no pós-tansplante näo associada a idade, sexo, tipo de doador, tempo prévio em diáis, doença de base e perda da funçä renal. Crianças com ITU näo evoluíram com maior taxa d perda do enxerto em relaçäo ao grupo controle durante o período avaliado (AU>

Infecçäo do trato urinário / Urinary tract infection

A infecçäo do trato urinário (ITU) é uma das razöes mais comuns para a procura de cuidados médicos pelos pacientes atendidos em ambulatório. Aproximadamente 20 porcento das mulheres desenvolvem, pelo menos, um episódio de ITU durante suas vidas. O agente etiológico mais frequente responsável pelo desenvolvimento da infecçäo das bactérias entéricas gram-negativas do grupo das Enterobacteriaceae. Escherichia coli causa cerca de 90 porcento das ITUs. Staphylococcus saprophiticus é a segunda causa mais comum, especialmente em mulheres jovens sexualmente ativas. Este artigo revisa a classificaçäo, diagnóstico, fisiopatologia, aspectos históricos e epidemiológicos das infecçöes do trato urinário e alguns fatores de risco associados com o desenvolvimento destas.(au)

Infecção do trato urinário na mulher: aspectos atuais / Urinary tract infection in the woman: actual aspects

Os autores analisam os aspectos atuais da infecção do trato urinário na mulher, com ênfase no diagnóstico e tratamento