Bowel preparation before elective surgery for colorectal cancer / 中华胃肠外科杂志

For elective surgery of colorectal cancer, current evidence supports preoperative mechanical bowel preparation combined with oral antibiotics. Meanwhile, for patients with varied degrees of intestinal stenosis, individualized protocol is required to avoid adverse events. We hereby summarize recent high-quality evidences and updates of guidelines and consensus, and recommend stratified bowel preparation based on the clinical practice of our institute as follows. (1) For patients with unimpaired oral intake, whose tumor can be passed by colonoscopy, mechanical bowel preparation and oral antibiotics are given. (2) For patients without symptoms of bowel obstruction but with impaired oral intake or incomplete colonoscopy due to tumor-related stenosis, small-dosage laxative is given for several days before surgery, and oral antibiotics the day before surgery. (3) For patients with bowel obstruction, mechanical bowel preparation or enema is not indicated. We proposed this evidence-based, individualized protocol for preoperative bowel preparation for the reference of our colleagues, in the hope of improving perioperative outcomes and reducing adverse events.

Factores pronósticos de complicaciones en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica sometidos a anestesia total intravenosa en cirugía electiva / Total intravenous anethesia in ischemic coronary patients: Prognosis factors

A prospective longitudinal cohort study was conducted in patients with ischemic heart disease undergoing total intravenous anesthesia in elective surgery at the "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes Bayamo Provincial Hospital, from the Cauto region during the period from January 1, 2015 to March 30, 2017; with the aim of identifying the risk factors hypothetically related to the prognosis of the appearance of anesthetic complications. The exposed cohort consisted of 47 patients who developed complications in the study period and met the inclusion criteria. To assess the association between the variables, the Mantel Chi-square test was used. The magnitude of the associations was estimated by calculating the relative risks (RR) of complications. The consumption of to- bacco as a toxic habit, the non-use of beta-blockers and statins were the surgical risk factors depending on the patient associated with the prognosis of the appearance of anesthetic complications; not so age. Comorbidity in patients with ischemic heart disease of diabetes mellitus, heart failure and arrhythmias, were associated with the appearance of anesthetic complications. The ASA III-IV classification and high-risk surgical procedures were the surgical risk factors based on the surgery related to the prognosis of anesthetic complications.

Se realizó un estudio longitudinal prospectivo de cohorte en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica sometidos anestesia total intravenosa en cirugía electiva en el Hospital provincial "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes de Bayamo, procedentes de la región del Cauto durante el período comprendido desde el 1r de enero del 2015 hasta 30 de marzo de 2017. El objetivo era identificar los factores de riesgo hipotéticamente relacionados con el pronóstico de aparición de complicaciones anestésicas. La cohorte expuesta estuvo constituida por 47 pacientes que desarrollaron complicaciones en el período de estudio y cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Para valorar la asociación entre las variables, se empleó el test de Ji al Cuadrado de Mantel. La magnitud de las asociaciones se estimó mediante el cálculo de los riesgos relativos (RR) de complicaciones. El consumo de tabaco como hábito tóxico, el no uso de beta-bloqueadores y estatinas se constituyeron en los factores de riesgo quirúrgico en función del enfermo, asociados con el pronóstico de aparición de complicaciones anestésicas; no así la edad. La comorbilidad en los pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica de diabetes mellitus, insuficiencia cardíaca y las arritmias, se asociaron a la aparición de complicaciones anestésicas. La clasificación ASA III-IV y los procedimientos quirúrgicos de alto riesgo fueron los factores de riesgo quirúrgico en función de la cirugía relacionados con el pronóstico de aparición de complicaciones anestésicas.

Paciente pediátrico con infección respiratoria alta y cirugía electiva / Elective surgery in patients with upper respiratory infection

A significant number of children presenting for surgery will arrive with an upper respiratory infection (URI). As a result of this infection, the airway may remain hyperreactive to stimuli for up to 6 weeks. Patients who require anesthesia during active URI or during the 6 weeks post active infection are at increased risk of perioperative respiratory complications, such as cough, post-intubation croup, desaturation, atelectasis, pneumonia, laryngospasm, and bronchospasm. These complications, although mostly of routine management, can precipitate more serious episodes that require an extension of hospital stay, hospitalization in intensive care units, respiratory arrest, and even death. For this reason, it is extremely important to analyze the risk of presenting an adverse respiratory event and the need to defer scheduled surgery. This decision can be associated with significant costs for the patient and the family, and can place a great burden on health systems and should be made as objectively as possible, see- king to balance risks and benefits. Along with the identification of risk factors for patients, surgeries and anesthesia, we show the COLDS scale, designed to determine respiratory risks in the perioperative period. The use of this scale might generate valuable information for joint decision-making between parents and physicians. Considering the frequency with which we are faced with children with URI, we briefly review the management of laryngospasm and bronchospasm, as well as certain aspects concerning the status of COVID-19, the need for surgery and pediatric patients.

Un porcentaje importante de los niños que se presentan para una cirugía electiva tienen una infección respiratoria alta (IRA). Como consecuencia de estas infecciones las vías respiratorias pueden permanecer hiperreactivas ante estímulos por un período de hasta 6 semanas. Los pacientes que requieren anestesia durante una IRA activa o en las 6 semanas posteriores tienen un mayor riesgo de complicaciones respiratorias perioperatorias, tales como tos, crup post intubación, episodios de desaturación, atelectasia, neumonía, laringoespasmo y broncoespasmo. Estas complicaciones, si bien son en su mayoría de baja complejidad y manejo habitual, pueden precipitar episodios de mayor gravedad que requieran una extensión de su estadía hospitalaria, hospitalización en unidades de cuidados intensivos, paro respiratorio e incluso muerte. Por esta razón es de suma importancia analizar el riesgo de presentar un evento adverso respiratorio y decidir la necesidad de deferir una cirugía programada. La decisión de suspender una cirugía programada se asocia a importantes costos, tanto para el paciente como la familia, y puede significar una gran carga sobre los sistemas de salud. La decisión de suspender una cirugía en un niño con IRA debe realizarse de la manera más objetiva posible, buscando balancear riesgos y beneficios. Junto con la identificación de factores de riesgo de los pacientes, de las cirugías y de la anestesia, mostramos la escala COLDS, diseñada para determinar riesgos respiratorios en el perioperatorio, generando información valiosa para la toma de decisión conjunta entre padres y tratantes. Considerando la frecuencia con la cual nos vemos enfrentados a niños con IRA, revisamos brevemente el manejo del laringoespasmo y broncoespasmo, y mostramos además una aproximación hacia las conductas que debemos tener en el contexto actual del COVID-19, cirugías y los pacientes pediátricos.

Is there a role for antenatal corticosteroids in term infants before elective cesarean section?

Abstract Objective Cesarean section (CS) delivery, especially without previous labor, is associated with worse neonatal respiratory outcomes. Some studies comparing neonatal outcomes between term infants exposed and not exposed to antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) before elective CS revealed that ACS appears to decrease the risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), transient tachypnea of the neonate (TTN), admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and the length of stay in the NICU. Methods The present retrospective cohort study aimed to compare neonatal outcomes in infants born trough term elective CS exposed and not exposed to ACS. Outcomes included neonatal morbidity at birth, neonatal respiratory morbidity, and general neonatal morbidity. Maternal demographic characteristics and obstetric data were analyzed as possible confounders. Results A total of 334 newborns met the inclusion criteria. One third of the population study (n=129; 38.6%) received ACS. The present study found that the likelihood for RDS (odds ratio [OR]=1.250; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.454-3.442), transient TTN (OR=1.,623; 95%CI: 0.556-4.739), and NIUC admission (OR=2.155; 95%CI: 0.474-9.788) was higher in the ACS exposed group, although with no statistical significance. When adjusting for gestational age and arterial hypertension, the likelihood for RDS (OR=0,732; 95%CI: 0.240-2.232), TTN (OR=0.959; 95%CI: 0.297--3.091), and NIUC admission (OR=0,852; 95%CI: 0.161-4.520) become lower in the ACS exposed group. Conclusion Our findings highlight the known association between CS-related respiratory morbidity and gestational age, supporting recent guidelines that advocate postponing elective CSs until 39 weeks of gestational age.

Is it Safe to Perform Elective Colorectal Surgical Procedures during the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Single Institution Experience with 103 Patients

OBJECTIVES: Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), all health services worldwide underwent profound changes, leading to the suspension of many elective surgeries. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of elective colorectal surgery during the pandemic. METHODS: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, single-center study. Patients who underwent elective colorectal surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic between March 10 and September 9, 2020, were included. Patient data on sex, age, diagnosis, types of procedures, hospital stay, mortality, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) preoperative screening tests were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 103 colorectal surgical procedures were planned, and 99 were performed. Four surgeries were postponed due to positive preoperative screening for SARS-CoV-2. Surgical procedures were performed for colorectal cancer (n=90) and inflammatory bowel disease (n=9). Laparoscopy was the approach of choice for 43 patients (43.4%), 53 (53.5%) procedures were open, and 3 (3%) procedures were robotic. Five patients developed COVID-19 in the postoperative period, and three of them died in the intensive care unit (n=3/5, 60% mortality). Two other patients died due to surgical complications unrelated to COVID-19 (n=2/94, 2.1% mortality) (p<0.01). Hospital stay was longer in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection than in those without (38.4 versushttps://doi.org/10.3 days, respectively, p<0.01). Of the 99 patients who received surgical care during the pandemic, 94 were safely discharged (95%). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that elective colorectal surgical procedures may be safely performed during the pandemic; however, preoperative testing should be performed to reduce in-hospital infection rates, since the mortality rate due to SARS-CoV-2 in this setting is particularly high.

Efeitos da cesárea eletiva sobre desfechos no primeiro ano de vida: estudo de coorte / Efectos de la cesárea electiva sobre los resultados en el primer año de vida: un estudio de cohort / Effects of elective cesarean section on outcomes in the first year of life: a cohort study

Resumo Objetivo verificar o efeito da cesárea eletiva, em comparação ao parto vaginal, sobre os desfechos no primeiro ano de vida da criança. Método estudo de coorte com 499 mães e seus bebês. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, relativos à história gestacional, ao parto e nascimento e sobre o primeiro ano de vida do bebê, em entrevista realizada na unidade de triagem neonatal, do registro do prontuário da maternidade e em entrevistas no domicílio. Avaliaram-se as associações de interesse mediante análises de regressão de Cox, ajustadas para as covariáveis identificadas, considerando-se resultados de análises bivariadas que apresentaram significância estatística em nível de p<0,20. Nas análises ajustadas, consideraram-se as relações significativas se p<0,05, tendo como medida de efeito o risco relativo. Resultados as cesáreas eletivas não se associaram aos desfechos estudados (interrupção do aleitamento materno, infecções respiratórias, atopias e sobrepeso/obesidade). Conclusão e implicações para a prática a ausência de associação da cesárea eletiva e os desfechos do primeiro ano de vida poderão ser confirmados em investigações futuras. Pelos achados, sugere-se que a equipe de saúde apoie as mães, com o intuito de aumentar sua confiança e empenho em relação à amamentação, prática que pode repercutir positivamente nos demais desfechos estudados.

Resumen Objetivo verificar el efecto de cesárea electiva, comparándolo con el producido por parto vaginal, en los resultados del primer año de vida del niño. Métodos estudio de cohorte en 499 madres y sus bebés. Fueron recogidos datos sociodemográficos relacionados a la historia gestacional, al parto, al nacimiento y al primer año de vida del bebé; los datos fueron obtenidos en entrevista realizada en la unidad de selección neonatal, en la ficha médica de la maternidad y en entrevistas en el domicilio. Las asociaciones fueron evaluadas con el análisis de regresión Cox, ajustadas para las covariables identificadas, considerando los resultados del análisis bivariado que presentaron significación estadística con un nivel de p<0,20. En los análisis ajustados, las relaciones fueron consideradas significativas si p<0,05, teniendo como medida de efecto el riesgo relativo. Resultados las cesáreas electivas no se asociaron con los resultados estudiados (interrupción del amamantamiento materno, infecciones respiratorias, atopias y exceso de peso/obesidad). Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica la ausencia de asociación de la cesárea electiva con los resultados del primer año de vida podrá ser confirmada en investigaciones futuras. De acuerdo con los resultados, se sugiere que el equipo de salud apoye a las madres con la finalidad de aumentar su confianza y empeño para realizar el amamantamiento; esta práctica puede repercutir positivamente en los demás resultados estudiados.

Abstract Objective to verify the effect of elective cesarean section compared to vaginal delivery, on the outcomes of the child's first year of life. Methods cohort study with 499 mothers and their babies. Sociodemographic data were collected, related to the gestational history, birth and delivery, and about the baby's first year of life, in an interview carried out at the neonatal screening unit, from the maternity records and in home interviews. The associations of interest were evaluated with Cox regression analyses adjusted for the identified covariates, considering results of bivariate analyses that presented statistical significance at a p<0.20 level. In the adjusted analyses, associations were considered significant if p<0.05, having as effect measure the relative risk. Results elective cesarean sections were not associated with the outcomes studied (interruption of breastfeeding, respiratory infections, atopies and overweight/obesity). Conclusion and implications for practice the absence of association of elective cesarean sections and first year outcomes may be confirmed in future investigations. Based on the findings, it is suggested that the health team should support mothers in order to increase their confidence and commitment to breastfeeding, a practice that may have a positive impact on the other outcomes studied.

Endotracheal tube cuff pressure increases in patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy: a single cohort study / Aumento da pressão do balonete do tubo endotraqueal em pacientes submetidos a artroscopia do ombro: estudo de coorte

Abstract Background and objectives Several airway complications can occur during shoulder arthroscopy including airway obstruction, pleural puncture, and subcutaneous emphysema. It was hypothesized that the irrigation fluid used during a shoulder arthroscopic procedure might increase the cuff pressure of the endotracheal tube, which can cause edema and ischemic damage to the endotracheal mucosa. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between irrigation fluid and endotracheal tube cuff pressures. Methods Forty patients aged 20 to 70 years with an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score I or II, scheduled for elective arthroscopic shoulder surgery under general anesthesia, participated in our study. We recorded endotracheal tube cuff pressures and neck circumferences every hour from the start of the operation. We also recorded the total duration of the anesthesia, operation, and the total volume of fluid used for irrigation. Results A positive correlation was shown between endotracheal tube cuff pressures and the amount of irrigation fluid (r = 0.385, 95% CI 0.084 to 0.62, p = 0.0141). The endotracheal tube cuff pressure significantly increased at 2 and 3 hours after starting the operation (p = 0.0368 and p = 0.0245, respectively). However, neck circumference showed no significant difference. Conclusions Endotracheal tube cuff pressures increased with operation time and with increased volumes of irrigation fluid used in patients who underwent shoulder arthroscopy. We recommend close monitoring of endotracheal tube cuff pressures during shoulder arthroscopy, especially during long operations using a large amount of irrigation fluid, to prevent complications caused by raised cuff pressures.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos Diversas complicações das vias aéreas podem ocorrer durante a artroscopia do ombro, incluindo obstrução das vias aéreas, punção pleural e enfisema subcutâneo. Levantou‐se a hipótese de que o fluido de irrigação utilizado durante artroscopia do ombro possa aumentar a pressão do balonete do tubo endotraqueal, podendo causar edema e lesão isquêmica na mucosa traqueal. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a relação entre o fluido de irrigação e a pressão do balonete do tubo endotraqueal. Métodos Participaram do estudo 40 pacientes com idades entre 20 e 70 anos com classificação do estado físico I ou II da American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), programados para cirurgia artroscópica do ombro, eletiva e sob anestesia geral. Registramos as pressões do balonete do tubo endotraqueal e as circunferências do pescoço a cada hora, a partir do início da cirurgia. Também registramos a duração anestésica e cirúrgica, assim como o volume total de líquido de irrigação empregado. Resultados Foi encontrada correlação positiva entre a pressão do balonete do tubo endotraqueal e a quantidade de líquido de irrigação (r = 0,385; 95% IC 0,084 a 0,62; p = 0,0141). A pressão do balonete do tubo endotraqueal registrou aumento significante 2 e 3 horas após o início da cirurgia (p = 0,0368 e p = 0,0245, respectivamente). No entanto, a circunferência do pescoço não mostrou diferença significante. Conclusões As pressões do balonete do tubo endotraqueal aumentaram com o tempo de cirurgia e com o aumento do volume de líquido de irrigação utilizado em pacientes submetidos a artroscopia do ombro. Recomendamos a monitorização rigorosa da pressão do balonete do tubo endotraqueal durante artroscopia do ombro, especialmente nos procedimentos longos em que grandes volumes de fluido de irrigação são empregados, para evitar complicações causadas por pressões elevadas do balonete.

Apendicectomía profiláctica en la dotación Antártica: experiencia del Hospital de la Fuerza Aérea de Chile / Prophylactic appendectomy in the Antarctic endowment: experience of the Chilean Air Force Hospital

Resumen Objetivo: Reportar y caracterizar las complicaciones quirúrgicas de las apendicectomías laparoscópicas electivas profilácticas, realizadas a pacientes destinados a dotación antártica, realizadas en Hospital clínico de la Fuerza Aérea de Chile (FACh). Materiales y Método: Análisis retrospectivo descriptivo de fichas clínicas de todos los pacientes sometidos a apendicectomía laparoscópica profiláctica entre los años 2013 y 2017 en Hospital FACh. Se registraron variables demográficas y quirúrgicas de los pacientes. Las complicaciones fueron registradas y clasificadas de acuerdo a Clavien-Dindo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 200 pacientes, 96% hombres y solo 4% mujeres. Se registraron 6 pacientes (3%) con complicaciones quirúrgicas, clasificadas como grado I según Clavien-Dindo. Discusión: No existen reportes de complicaciones en apendicectomías profilácticas. En nuestra serie éstas alcanzan el 3%. Conclusiones: La apendicectomía profiláctica es una cirugía segura, con escasas complicaciones, pero existen y se desarrollan en un paciente que estaba previamente sano.

Aim: To present and characterize surgical complications of elective prophylactic appendectomies, performed in patients for the Antarctic endowment at the Hospital Clínico de la Fuerza Aérea de Chile. Materials and Method: Retrospective descriptive analysis of all patients operated of prophylactic laparoscopic appendectomy between 2013 and 2017. Demographic and surgical variables of the patients were recorded and analysed. Complications were classified according Clavien-Dindo. Results: 200 patients were included, 96% mens. Six patients (3%) had a surgical complication, all classified as Grade I. Discussion: There are no previous reports of surgical complications on prophylactics appendectomies. The complications rate is 3%. Conclusions: The prophylactic appendectomy is a safe surgery with a low rate of complications, although its exists and develops in a previously healthy patient.

Effects of elective cesarean sections on perinatal outcomes and care practices / Efeitos da cesárea eletiva sobre os desfechos perinatais e práticas de cuidado

Abstract Objectives: to verify the effects of elective cesarean sections on perinatal outcomes and care practices, as compared to vaginal deliveries. Methods: cohort study with 591 mothers and their babies, developed in a medium-sized city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Data were collected from hospital records and by interviews at the neonatal screening unit in the city from July 2015 to February 2016. Data regarding childbirth, newborns, sociodemography, and current gestational history were obtained from each mother. The associations of interest were evaluated with Cox regression analyses adjusted for the covariates identified through the results of bivariate analyses presenting a statistical significance level ofp<0.20. In adjusted analyzes, relationships were considered significant ifp<0.05, with relative risk being considered as the measure of effect. Results: if compared to women who had vaginal deliveries, those who were submitted to elective cesarean sections were at a higher risk of not having skin-to-skin contact with their babies in the delivery room, of not breastfeeding in the first hour of life, and of having their babies hospitalized in a neonatal unit. Conclusions: reducing the number of elective cesarean sections is essential to foster good neonatal care practices and reduce negative neonatal outcomes.

Resumo Objetivos: verificar os efeitos da cesárea eletiva, em comparação ao parto vaginal, sobre os desfechos perinatais e práticas de cuidado. Métodos: estudo de coorte com 591 mães e seus bebês, desenvolvido em município do interior paulista. Os dados foram coletados do prontuário hospitalar e por entrevista na unidade de triagem neonatal do município, de julho de 2015 a fevereiro de 2016. Foram obtidos dados relativos ao parto, ao recém-nascido, à sociodemografia e à história gestacional atual. As associações de interesse foram avaliadas com análises de regressão de Cox ajustadas para as covariáveis identificadas, considerando-se para tal, resultados de análises bivariadas que apresentaram significância estatística em nível dep<0,20. Nas análises ajustadas, relações foram consideradas significativas se p<0,05, tendo como medida de efeito o risco relativo. Resultados: mulheres submetidas à cesárea eletiva, em comparação àquelas que tiveram parto vaginal, apresentaram maior risco de não terem contato pele a pele com seus bebês na sala de parto, de não amamentarem na primeira hora de vida e de terem seus bebês internados em unidade neonatal. Conclusões: reduzir a taxa de cesárea eletiva é fundamental para que haja aumento na frequência de boas práticas de cuidado neonatal e redução de desfechos neonatais negativos.

Duración del ayuno preoperatorio en pacientes con cirugía programada / Duration of preoperative fasting in patients with scheduled surgery

Antecedentes y objetivo: el ayuno preoperatorio disminuye el riesgo de aspiración del contenido gástrico y sus complicaciones. Sin embargo, si es excesivo, favorece la regurgitación y el riesgo de broncoaspiración tras la inducción anestésica, así como alteraciones metabólicas e hidroelectrolíticas. Analizamos su duración, en pacientes con cirugías programadas en un hospital público de agudos. Material y métodos: se encuestó a todos los pacientes mayores de 18 años con cirugías programadas. Se recolectaron datos sobre la prescripción médica de ayuno, la hora de inducción anestésica y personales. El ayuno prescripto se comparó con las recomendaciones de las guías de la AAARBA (Asociación de Anestesia, Analgesia y Reanimación de Buenos Aires). Resultados: se reclutaron 139 pacientes, con una mediana de edad de 48 años (30; 64), 53% femeninos. La mediana del ayuno prescripto fue de 12,5 horas tanto para sólidos como para líquidos. El ayuno para sólidos que realizaron los pacientes tuvo una mediana de 14 horas, la cual resultó significativamente mayor que la prescripción (p < 0,001). En cambio, el ayuno para líquidos tuvo una mediana de 12 horas, no hallándose una diferencia significativa (p = 0,452) con lo prescripto. En comparación con la guía de la AAARBA, el ayuno prescripto excedió la recomendación para sólidos (4,5 h) y para líquidos (10,5 h). El ayuno realizado por el paciente excedió lo prescripto para sólidos (1,5 h), mientras que para líquidos fue inferior (0,5 h). Conclusión: el ayuno preoperatorio prescripto no se adecuó a las recomendaciones actuales. Las horas de ayuno realizadas por el paciente resultaron excesivas. (AU)

Background and objective: preoperative fasting reduces the risk of aspiration of gastric contents and its complications. However, if fasting is excessive, it favours regurgitation and the risk of pulmonary aspiration in patients undergoing general anaesthetic, such as metabolic and electrolyte disorders. We analysed its duration in patients with elective surgeries in public acute care hospital. Material and methodologies: patients over 18 years old with elective surgeries were surveyed. Data about medical fasting indication, time of induction of anaesthesia and personal information was collected. The prescribed fast was compared with the recommendations of the AAARBA (Association of Anaesthesia, Analgesia and Reanimation of Buenos Aires) guidelines. Results: 139 patients were gathered with a median of 48 years old (30; 64), 53% of them were female. Fasting indication median was of 12.5 h for solids and liquids. The fasting made by the patient for solids had a median of 14 h which resulted to be significantly higher to the indication (p < 0.001). By contrast, the fasting for liquids had a median of 12 h which it did not show a significant difference (p = 0.452) with the indication. In comparison with the AAARBA guideline, the fasting indication exceeded the recommendation for solids (4.5 h) and for liquids (10.5 h). The fasting made by the patient exceeded to what was indicated for solids (1.5 h) while for liquids, it was inferior (0.5 h). Conclusion: the indicated preoperative fasting was not adequate to the current recommendations. The hours of fasting made by patient were excessive. (AU)

Cirurgia plástica e o tratamento de doenças infectocontagiosas: lobomicose / Plastic surgery for the treatment of contagious diseases: lobomycosis

Introdução: Lacaziose é uma doença rara que afeta principalmente trabalhadores de áreas tropicais, sendo descritos aproximadamente 500 casos no mundo. A lacaziose é um doença parasitária causada pelo fungo saprófita Lacazia loboi, para o qual não existe um tratamento específico. A cirurgia é o tratamento mais eficiente para as deformidades causadas pela doença. Entretanto, é um tratamento temporário, uma vez que as recidivas são frequentes. Lacazia loboi acomete duas espécies de golfinhos, o Tursiops truncates e o Sotalia guianensis. A literatura aborda o tratamento cirúrgico de maneira superficial, pois não existem trabalhos específicos descrevendo o tratamento cirúrgico para essa doença. Métodos: Descrevemos aqui nossos 8 anos de experiência no Hospital de Base de Porto Velho-Rondônia com 22 casos submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico e acompanhados. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes (91%) já se submeteram a pelo menos um tratamento cirúrgico associado ao tratamento antifúngico. Os pacientes apresentavam lesões com tempo de evolução entre 5 meses e 6 anos previamente ao tratamento cirúrgico. Apenas dois casos eram virgens de tratamento. Conclusão: Nossos pacientes foram acompanhados, mas apenas 11 dos 22 pacientes retornaram para acompanhamento. Recorrências foram observadas em 9 dos 11 pacientes, com um período de latência de 5 meses (AU)

Introduction: Lacaziosis is a rare disease that mainly affects workers in tropical areas, with approximately 500 cases reported worldwide. Lacaziosis is a parasitic disease caused by the saprophytic fungus Lacazia loboi; there is no specific treatment for this disease. Surgery is the most effective treatment for the deformities caused by the disease. However, it is a temporary treatment, since disease recurrence is frequently observed. Lacazia loboi affects two species of dolphin, Tursiops truncates and Sotalia guianensis. The available literature discusses the surgical treatment in a superficial way , because there are no specific studies describing the surgical treatment for this disease. Methods: Here, we describe our 8 years of experience with lacaziosis at the Hospital de Base de Porto Velho - Rondônia; a total of 22 patients underwent surgical treatment and were followed-up. Results: The majority of the patients (91%) had already submitted to at least one surgical treatment together with antifungal treatment. The patients presented with lesions with disease progression ranging from 5 months to 6 years prior to surgical treatment. Only two patients were treatment-naive. Conclusion: Our patients were followed-up; however, only 11 of the 22 patients returned for follow-up. Recurrences were observed in 9 of the 11 patients, with a latency period of 5 months.(AU)

Recomendaciones para la prevención de infecciones asociadas a artoplastia electiva en adultos / Recommendations for prevention of surgical site infection in adult elective arthroplasty

Las infecciones del sitio quirúrgico que complican las cirugías ortopédicas con implante prolongan la estadía hospitalaria y aumentan tanto el riesgo de readmisión como el costo de la internación y la mortalidad. Las presentes recomendaciones están dirigidas a: (i) optimizar el cumplimiento de normas y la incorporación de hábitos en cada una de las fases de la cirugía, detectando factores de riesgo para infecciones del sitio quirúrgico potencialmente corregibles o modificables; y (ii) adecuar la profilaxis antibiótica preoperatoria y el cuidado intra y postoperatorio.

Surgical site infections complicating orthopedic implant surgeries prolong hospital stay and increase risk of readmission, hospitalization costs and mortality. These recommendations are aimed at: (i) optimizing compliance and incorporating habits in all surgery phases by detecting risk factors for surgical site infections which are potentially correctable or modifiable; and (ii) optimizing preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis as well as intraoperative and postoperative care.

Pain after major elective orthopedic surgery of the lower limb and type of anesthesia: does it matter? / Dor após cirurgia eletiva ortopédica de grande porte em membro inferior e o tipo de anestesia: isso importa?

Abstract Background and objectives: Total knee arthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty are associated with chronic pain development. Of the studies focusing on perioperative factors for chronic pain, few have focused on the differences that might arise from the anesthesia type performed during surgery. Methods: This was a prospective observational study performed between July 2014 and March 2015 with patients undergoing unilateral elective total knee arthroplasty (TKA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA) for osteoarthritis. Data collection and pain evaluation questionnaires were performed in three different moments: preoperatively, 24 hours postoperatively and at 6 months after surgery. To characterize pain, Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) was used and SF-12v2 Health survey was used to further evaluate the sample's health status. Results: Forty and three patients were enrolled: 25.6% men and 74.4% women, 51,2% for total knee arthroplasty and48.8% for total hip arthroplasty, with a mean age of 68 years. Surgeries were performed in 25.6% of patients under general anesthesia, 55.8% under neuraxial anesthesia and 18.6% under combined anesthesia. Postoperatively, neuraxial anesthesia had a better pain control. Comparing pain evolution between anesthesia groups, neuraxial anesthesia was associated with a decrease in “worst”, “medium” and “now” pain at six months. Combined anesthesia was associated with a decrease of “medium” pain scores at six months. Of the three groups, only those in neuraxial group showed a decrease in level of pain interference in “walking ability”. TKA, “worst” pain preoperatively and general were predictors of pain development at six months. Conclusions: Patients with gonarthrosis and severe pain preoperatively may benefit from individualized pre- and intraoperative care, particularly preoperative analgesia and neuraxial anesthesia.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: A artroplastia total de joelho e a artroplastia total de quadril estão associadas ao desenvolvimento de dor crônica. Dentre os estudos que avaliam os fatores perioperatórios para a dor crônica, poucos abordam as diferenças que podem surgir do tipo de anestesia feita durante a cirurgia. Métodos: Estudo observacional, prospectivo, feito entre julho de 2014 e março 2015 com pacientes submetidos à ATJ unilateral eletiva ou ATQ para a osteoartrite. A coleta de dados e a avaliação da dor por meio de questionários foram feitas em três momentos distintos: no pré-operatório, em 24 horas de pós-operatório e aos seis meses após a cirurgia. O Inventário Breve da Dor (IBD) foi usado para caracterizar a dor o e o Questionário SF-12v2 foi usado para avaliar melhor o estado de saúde da amostra. Resultados: Foram inscritos 43 pacientes: 25,6% homens e 74,4% mulheres, 51,2% para ATJ e 48,8% ATQ, com média de 68 anos. A cirurgia foi feita em 25,6% dos pacientes sob anestesia geral, em 55,8% sob anestesia neuroaxial e em 18,6% sob anestesia combinada. No pós-operatório, a anestesia neuraxial apresentou melhor controle da dor. Na comparação da evolução da dor entre os grupos, a anestesia neuraxial foi associada a uma diminuição de “pior”, “médio” e “sem” dor em seis meses. A anestesia combinada foi associada a uma diminuição do escore “médio” de dor em seis meses. Dos três grupos, apenas aqueles no grupo neuraxial apresentaram uma diminuição do nível de interferência da dor na “capacidade de caminhar”. ATJ, “pior” dor no pré-operatório e anestesia geral foram preditivos de desenvolvimento de dor aos seis meses. Conclusões: Os pacientes com gonartrose e dor intensa no pré-operatório podem obter benefício de cuidados individualizados no pré e intraoperatório, particularmente de analgesia no pré-operatório e anestesia neuraxial.

Preoperative nutritional status and clinical complications in the postoperative period of cardiac surgeries

Abstract Objective: This study aims to assess the preoperative nutritional status of patients and the role it plays in the occurrence of clinical complications in the postoperative period of major elective cardiac surgeries. Methods: Cross-sectional study comprising 72 patients aged 20 years or older, who underwent elective cardiac surgery. The preoperative nutritional assessment consisted of nutritional screening, anthropometry (including the measurement of the adductor pollicis muscle thickness) and biochemical tests. The patients were monitored for up to 10 days after the surgery in order to control the occurrence of postoperative complications. The R software, version 3.0.2, was used to statistically analyze the data. Results: Clinical complications were found in 62.5% (n=42) of the studied samples and complications of non-infectious nature were most often found. Serum albumin appeared to be associated with renal complications (P=0.026) in the nutritional status indicators analyzed herein. The adductor pollicis muscle thickness was associated with infectious complications and presented mean of 9.39±2.32 mm in the non-dominant hand (P=0.030). No significant correlation was found between the other indicators and the clinical complications. Conclusion: The adductor pollicis muscle thickness and the serum albumin seemed be associated with clinical complications in the postoperative period of cardiac surgeries.

Classificação dos pacientes segundo o risco de complicações e mortalidade após cirurgias cardíacas eletivas / Patient's classification according to complications and mortality risks after elective heart surgeries

O objetivo da investigação foi classificar os pacientes segundo o riscode complicações e mortalidade após cirurgias cardíacas eletivas, utilizando o Sistema de Escore Clínico de Risco de Tuman. Estudo descritivo, desenvolvido em um hospital universitário do interior de São Paulo, Brasil, entre agosto de 2013 e fevereiro de 2015. Uma amostra consecutiva e não probabilística foi constituída por pacientes submetidos à primeira cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio e/ou cirurgias para correção de valvulopatias, e com agendamento eletivo de suas cirurgias. Resultados: participaram 125 pacientes. A maioria apresentou baixo risco para o desenvolvimento de complicações pós-operatórias e mortalidade (n=110; 88%). É esperada uma taxa de complicação pós-operatória de 14,6% e uma taxa de 3,3% de mortalidade para esses pacientes. Nessa pesquisa, a maioria dos pacientes submetidos pela primeira vez às cirurgias cardíacas eletivas apresentou baixo risco para o desenvolvimento de complicações pós-operatórias e mortalidade.

The investigation objective was to classify patients according to the complication and mortality risks after elective heart surgeries, using the Tuman System of Clinical Risk Score. A descriptive study, developed in a university hospital in São Paulo state, Brazil, from August of 2013 to February of 2015. A consecutive and non-probabilistic sample was constituted by patients submitted to a first myocardial revascularization surgery and/or surgeries to correct valvulopathies, and with elective scheduling of their surgeries. Results: One-hundred and twenty five patients participated. The majority presented low risk for development of post-surgery complications and mortality (n = 110; 88%). A rate of 14.6% for complications and 3.3% for mortality are expected for these patients. In this study, most patients submitted for their first time to electiveheart surgeries presented low risk to develop post-surgery complications and mortality.

Ocular risk management in patients undergoing general anesthesia: an analysis of 39,431 surgeries

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to describe and analyze ocular findings associated with nonocular surgery in patients who underwent general anesthesia. METHODS: The authors retrospectively collected a series of 39,431 surgeries using standardized data forms. RESULTS: Ocular findings were reported in 9 cases (2.3:10,000), which involved patients with a mean age of 58.9±19.5 years. These cases involved patients classified as ASA I (33%), ASA II (55%) or ASA III (11%). General anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil was used in 4 cases, balanced general anesthesia was used in 4 cases, and regional block was used in combination with balanced general anesthesia in one case. Five patients (55%) underwent surgery in the supine position, one patient (11%) underwent surgery in the lithotomy position, two patients (22%) underwent surgery in the prone position, and one patient (11%) underwent surgery in the lateral position. Ocular hyperemia was detected in most (77%) of the 9 cases with ocular findings; pain/burning of the eyes, visual impairment, eye discharge and photophobia were observed in 55%, 11%, 11% and 11%, respectively, of these 9 cases. No cases involved permanent ocular injury or vision loss. CONCLUSION: Ophthalmological findings after surgeries were uncommon, and most of the included patients were relatively healthy. Minor complications, such as dehydration or superficial ocular trauma, should be prevented by following systematic protocols that provide appropriate ocular occlusion with a lubricating ointment and protect the eye with an acrylic occluder. These procedures will refine the quality of anesthesia services and avoid discomfort among patients, surgeons and anesthesia staff. .

The Impact of Mechanical Bowel Preparation in Elective Colorectal Surgery: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of preoperative mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) based on the occurrence of anastomosis leakage, surgical site infection (SSI), and severity of surgical complication when performing elective colorectal surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MBP and non-MBP patients were matched using propensity score. The outcomes were evaluated according to tumor location such as right- (n=84) and left-sided colon (n=50) and rectum (n=100). In the non-MBP group, patients with right-sided colon cancer did not receive any preparation, and patients with both left-sided colon and rectal cancers were given one rectal enema before surgery. RESULTS: In the right-sided colon surgery, there was no anastomosis leakage. SSI occurred in 2 (4.8%) and 4 patients (9.5%) in the non-MBP and MBP groups, respectively. In the left-sided colon cancer surgery, there was one anastomosis leakage (4.0%) in each group. SSI occurred in none in the rectal enema group and in 2 patients (8.0%) in the MBP group. In the rectal cancer surgery, there were 5 anastomosis leakages (10.0%) in the rectal enema group and 2 (4.0%) in the MBP group. SSI occurred in 3 patients (6.0%) in each groups. Severe surgical complications (Grade III, IV, or V) based on Dindo-Clavien classification, occurred in 7 patients (14.0%) in the rectal enema group and 1 patient (2.0%) in the MBP group (p=0.03). CONCLUSION: Right- and left-sided colon cancer surgery can be performed safely without MBP. In rectal cancer surgery, rectal enema only before surgery seems to be dangerous because of the higher rate of severe postoperative complications.

Open Mini-Flank Partial Nephrectomy: An Essential Contemporary Operation

Secondary to the widespread use of the modern imaging techniques of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound, 70% of renal tumors today are detected incidentally with a median tumor size of less than 4 cm. Twenty years ago, all renal tumors, regardless of size were treated with radical nephrectomy (RN). Elective partial nephrectomy (PN) has emerged as the treatment of choice for small renal tumors. The basis of this paradigm shift is three major factors: (1) cancer specific survival is equivalent for T1 tumors (7 cm or less) whether treated by PN or RN; (2) approximately 45% of renal tumors have indolent or benign pathology; and (3) PN prevents or delays the onset of chronic kidney disease, a condition associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although PN can be technically demanding and associated with potential complications of bleeding, infection, and urinary fistula, the patient derived benefits of this operation far outweigh the risks. We have developed a "mini-flank" open surgical approach that is highly effective and, coupled with rapid recovery postoperative care pathways associated with a 2-day length of hospital stay.

Open Mini-Flank Partial Nephrectomy: An Essential Contemporary Operation

Secondary to the widespread use of the modern imaging techniques of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound, 70% of renal tumors today are detected incidentally with a median tumor size of less than 4 cm. Twenty years ago, all renal tumors, regardless of size were treated with radical nephrectomy (RN). Elective partial nephrectomy (PN) has emerged as the treatment of choice for small renal tumors. The basis of this paradigm shift is three major factors: (1) cancer specific survival is equivalent for T1 tumors (7 cm or less) whether treated by PN or RN; (2) approximately 45% of renal tumors have indolent or benign pathology; and (3) PN prevents or delays the onset of chronic kidney disease, a condition associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although PN can be technically demanding and associated with potential complications of bleeding, infection, and urinary fistula, the patient derived benefits of this operation far outweigh the risks. We have developed a "mini-flank" open surgical approach that is highly effective and, coupled with rapid recovery postoperative care pathways associated with a 2-day length of hospital stay.