Tetania severa por uso de enemas fosfatados, reporte de caso / Tetany secondary to phosphate enema toxicity, case report

Los enemas fosfatados son utilizados frecuentemente en el tratamiento de la constipación. Errores en la posología pueden producir complicaciones graves. Objetivo: Reportar un caso de toxicidad grave por enema fosfatado en un pre escolar sin factores de riesgo. Caso clínico: Paciente de 2 años con constipación funcional, evaluada en servicio de urgencia por dolor abdominal a quién se le diagnosticó un fecaloma impactado. Recibió 2 dosis de enema de fosfato, “medio frasco” de Fleet® adulto (Synthon, Chile) por vez, sin resolución de su fecaloma, decidiéndose hospitalización para proctoclisis. Posterior al ingreso presentó un cuadro clínico de tetania. Ingresó a la Unidad de Paciente Crítico donde se confirmó una hiperfosfemia e hipocalcemia secundaria. Se realizó corrección electrolítica progresiva, retiro de enema fosfatado residual del recto e hiperhidratación forzando diuresis. La tetania cedió 2 horas después del ingreso sin otras complicaciones. Se realizó proctoclisis y fue dada de alta a los 3 días. Conclusión: Los enemas fosfatados pueden presentar complicaciones graves en niños sin factores de riesgo. Errores en la posología son la causa más frecuente de toxicidad en este grupo, pero esta puede estar favorecida también por una administración y eliminación inadecuadas. Pediatras y personal de salud que atiende a niños deben conocer factores de riesgo, signos y síntomas de intoxicación por enemas fosfatados.

Phosphate enemas are frequently used in the treatment of constipation. Errors in dosage and administration can lead to severe complications. Objective: To report a case of severe toxicity of phosphate enemas in a child with no risk factors. Case: 2 years old female, with functional constipation, was brought to emergency department because abdominal pain. She was diagnosed with fecal impaction and received half a bottle of Fleet Adult® (Laboratorio Synthon, Chile) two times, with no clinical resolution, deciding to start proctoclisis in pediatric ward. Soon after admission, she presented painful tetany, but alert and oriented. Patient was transferred to PICU where severe hyperphosphatemia and secondary hypocalcemia were confirmed. Her treatment included electrolyte correction; removal of residual phosphate enema and hyperhydration. Tetany resolved over 2 hours after admission and no other complications. Proctoclisis was performed and patient was discharged three days after admission with pharmacological management of constipation. Conclusion: Phosphate enemas may cause serious complications in children with no risk factors. Errors in dosage, administration and removal of the enema are causes of toxicity in this group. Pediatricians and health personnel must be aware of risks and signs of toxicity of phosphate enema.

Self-administered Enema Related Rectal Perforation / 대한소화기학회지

No abstract available.

Evacuación del meconiointestinal para mejorar tolerancia alimentaria en prematuro de muy bajo peso (protocolo Emita) / Meconium evacuation to improve feeding tolerance in very low birth weight preterm infants (Emita protocol)

Se ha descrito que la tolerancia alimentaria en el extremo prematuro se asocia a una precoz eliminación de meconio. Estudios prospectivos, randomizados o con controles históricos de estimulación de evacuación de meconio reportan diferentes resultados. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el uso sistemático de enemas que aceleren la evacuación de meconio, y por ende la tolerancia alimentaria. Pacientes y Método: Estudio controlado, aleatorizado y multicéntrico que evaluó el uso de enemas de solución fisiológica con glicerina (0,8 ml de glicerina + 3 ml de solución fisiológica o 1 ml de glicerina + 5 ml de solución fisiológica según peso al nacer menor o mayor de 800 g, respectivamente) versus simulación, iniciado en los primeras 96 h de vida, en prematuros con peso al nacimiento entre 500 y 1.250 g. Se registraron antecedentes maternos (parto prematuro, infección ovular, síndrome hipertensivo del embarazo, administración de sulfato de magnesio, y corticoides prenatales, doppler fetal alterado, tipo de parto, sexo, peso y edad gestacional, evaluación de apgar y necesidad de ventilación asistida y oxígenoterapia) y nutricionales (edad al alcanzar volúmenes de alimentación de 100 ml//kg/día y alimentación enteral completa, edad para eliminar meconio, número de días en nutrición parenteral, peso a los 28 días, volúmenes semanales de leche materna y fórmula de prematuros). Resultados: En 101 sujetos incluidos en el estudio, no se obtienen diferencias significativas en la variable principal de edad para alcanzar el aporte enteral total o los 100 ml por kg por día. Tampoco se observan diferencias en las variables secundarias: número de episodios de sepsis tardías con o sin hemocultivo positivo, hiperbilirrubinemia, enterocolitis necrotizante o hemorragia intracraneana...

Introduction: It has been reported that feeding tolerance in preterm infants is associated with an early passage of meconium. Prospective, randomized or historical control studies that stimulate meconium evacuation have reported varied results. This study was intented to evaluate the use of enemas to speed up meconium evacuation, facilitating feeding tolerance. Patients and Method: A controlled multicenter randomized trial that evaluated the use of physiological saline enemas with glycerol (0.8 ml glycerol + 3 ml saline or 1 ml glycerol + 5 ml saline depending on babies weighing less or more than 800 g at birth, respectively) versus simulation. This procedure was performed in the first 96 hours of life in infants with birth weight between 500 and 1,250 g. Maternal (preterm delivery, clinical chorioamnionitis, gestational hypertension, administration of magnesium sulfate and prenatal corticosteroids, fetal Doppler altered, type of delivery, gender, weight and gestational age, assessment of Apgar and need for assisted ventilation and oxygenotherapy) and nutritional history (age when feeding volumes of 100 ml/kg/day and full enteral feeding were reached, age to remove meconium, number of days on parenteral nutrition, weight at 28 days, weekly volumes of breast milk and preterm formula) were described. Results: No significant differences were obtained regarding the age to reach full enteral intake or 100 ml/kg/day were found among the 101 patients in the study. Also, no differences in the following secondary variables are observed: number of episodes of late sepsis with or without positive blood culture, hyperbilirubinemia, necrotizing enterocolitis and intraventricular hemorrhage...

A Case of Chemical Colitis Caused by Hydrogen Peroxide Enema / 대한소화기학회지

Hydrogen peroxide is commonly used as a disinfectant that has been reported to cause chemical colitis. We report a case of 49 year-old man who presented with chemical colitis caused by self-inflicted hydrogen peroxide enema. In the sigmoidoscopic examination, diffuse erythematous and edematous mucosal change with multiple ulcerations and easy touch bleeding was noted from the rectum to the proximal sigmoid colon. Abdominal computed tomography showed diffuse wall thickening of the rectum and the sigmoid colon with inflammatory and reactive change at surrounding. The patient was treated with NPO, intravenous fluid, and antibiotic therapy. On 5th hospital day, abdominal pain and bloody stool disappeared, and the patient started oral feeding. He discharged on 6th hospital day with fully recovered state.

Efeito de diferentes soluções de enema sobre os parâmetros clínicos de eqüinos / Effect of different enema solutions on clinical parameters of equines

Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes soluções de enema sobre os parâmetros clínicos de eqüinos hígidos. Foram utilizados 15 eqüinos adultos, distribuídos em três grupos de cinco animais cada: grupo 1 - tratados com água de torneira mais sabão neutro; grupo 2 - tratados com solução isotônica e grupo 3 - tratados com água de torneira mais vaselina. O efeito das soluções de enema sobre os parâmetros clínicos variou em função do tipo de solução infundida. A solução com menor efeito sobre os parâmetros clínicos foi a isotônica. A solução de água de torneira e sabão neutro desencadeou um aumento da temperatura retal e edema da mucosa retal. Embora as três soluções tenham se mostrado efetivas em hidratar e amolecer as fezes, a solução de água com sabão foi a que apresentou o melhor efeito.

The effect of three different enema solutions on clinical parameters of equines was studied using 15 healthy adult animals. They were alloted into three groups of five animals each: group 1 - treated with tap water associated with neuter soap; group 2 -treated with isotonic solution; and group 3 - treated with tap water associated with vaseline. Effects of enema solutions on clinical parameters were observed. Isotonic solution caused less alteration on clinical parameters. Tap water and soap enema induced inflammatory reaction on colon mucosa. Even though all three solutions showed effectiveness in hydrating and softening the feces, the treatment with water plus soap showed the best results.

The Malone Antegrade Continence Enema (MACE) principle in children: is it important if the conduit is implanted in the left or the right colon?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine which was the optimal side for the conduit to be placed (right or left colon) for antegrade continence enema implantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between July 1999 and March 2006, 31 patients underwent the construction of a catheterizable conduit using the Malone principle (MACE) In 22 cases the conduit was re-implanted in the right colon and in 9 cases in the left colon. There were 20 male patients and 11 female patients, with a mean age of 10.23 years. The follow-up period varied from 3 from 83 months (average 25 months). Right and left implantation of the conduit in the colon were compared with regards to the presence of complications, volume of the solution utilized, frequency of colonic lavage, time needed for performing the enema, and degree of satisfaction. RESULTS: One patient with the conduit in the right colon, using the appendix, lost the mechanism after two month follow-up. Thirty patients remain clean and are all capable of performing self-catheterization. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups regarding the variables studied: complications (p = 1.000), solution volume (p = 0.996), time required (p = 0.790) and patient's rating (p = 0.670). The lavage frequency required for patients with the conduit in the right colon may be lower. CONCLUSION: The MACE principle was considered effective for treating fecal retention and leaks, independent of the implantation site. The success of this surgery appears to be directly related to the patient's motivation and not to the technique utilized.

Experimental antegrade enema: effects on water, electrolyte and acid-base balances with different solutions

PURPOSE: To study the effects on the water, electrolyte, and acid-base balances in rabbits submitted to antegrade enema with different solutions through appendicostomy. METHODS: Forty male New Zealand rabbits were submitted to appendicostomy, and distributed in 4 groups, according to the antegrade enema solution: PEG group, polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution (n=10); ISS group, isotonic saline solution (n=10); GS group, glycerin solution (n=10); SPS group, sodium phosphate solution (n=10). After being weighed, arterial blood gas analysis, red blood count, creatinine and electrolytes were measured at 4 times: preoperatively (T1); day 6 postop, before enema (T2); 4h after enema (T3); and 24h after T3 (T4). RESULTS: In PEG group occurred Na retention after 4h, causing alkalemia, sustained for 24h with HCO3 retention. In ISS group occurred isotonic water retention and hyperchloremic acidosis after 4h, which was partially compensated in 24h. GS group showed metabolic acidosis after 4h, compensated in 24h. In SPS group occurred hypernatremic dehydration, metabolic acidosis in 4h, and hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and metabolic alkalosis with partially compensated dehydration in 24h. CONCLUSIONS: All solutions used in this study caused minor alterations on water, electrolyte or acid-base balances. The most intense ones were caused by hypertonic sodium phosphate solution (SPS) and isotonic saline solution (ISS) and the least by polyethyleneglycol electrolyte solution (PEG) and glycerin solution 12 percent (GS).

OBJETIVO: Estudar os efeitos no equilíbrio hídrico, eletrolítico e ácido-base, do enema anterógrado com diferentes soluções em coelhos através de apendicostomia. MÉTODOS: 40 coelhos Nova Zelândia, machos, submetidos a apendicostomia, distribuídos em quatro grupos segundo a solução de enema: grupo PEG (n = 10) solução de polietilenoglicol com eletrólitos; grupo SF (n = 10) solução fisiológica; grupo SG (n = 10) solução glicerinada; grupo FS (n = 10) solução de fosfato de sódio. Realizou-se pesagem, gasometria arterial, série vermelha, creatinina e ionograma, em quatro tempos: TI (pré-operatório); T2 (6o PO antes do enema); T3 (4h após enema); T4 (24h após T3). RESULTADOS: No PEG ocorreu retenção de Na em 4h, com alcalemia por retenção de HCO3, mantida por 24h. No SF ocorreu retenção hídrica isotônica e acidose hiperclorêmica em 4h, resolvidos parcialmente com 24h. No SG ocorreu acidose metabólica hiperclorêmica em 4h, compensada com 24h. No FS ocorreu desidratação hipenatrêmica, acidose metabólica com ânion gap elevado em 4h, hipopotassemia, hipocalcemia, hipomagnesemia e alcalose metabólica com recuperação parcial da desidratação em 24h. CONCLUSÕES: Todas as soluções empregadas neste estudo causam alterações de pouca intensidade no equilíbrio hídrico, eletrolítico ou ácido-base. As mais intensas foram causadas pela solução de fosfato de sódio e solução fisiológica, e as menos intensas pela solução de polietilenoglicol com eletrólitos e solução glicerinada.

Evaluación prospectiva de la seguridad y tolerancia de los procedimientos colonoscópicos en pacientes pediátricos / Prospective evaluation of safety and tolerance of colonoscopy in children

Background: Colonoscopy is a well established diagnostic and therapeutic procedure in pediatrics. Aim: To evaluate colon preparation alternatives for colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, type of sedation, clinical indications and findings. Patients and methods: Prospective study of 123 children referred for colonoscopy. Demographic data, type of colon preparation, sedation, type of endoscope and endoscopic results were obtained. The following day, a phone interview was carried out inquiring about duration, quality and adverse effects of the sedation and procedure. Results: Seventy one boys (58%) and 52 girls (42%) with a mean age of 6.7±4.4 years, were recruited. The main indication was lower gastrointestinal bleeding (71%). The different colon preparations produced elimination of clear liquid stools in 50%, non transparent liquid in 23%, semi liquid in 22% and solid in 6% of the patients. Most common side effects were abdominal distension (20%) and nausea (16.8%). The most commonly used drugs were midazolam (76%) and demerol (43%). The average duration of the procedure was 18.3 minutes (range: 4-50). The most common findings were rectal polyps (18.7%) and hemorrhagic colitis (14.6%). In 77% of cases, the sedation was considered very good or good. Colon visualization was described as very good (51%) or good (36%). Seventy three percent of children had complete amnesia. The most common adverse effect was vomiting (7.5%). Conclusion: Lower endoscopies are feasible procedures to carry out in children, in an ambulatory basis, with intravenous sedation and minimum adverse effects.

Severe colitis induced by soap enemas.

Soap enemas causing severe colitis with stricture and complications have rarely been reported. We report three patients in whom soapsud enema caused severe colitis and complications like stricture requiring surgery.

Complications of barium studies

The objectives of our study were to know the frequency and type of complications of Barium contrast study. Material and This study was conducted in surgical unit of Postgraduate Medical Institute Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar. It was a descriptive study including all those patients who had some form of barium contrast studies for gastrointestinal diseases from January 2001 to December 2003. Total number of patients was 290. Patients who developed complications were only 13 [4.17%]. Referral from other centre was 75% among the complicated cases. Different types of complications noted in this study were intestinal obstruction 1.05% [n=3], failure of ileastomy/colostomy closure 2.42% [n=8], and perforation of hollow viscera 0.69% [n=2]. Overall mortality rate was 0.69% [n=2]. Frequency rate of complications in our study is higher than international studies. Complications rate can be reduced by following a standard approach to deal with acute/chronic abdomen. Barium study should be avoided in cases where there are signs of eminent intestinal obstruction or perforation

Barium peritonitis--following barium enema of the proximal colon through a colostomy

Perforation with extravasation of barium is a rare complication of contrast enema examination of the large bowel with a high associated mortality rate. The experience of performing a re-laparotomy in a patient previously exposed to barium peritonitis is even less common. We describe an elderly male patient with a Hartmann's procedure performed a year previously, presenting with peritonitis following barium enema evaluation of the proximal colon via an end descending colon stoma. Emergency laparotomy, segmental bowel resection and liberal peritoneal toilet resulted in a satisfactory outcome. The patient had a subsequent successful reversal of his Hartmann's procedure nine months later despite the presence of dense barium induced adhesions. This potentially preventable iatrogenic complication is discussed in this report, which is supplemented by a brief review of the English literature.

Preparo intestinal para colonoscopia com bisacodil oral e soluçäo fosfatada por via retal em crianças e adolescentes / Intestinal preparation for colonoscopy with oral bisacodyl and phosphate enema in children and adolecents

Näo há um preparo intestinal uniforme para a realizaçäo da colonoscopia que seja recomendado para as diversas faixas etárias da criança, do lactente ao adolescente. Ao contrário do paciente adulto, o procedimento é geralmente realizado com anestesia geral ou sedaçäo profunda. Assim, o jejum oral necessário após a ingestäo do laxante retarda o início do exame. Os autores avaliaram a eficácia de preparo com bisacodil eenema fosfatado em estudo aberto e prospectivo em 17 crianças e adolescentes de ambos os sexos durante um período de 3 meses. A idade dos pacientes variou de 10 meses a 15 anos e 11 meses (mediana =5 anos e 2 meses), sendo 53 por sento do sexo masculino e 47 porcento do feminino. Foi utilizado bisacodil 5mg ou 10mg durante dois dias anteriores ao exame associado a 64ml ou 128ml de soluçäo fosfatada por via retal no diado exame em crianças menores e maiores de 5 anos, respectivamente. preparo excelente foi observado em 53 por cento, bom em 29 por cento e ruim em 18 por cento. Os dados sugerem que o preparo foi mais eficiente em crianças menores de 5 anos. os autores concluem que o preparo foi adequado em 82 por cento dos casos, podendo ser recomendado em crianças menores de 5 anos de idade

Colonic chemobezoar--intestinal obstruction due to barium inspissation.

A 72-year-old man presented with constipation of 45 days' duration, with history suggestive of recurrent episodes of subacute intestinal obstruction relieved by passage of fluid and flatus; he had noticed an abdominal lump 30 days prior. Examination revealed a lump corresponding to the contours of the entire large intestine. X-ray showed barium outlining the colon. Enquiry revealed that he had undergone a barium enema study 10 days prior to appearance of the lump. The diagnosis of barium inspissation was confirmed at laparotomy; total colectomy with ileo-rectal anastomosis was done.

Tratamento cirúrgico do megacólon tóxico / Surgical treatment of toxic megacolon

O megacólon tóxico (MT) pode ser uma complicaçäo fatal da retocolite ulcerativa (RU) e, mais raramente, da doença de Crohn (DC). Entre 1969 e 1996, 20 pacientes portadores de doença inflamatória intestinal foram operados de MT com diagnóstico sendo feito clínica e laboratorialmente (19 - RU e 1 - DC). Todos foram submetidos a laparotomia, sendo realizada colectomia total com ileostomia terminal. No tratamento do coto retal, a preferência foi pelo seu fechamento primário, mas alguns casos tiveram seus retos deixados abertos como fítula mucosa. A mortalidade observada (15 por cento) foi atribuída principalmente ao diagnóstico tardio. Os pacientes com boa evoluçäo pós-operatória foram posteriormente submetidos à cirurgia de recontruçäo do trânsito intestinal. Em conclusäo, o diagnóstico de MT e a conduta cirúrgica na urgência devem ser feitos o mais precocemente possível, o que sugere estar associado a melhor prognóstico desta complicaçäo

Intoxicación por sulfato de cobre administrado por vía rectal / Copper sulphate intoxication due to rectal administration

El presente trbajo expone el caso de una intoxicación por sulfato de cobre (CuSO4) en un niño que recibió el tóxico en una enema evacuante cuyo objeto era desparasitarlo. El cuadro se inició con edema palpebral que pronto progresó a facial y generalizado, palidez, hematuria y oliguria. Ya hospitalizado se comprobó: hipertensión arterial, hemoglobina 2.3g/dL, urea 300mg/dL, creatinina 5 mg/dL, aspartato aminotransferasa 92 U/L, alanina aminotransferasa 50 U/L, análisis urinario con pH de 6, proteínas, glucosa y hemoglobina positivas. En el Departamento de Pediatría del Centro Médico Nacional "Adolfo Ruiz Cortines" se le diagnosticó probable nefritis tubulointersticial tóxica. posteriormente se añadieron los diagnósticos de hepatopatía tóxica y anemia hemolítica. El niño mejoró y se dio de alta dos semanas después de su ingreso

Vólvulus de sigmoides / Sigmoid volvulus

El objetivo de este artículo es revisar la epidemiología, fisiopatogenia, diagnóstico y tratamiento del vólvulus del sigmoides. La manifestación clínica de este es de obstrucción intestinal, y llega a tener una mortalidad tan elevada del 30 por ciento. La frecuencia del vólvulus del sigmoides tiene dos patrones geográficos diferentes. En los países industrializados como EUA, Europa Occidental, la edad de presentación es en gente mayor de 60 años y causa obstrucción intestinal entre el 2-10 por ciento. En cambio en los países subdesarrollados de Africa, India, Europa Oriental, Brasil e Irán se presenta en gente más joven entre 30 y 40 años y aumenta la incidencia de obstrucción intestinal entre el 30.50 por ciento.

Incidência da morbidade febril pós-cesariana relacionada ao coito, banho corporal, tricotomia e enteroclisma / Post cerarean section febrile morbidity incidencerelated with coitus, corporal bathing, trichotomy and enema

Neste estudo, os autores analisaram, de forma prospectiva, alguns aspectos referentes à prática sexual da gestante, sua preparaçao no período anteparto, como o banho corporal, a tricotomia e o enteroclisma, e os relacionaram com a incidência da morbidade febril pós-cesariana. A análise estatística das variáveis estudadas permitiu identificar, de forma significativa, o banho corporal distante do parto mais de 12 horas, como fator predisponente do puerpério febril