Entrenamiento de la marcha con la cinta rodante antigravitatoria en pacientes con Parkinson / Gait training with the anti-gravity treadmill in Parkinson's patients / Treinamento de marcha com fita rolante antigravitatoria em pacientes com Parkinson

La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es una condición neurodegenerativa caracterizada por alteraciones motoras que afectan principalmente el desarrollo de la marcha, produciéndose generalmente el fenómeno del congelamiento de la marcha con la posibilidad del riesgo de caída. Objetivo: Analizar los beneficios del entrenamiento de la marcha con la cinta rodante antigravitatoria en pacientes con EP. Materiales y métodos: Es un estudio pre-experimental con un solo grupo de intervención. Se llevó a cabo el entrenamiento de la marcha a través de una cinta rodante antigravitatoria (AlterG) durante un mes dividido en 2 sesiones por semana. Los parámetros de la marcha arrojados por el equipo AlterG fueron la descarga de peso, cadencia, tiempo de apoyo y longitud del paso; además se valoró el congelamiento de la marcha con el cuestionario (FOGQ) y el riesgo de caída con el test Timed Up and Go (TUG). Resultados: En los parámetros de la marcha y en el FOGQ se encontró diferencias significativas (p<0,05) entre los valores de pre y post intervención, exceptuando a la variable cadencia. El riesgo de caída disminuyó 4,6 y 4,3 segundos promedio en el test TUG en hombres y mujeres respectivamente. Conclusión: El entrenamiento de la marcha en la cinta rodante antigravitatoria mejora las condiciones de la marcha y reduce el riesgo de caídas en pacientes con EP.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by motor alterations that mainly affect the development of gait, generally producing the phenomenon of freezing of gait with the possibility of risk of falling. Objective: To analyze the benefits of gait training with the antigravity treadmill in patients with PD. Materials and methods: It is a pre-experimental study with a single intervention group. Gait training was carried out using an antigravity treadmill (AlterG) for one month divided into 2 sessions per week. The gait parameters returned by the AlterG team were weight unloading, cadence, support time and step length; Furthermore, freezing of gait was assessed with the questionnaire (FOGQ) and the risk of falling with the Timed Up and Go test (TUG). Results: In the gait parameters and in the FOGQ, significant differences (p<0.05) were found between the pre- and post-intervention values, except for the cadence variable. The risk of falling decreased by 4.6 and 4.3 seconds on average in the TUG test in men and women respectively. Conclusion: Antigravity treadmill gait training improves walking conditions and reduces the risk of falls in PD patients.

A doença de Parkinson (DP) é uma condição neurodegenerativa caracterizada por alterações motoras que afetam principalmente o desenvolvimento da marcha, geralmente produzindo o fenômeno de congelamento da marcha com possibilidade de risco de queda. Objetivo: Analisar os benefícios do treino de marcha com esteira antigravitacional em pacientes com DP. Materiais e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo pré-experimental com um único grupo de intervenção. O treinamento de marcha foi realizado em esteira antigravitacional (AlterG) durante um mês dividido em 2 sessões semanais. Os parâmetros de marcha retornados pela equipe AlterG foram descarga de peso, cadência, tempo de apoio e comprimento do passo; Além disso, o congelamento da marcha foi avaliado com o questionário (FOGQ) e o risco de queda com o teste Timed Up and Go (TUG). Resultados: Nos parâmetros da marcha e no FOGQ foram encontradas diferenças significativas (p<0,05) entre os valores pré e pós-intervenção, exceto na variável cadência. O risco de queda diminuiu em média 4,6 e 4,3 segundos no teste TUG em homens e mulheres respectivamente. Conclusão: O treino de marcha em esteira antigravitacional melhora as condições de marcha e reduz o risco de quedas em pacientes com DP.

Decoding the Cellular Trafficking of Prion-like Proteins in Neurodegenerative Diseases / 神经科学通报·英文版

The accumulation and spread of prion-like proteins is a key feature of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, or Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. In a process known as 'seeding', prion-like proteins such as amyloid beta, microtubule-associated protein tau, α-synuclein, silence superoxide dismutase 1, or transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 kDa, propagate their misfolded conformations by transforming their respective soluble monomers into fibrils. Cellular and molecular evidence of prion-like propagation in NDs, the clinical relevance of their 'seeding' capacities, and their levels of contribution towards disease progression have been intensively studied over recent years. This review unpacks the cyclic prion-like propagation in cells including factors of aggregate internalization, endo-lysosomal leaking, aggregate degradation, and secretion. Debates on the importance of the role of prion-like protein aggregates in NDs, whether causal or consequent, are also discussed. Applications lead to a greater understanding of ND pathogenesis and increased potential for therapeutic strategies.

Vulnerabilidade clínico funcional e condições de saúde de idosos com doença de Parkinson / Clinical functional vulnerability and health conditions of elderly people with Parkinson's disease / Vulnerabilidad clínica funcional y condiciones de salud de personas mayores con enfermedad de Parkinson

Objetivo: caracterizar a vulnerabilidade clinico funcional e as condições de saúde de idosos com Parkinson de um serviço de atenção especializada de um município de grande porte brasileiro. Método: trata-se de um estudo documental, transversal, realizado com 230 idosos com diagnóstico de Doença de Parkinson. Foram avaliados os prontuários dos pacientes com enfoque nos instrumentos.: Índice de Vulnerabilidade Clínico Funcional-20 e o Plano de Cuidados da avaliação multidimensional. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando o software R. Resultados: predomínio de idosos entre 80 e 89 anos, sexo feminino e baixa escolaridade. Apresentaram como principais marcadores de vulnerabilidade clinico funcional o comprometimento da mobilidade, incontinência urinária, sarcopenia, marcha/quedas, distúrbio de humor, comorbidade múltipla e polifarmácia. Conclusão: os achados mostraram alta prevalência de comprometimento funcional na doença de Parkinson. Acredita-se que os resultados possam contribuir na melhoria do cuidado a essa população, possibilitando aos profissionais da enfermagem atuarem na promoção do autocuidado

Objective: to characterize the clinical-functional vulnerability and health conditions of elderly people with Parkinson's in a specialized care service in a large Brazilian city. Method: this is a documentary, cross-sectional study, carried out with 230 elderly people diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Patient records were evaluated focusing on the instruments: Functional Clinical Vulnerability Index-20 and the multidimensional assessment Care Plan. Statistical analyzes were carried out using the R software. Results: predominance of elderly people between 80 and 89 years old, female and with low education. The main markers of clinical-functional vulnerability were mobility impairment, urinary incontinence, sarcopenia, gait/falls, mood disorder, multiple comorbidities and polypharmacy. Conclusion: the findings showed a high prevalence of functional impairment in Parkinson's disease. It is believed that the results can contribute to improving care for this population, enabling nursing professionals to work to promote self-care

Objetivos:caracterizar la vulnerabilidad clínico-funcional y las condiciones de salud de personas mayores con Parkinson en un servicio de atención especializada de una gran ciudad brasileña. Método: se trata de un estudio documental, transversal, realizado con 230 personas mayores diagnosticadas con Enfermedad de Parkinson. Se evaluaron los expedientes de los pacientes centrándose en los instrumentos: Índice de Vulnerabilidad Clínica Funcional-20 y Plan de Cuidados de la evaluación multidimensional. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron mediante el software R. Resultados: predominio de personas mayores entre 80 y 89 años, del sexo femenino y con baja escolaridad. Los principales marcadores de vulnerabilidad clínico-funcional fueron la alteración de la movilidad, la incontinencia urinaria, la sarcopenia, la marcha/caídas, los trastornos del estado de ánimo, las comorbilidades múltiples y la polifarmacia. Conclusión: los hallazgos mostraron una alta prevalencia de deterioro funcional en la enfermedad de Parkinson. Se cree que los resultados pueden contribuir para mejorar la atención a esta población, permitiendo a los profesionales de enfermería trabajar para promover el autocuidado

Comparison of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and bilirubin levels between patients with essential tremor and Parkinson's disease / Comparação dos níveis de 25-hidroxivitamina D e bilirrubina entre pacientes com tremor essencial e doença de Parkinson

Introduction: Differential diagnoses between essential tremor and Parkinson's disease is challenging in some individuals, with both disorders sharing similarities. Considering these links, we hypothesized that both conditions have a similar profile for some antioxidant molecules, including 25-hydroxyvitamin D and bilirubin. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study comparing serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and bilirubin in 31 ET patients, 38 PD, and 65 controls matched for age. We used the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin scale for the severity of tremors in the ET group. We used Hohen-Yahr and MDS-UPDRS part III scales in the PD group. In addition, we evaluated sociodemographic characteristics, including age, sex, ethnicity, years of study, duration of disease, and use of primidone. Results: We found no differences in serum levels for 25-hydroxyvitamin D or bilirubin subtype levels between the ET and PD groups. We found low levels of indirect bilirubin in the PD group compared to the controls. We did not find differences between ET and controls in all biomarkers of the study. Conclusion: ET and PD patients have similar profiles for 25-hydroxyvitamin D and bilirubin serum levels. The discovery of differences in oxidative stress biomarkers in both conditions, mainly low-cost substances available clinically, can assist in the differential diagnosis and, in the future, prognostication and better therapy management (AU).

Introdução: O diagnóstico diferencial entre tremor essencial (TE) e a doença de Parkinson (DP) é desafiador em alguns indivíduos com ambas as afecções apresentando algumas similaridades. Assim sendo, hipotetizamos que ambas têm perfil similar de algumas moléculas antioxidantes, incluindo 25-hidroxivitamina D e bilirrubina. Méto-dos: Realizamos um estudo transversal comparando os níveis séricos de 25-hidroxivitamina D e bilirrubinas em 31 indivíduos com TE, 38 com DP e 65 controles pareados por idade. A escala de Fahn-Tolosa-Marin foi usada para avaliação da gravidade do tremor no grupo com TE e Hohen-Yahr e UPDRS parte III na avaliação do grupo com DP. Também foram avaliadas as características sociodemográficas. Resultados: Não encontramos diferenças nos níveis séricos de 25-hidroxivitamina D ou bilirrubina entre os grupos TE e DP. Encontramos baixos níveis de bilirrubina indireta no grupo DP comparado aos controles. Não encontramos diferenças entre os grupos com TE e controles em nenhum dos biomarcadores do estudo. Conclusão: Pacientes com TE e DP apresentam níveis séricos semelhantes de 25-Hidroxivitamina D e bilirrubinas. Diferenças nos biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo em ambas as condi-ções, principalmente substâncias de baixo custo disponíveis na clínica, pode auxiliar no diagnóstico diferencial e, futuramente, no prognóstico e otimização terapêutica (AU).

Effects of cinnamon oil and its main constituents, cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde, on 1 - methyl - 4 - phenyl - 1,2,3,6 - tetrahydropyridine - induced neurodegeneration in PC - 12 cells / Efectos del aceite de canela y sus principales componentes, ácido cinámico y cin amaldehído en la neurodegeneración inducida por 1 - metil - 4 - fenil - 1,2,3,6 - tetrahidropiridina en células PC 12

Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) is a well - known medicinal plant considered as an effective treatment for neurological disorders based on Persian medicine . The aim of the present study was assessing the effect of cinnamon oil, cinnamic acid, and cinnamaldehyde, on the in vitro model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Cinnamon oil, prepared in sesame oil, was phytochemically analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pheochromocytoma - 12 (PC - 12) cells were treated with 1 - methyl - 4 - phenyl - 1,2,3,6 - tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) as an in vitro model of neurodegeneration in PD. Cell viability, activity of caspase enzymes, and formation of reactive oxygen sp ecies (ROS) were evaluated. MPTP significantly decreased cell viability and increased Casp activity, as well as ROS formation. Cinnamon oil and cinnamic acid at 200 µg/m L could significantly reverse MPTP - induced abnormalities in PC - 12 cells including Casp activity and ROS formation. Our study supports the beneficial effect of cinnamon oil in neurodegeneration. Furt her investigations are needed to clarify the mechanisms and main active components.

La canela ( Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) es una planta medicinal m uy conocida, y considerada como un tratamiento efectivo para patologías neurológicas según la medicina persa. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del aceite de canela, el ácido cinámico, y el cinamaldehído, en un modelo in vitro de la enferme dad de Parkinson (PD). El aceite de canela, preparado en aceite de sésamo, fue analizado fitoquímicamente usando cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia (HPLC). Se trataron células con feocromocitoma - 12 (P - 12) usando 1 - metil - 4 - fenil - 1,2,3,6 - tetrahidropiridi na (MPTP) como un modelo in vitro de neurodegeneración en PD. Se evaluó la viabilidad celular, actividad de enzimas caspasa, y formación de especies reactivas del oxígeno (ROS). El tratamiento con MPTP disminuyó significativamente la viabilidad celular y a umentó la actividad casp, así la formación de ROS. Aceite de canela y ácido cinámico a 200 µg/mL podría revertir significativamente las anormalidades inducidas por MPTP en células PC - 12, incluyendo la actividad casp y la formación de ROS. Nuestro estudio e ntrega sustento sobre los efectos benéficos del aceite de canela en la neurodegeneración. Se requiere más investigación para clarificar los mecanismos y los principales componentes activos.

Linguagem e funcionalidade pela CIF e grupo fonoaudiológico na percepção de pessoas com Doença de Parkinson / Lenguaje y funcionalidade por la CIF y grupo fonoaudiológico en la percepción de personas con Enfermedad de Parkinson / Language, functioning by ICF and SLP group intervention in the perception of people with Parkinson Disease

Introdução: O envelhecimento e a presença de doenças crônicas como a Doença de Parkinson (DP) podem gerar incapacidade e afetar a vida da pessoa, sendo que a Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF), na perspectiva biopsicossocial, permite conhecer a funcionalidade na DP. Objetivo: Investigar a funcionalidade de pessoas com Doença de Parkinson em atendimento fonoaudiológico grupal, tomando a CIF como base conceitual. Método: Pesquisa transversal, aprovada pelo CEP, com 10 participantes com DP, em atendimento fonoaudiológico grupal. Foi elaborado roteiro de entrevista para coleta do perfil sociodemográfico e questionário autoaplicável para coleta da autopercepção nas categorias da CIF em entrevistas com os participantes em três encontros grupais videogravados, com duração de 35 minutos cada. Para estabelecimento de parâmetros de referência, duas juízas fonoaudiólogas classificaram as respostas nas mesmas categorias. Resultados: Os participantes relataram prejuízos em Funções do Corpo (voz, articulação, fluência e do ritmo da fala, movimentos involuntários), dificuldades em Atividades e Participação (fala, conversação, uso fino da mão, andar, vestir-se, realização de tarefas domésticas, e recreação e lazer) e barreiras nos Fatores Ambientais. Em 60% dos casos a concordância entre participantes e juízas foi discreta, 30% regular, e em um caso (10%) foi forte. Conclusão: Os resultados mostram as dificuldades de linguagem e de funcionalidade na percepção das próprias pessoas com DP, conferindo um caráter original à pesquisa por dar voz a elas e trazer subsídios para o cuidado centrado na pessoa, transpondo, assim, a visão biomédica da atenção centrada na doença. (AU)

ntroduction: Aging and the presence of chronic diseases such as Parkinson's Disease (PD) can generate disability and affect a person's life, and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), from a biopsychosocial perspective, allows studying the functioning in PD. Objective: To investigate the functioning of people with PD in a speech-language pathology (SLP) group, taking the ICF as a conceptual basis. Method: Cross-sectional study, approved by the Ethics Committee, with 10 participants with PD, in SLP group. An interview script was developed to collect the sociodemographic profile and a self-administered questionnaire to collect self- perception in the ICF categories in interviews with participants in three videotaped group meetings, lasting 35 minutes each. To establish a reference parameter, two SLP with experience in the ICF (judges) classified the answers in the same categories. Results: Participants reported impairments in Body Functions (voice, articulation, fluency and rhythm of speech, involuntary movements), difficulties in Activities and Participation (speech, conversation, fine use of the hand, walking, dressing, performing household chores, and recreation and leisure) and barriers in Environmental Factors. In 60% of the cases, the agreement between participants and judges was slight, 30% regular, and in one case (10%) it was strong. Conclusion: The results showed language and functioning difficulties in the perception of people with PD, giving an original character to the research by giving them a voice and bringing subsidies to person-centered care, thus transposing the biomedical view of disease-centered care. (AU)

Introducción: El envejecimiento y la presencia de enfermedades crónicas como la Enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) pueden generar incapacidad y afectar a la vida de la persona, siendo que en la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, Incapacidad y Salud (CIF), en la perspectiva biopsicosocial, permite conocer el funcionamiento en la EP. Objetivo: Investigar el funcionamiento de personas con EP en la intervención fonoaudiológica grupal, tomando la CIF como base conceptual. Método: Estudio transversal aprobado por el CEP (Comité de Ética) con 10 participantes con EP, en tratamiento fonoaudilógico grupal. Se elaboró un guion de entrevista para colección de perfil sociodemográfico y un cuestionario autoaplicable para recopilar la autopercepción en las categorías de la CIF en entrevistas con los participantes en tres encuentros grupales videograbados, con una duración promedio de 35 minutos cada uno. Para establecer parámetros de referencia, dos juezas fonoaudiólogas clasificaron las respuestas en las mismas categorías. Resultados: Los participantes informaron déficit en las Funciones del Cuerpo (voz, articulación, fluidez y ritmo del habla, movimientos involuntarios), dificultades en las Actividades y Participación (habla, conversación, uso fino de la mano, caminar, vestirse, realizar las tareas domésticas, y recreación y ocio) y barreras en Factores Ambientales. En el 60% de los casos la concordancia entre participantes y juezas fue discreta, en el 30% fue regular y en un caso (10%) fue fuerte. Conclusión: Los resultados mostraron las dificultades de lenguaje y funcionamiento en la percepción de las propias personas con EP, dando un carácter original al estudio por darles voz y traer subsidios para el cuidado centrado en la persona, transponiendo así, la visión biomédica de la atención centrada en la enfermedad. (AU)

Assistência de enfermagem em pacientes com Demência do Corpo de Lewy / Nursing assistance in patients with Lewy's Body Dementia

Objetivo: Investigar sobre a assistência de Enfermagem a pacientes com Demência do Corpo de Lewy. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura, pela busca nas bases de dados, entre os anos de 2009 a 2021, utilizando os descritores: Doença por corpos de Lewy, Doença de Alzheimer, Doença de Parkinson, Assistência de Enfermagem. Resultado: A Demência do Corpo de Lewy é uma doença de difícil diagnóstico, por causa das semelhanças com as Doenças de Alzheimer e Parkinson, seu tratamento é baseado nessas patologias, não seguindo protocolos específicos da doença. A enfermagem tem por função principalmente orientar a família e oferecer uma assistência integral tanto para o paciente, quanto para o cuidador. Conclusão: É necessária, a realização de mais estudos, para entender como assistir um paciente diagnosticado com esta patologia adequadamente, dando suporte para um cuidado de enfermagem mais científico e integral, estabelecendo rotinas, promoveno assim qualidade de vida ao paciente e sua família.(AU)

Objective: To investigate Nursing care for patients with Lewy Body Dementia. Method: Integrative literature review, using the Scielo database, between 2009 and 2021, using the descriptors: Lewy body disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Nursing care. Result: Lewy Body Dementia is a disease that is difficult to diagnose, because of the similarities with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases, its treatment is based on these pathologies, not following disease-specific protocols. Nursing's main function is to guide the family and offer comprehensive care for both the patient and the caregiver. Conclusion: Further studies are needed to understand how to properly care for a patient diagnosed with this pathology, supporting a more scientific and comprehensive nursing care, establishing routines, thus promoting quality of life for patients and their families.(AU)

Objetivo: Investigar el cuidado de Enfermería a pacientes con Demencia con Cuerpos de Lewy. Método: Revisión integrativa de la literatura, utilizando la base de datos Scielo, entre 2009 y 2021, utilizando los descriptores: Enfermedad de cuerpos de Lewy, Enfermedad de Alzheimer, Enfermedad de Parkinson, Cuidados de enfermería. Resultado: La Demencia con Cuerpos de Lewy es una enfermedad de difícil diagnóstico, debido a las similitudes con el Alzheimer y el Parkinson, su tratamiento se basa en estas patologías, no siguiendo protocolos específicos de la enfermedad. La función principal de enfermería es orientar a la familia y ofrecer una atención integral tanto al paciente como al cuidador. Conclusión: Se necesitan más estudios para comprender cómo cuidar adecuadamente a un paciente diagnosticado con esta patología, apoyando un cuidado de enfermería más científico e integral, estableciendo rutinas, promoviendo así la calidad de vida de los pacientes y sus familias.(AU)

Associação entre qualidade de vida, aspectos cognitivos, medo de cair e risco de queda em idosos com Parkinson / Association between quality of life, cognitive aspects, fear of falling and risk of falling in elderly individuals with Parkinson

INTRODUÇÃO: A Doença de Parkinson (DP) é responsável por gerar déficits no equilíbrio e distúrbios cognitivos que refletem na capacidade funcional e podem aumentar a propensão a quedas em idosos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre qualidade de vida, aspectos cognitivos, medo de cair e risco de queda em idosos com DP. MÉTODO: Estudo observacional transversal. A caracterização dos sinais e sintomas motores foi realizada através da Moviment Disorder Society ­ Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS parte III). O Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39), o Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) e o Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) também foram aplicados. O medo de cair foi mensurado pela Escala Internacional de Eficácia de Quedas (FES-I) e o risco de queda foi avaliado através do teste Timed Up and Go (TUG), do Teste de Alcance Funcional (TAF) e do teste de Sentar e Levantar (SL). A associação de Spearman foi usada para TUG, PDQ-39, MEEM, MoCA e FES-I, enquanto a associação de Pearson foi usada para TAF e SL, com p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: 29 participantes foram incluídos (70,14 ± 8,81 anos). O PDQ-39 apresentou associação significativa, inversa e regular com o TAF, enquanto o MEEM e o MoCA apresentaram uma associação significativa, inversa e forte com os testes TUG e SL. FES-I foi associado ao TUG e SL. CONCLUSÃO: A qualidade de vida, os aspectos cognitivos e o medo de cair estão correlacionados com o risco de queda em idosos com DP.

INTRODUCTION: Parkinson's Disease (PD) is responsible for impairment in balance and cognitive disorders that reflect on functional capacity and may increase the risk of falls in the elderly. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the association between quality of life, cognitive aspects, fear of falling, and risk of falling in elderly people with PD. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study. Motor signs and symptoms of PD were assessed by the Movement Disorder Society ­ Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS part III). The Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39), the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were also applied. The fear of falling was measured by the Falls Efficacy Scale - International (FES-I), and the risk of falling was assessed by the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, Functional Reach Test (FRT), and Sit and Stand test (SS). Spearman's association was used for TUG, PDQ39, MMSE, MoCA, and FES-I, while Pearson's association was used for FRT, SS, and other variables, with p <0.05. RESULTS: 29 participants were included (70.14 ±8.81 years). PDQ-39 showed a significant, inverse, and regular association with the FRT, while MMSE and MoCA showed a significant, inverse, and strong association with the TUG and SS tests. FES-I was associated with TUG and SS. CONCLUSION: Quality of life, cognitive aspects, and fear of falling were associated with the risk of falling in elderly people with PD.

Programa de exercícios físicos por telerreabilitação em idosos com doença de Parkinson: um estudo experimental / Telerehabilitation exercise program in elderly people with Parkinson's disease: an experimental study

INTRODUÇÃO: As restrições durante a pandemia do COVID-19 limitaram o acesso a centros de reabilitação especializados para tratamento fisioterapêutico de pessoas com Doença de Parkinson (DP). Sabe-se que a falta de exercícios físicos pode agravar as condições de saúde, levar à piora dos sinais típicos da doença e promover o declínio funcional. A telerreabilitação é uma estratégia que pode restaurar o acesso e facilitar a continuidade de assistência fisioterapêutica. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os efeitos de um programa de exercícios físicos por telerreabilitação no nível de atividade física, no desempenho funcional de Membros Inferiores (MMII), no desempenho nas atividades de vida diária (AVD's) e na qualidade de vida (QV) em idosos com DP. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo experimental, descritivo, longitudinal, em que foram avaliados os efeitos da intervenção por telerreabilitação composta por 12 sessões de 1 hora, feitas 3 vezes/semana, realizada estatística analítica para fins comparativos pelo Teste t de Student. RESULTADOS: 22 participantes concluíram o estudo. Foi observada mudança significativa no nível de atividade física (IPAQ inicial de 0,18 ±0,39 e final de 1,0 ± 0, p = 0,0001), no desempenho funcional dos MMII (teste de sentar e levantar cinco vezes (TSLCV) tempo médio pré 16,22 ± 7.41, e após 12.26 ± 2.83, p= 0,0197), no desempenho nas atividades de vida diária (Brazilian OARS Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire (BOMFAQ) de 26,13 ± 6,31 e após de 35,45 ± 5,16, p = 0,0001) e na QV dos idosos com DP (PDQ-39 inicial de 45,92 ±15,36 e final de 23,63 ± 10,19, p = 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: Concluise que houve mudança no nível de atividade física, no desempenho funcional de MMII, no desempenho nas AVD's e na QV.

INTRODUCTION: Restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic limited access to specialized rehabilitation centers for physical therapy treatment of people with Parkinson's disease (PD). It is known that lack of exercise can worsen health conditions, lead to worsening typical signs of the disease, and promote functional decline. Telerehabilitation is a strategy that can restore access and facilitate the continuity of physical therapy care. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of a telerehabilitation exercise program on the level of physical activity, functional capacity of lower limbs, performance of activities of daily living (ADLs) and quality of life (QoL) in elderly patients with PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an experimental, descriptive, exploratory, longitudinal study, in which the effects of intervention by telerehabilitation were evaluated, the program was composed of 12 sessions of 1 hour, 3 times a week. Analytical statistics was done for comparative purposes by Student's t test. RESULTS: 22 participants completed the study. Significant change was observed in physical activity level (IPAQ initial 0.18 ±0.39 and final 1.0 ± 0, p = 0.0001), in the functional capacity of lower limbs (5 times sit and stand test (TSLCV) mean time pre 16.22 ± 7.41, and post 12.26 ± 2. 83, p= 0.0197), in the performance in the activities of daily living (Brazilian OARS Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire (BOMFAQ) of 26.13 ± 6.31 and after of 35.45 ± 5.16, p = 0.0001) and in the QL of the elderly with PD (PDQ-39 initial of 45.92 ±15.36 and final of 23.63 ± 10.19, p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: We conclude that there was a change in the level of physical activity, in the functional capacity of lower limbs, in the performance of ADLs and in QL.

Resposta dos parâmentros do andar após intervenção com dicas auditivas rítmicas em idosos com doença de Parkinson / Response of gait parameters after intervention with rhythmic auditory cues in older people with parkinson's disease

Introdução: os comprometimentos do andar em idosos com doença de Parkinson (DP) estão associados à elevada ocorrência de quedas e à redução dos níveis de independência. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a resposta dos parâmetros do andar em idosos com doença de Parkinson (DP), durante, imediatamente após e até uma hora após o término de uma sessão de treinamento do andar com e sem dicas auditivas rítmicas, utilizando três ritmos diferentes para o grupo dica (10% abaixo da cadência preferida, cadência preferida e 10% acima) e um ritmo diferente para o grupo controle (velocidade usual de cada participante). Métodos: vinte e nove idosos foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em dois grupos: "controle" e "dica". As sessões de intervenção tiveram 30 minutos de duração e a diferença entre os grupos foi a utilização de dicas auditivas rítmicas oferecidas por um metrônomo no grupo dica. O andar foi avaliado antes, durante e até uma hora após a sessão de intervenção. Resultados: os grupos apresentaram desempenhos similares ao longo das avaliações, com aumento do comprimento do passo e redução da variabilidade da duração do passo. Conclusão: a sessão de intervenção com dicas auditivas rítmicas apresentou efeitos similares aos da sessão de treino sem dica para o andar de idosos com DP.(AU)

Introduction: Gait impairments in older people with Parkinson's disease (PD) are associated with a high occurrence of falls and reduced levels of patients' independence. The objective of the study was to compare the response of gait parameters in older people with Parkinson's disease (PD), during, immediately after, and up to 1h after the end of a single locomotion training session with and without rhythmic auditory cues, using 3 different rhythms for the tip group (10% below the preferred cadence, preferred cadence and 10% above) and 1 different rhythm for the control group (usual speed of each participant). Materials and method: 29 older people were randomly assigned to two groups: Control and "Cue". The intervention sessions lasted 30 minutes and the difference between the groups was the use of rhythmic auditory cues offered by a metro-nome in the Cue group. Gait was assessed before, during, and up to 1 hour after the intervention session. Results: The groups showed similar performances throughout the assessments, with increased step length and reduced step time variability in response to the intervention (compared to the baseline assessment). Conclusion: The intervention session with rhythmic auditory cues had similar effects on gait as the session without cues in older people with PD.(AU)

Progress on the mechanism and treatment of Parkinson's disease-related pathological pain / 生理学报

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor symptoms, including bradykinesia, resting tremor, and progressive rigidity. More recently, non-motor symptoms of PD, such as pain, depression and anxiety, and autonomic dysfunction, have attracted increasing attention from scientists and clinicians. As one of non-motor symptoms, pain has high prevalence and early onset feature. Because the mechanism of PD-related pathological pain is unclear, the clinical therapy for treating PD-related pathological pain is very limited, with a focus on relieving the symptoms. This paper reviewed the clinical features, pathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies of PD-related pathological pain and discussed the mechanism of the chronicity of PD-related pathological pain, hoping to provide useful data for the study of drugs and clinical intervention for PD-related pathological pain.

Current applications for magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound in the treatment of Parkinson's disease / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is a novel and minimally invasive technology. Since the US Food and Drug Administration approved unilateral ventral intermediate nucleus-MRgFUS for medication-refractory essential tremor in 2016, studies on new indications, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), psychiatric diseases, and brain tumors, have been on the rise, and MRgFUS has become a promising method to treat such neurological diseases. Currently, as the second most common degenerative disease, PD is a research hotspot in the field of MRgFUS. The actions of MRgFUS on the brain range from thermoablation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening, to neuromodulation. Intensity is a key determinant of ultrasound actions. Generally, high intensity can be used to precisely thermoablate brain targets, whereas low intensity can be used as molecular therapies to modulate neuronal activity and open the BBB in conjunction with injected microbubbles. Here, we aimed to summarize advances in the application of MRgFUS for the treatment of PD, with a focus on thermal ablation, BBB opening, and neuromodulation, in the hope of informing clinicians of current applications.

Gut microbiota: a new insight into neurological diseases / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

In the last decade, it has become increasingly recognized that a balanced gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining the health of the host. Numerous clinical and preclinical studies have shown that changes in gut microbiota composition are associated with a variety of neurological diseases, e.g., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and myasthenia gravis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are complex and remain unclear. Behavioral phenotypes can be transmitted from humans to animals through gut microbiota transplantation, indicating that the gut microbiota may be an important regulator of neurological diseases. However, further research is required to determine whether animal-based findings can be extended to humans and to elucidate the relevant potential mechanisms by which the gut microbiota regulates neurological diseases. Such investigations may aid in the development of new microbiota-based strategies for diagnosis and treatment and improve the clinical management of neurological disorders. In this review, we describe the dysbiosis of gut microbiota and the corresponding mechanisms in common neurological diseases, and discuss the potential roles that the intestinal microbiome may play in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders.

Effect of acupuncture on swallowing function for patients of Parkinson's disease with dysphagia / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effects of acupuncture on swallowing function and quality of life for patients with dysphagia in Parkinson's disease (PD).@*METHODS@#A total of 60 patients of PD with dysphagia were randomly divided into an observation group (30 cases, 2 cases dropped off) and a control group (30 cases, 3 cases dropped off). The control group was given conventional medication therapy and rehabilitation training. On the basis of the treatment as the control group, the observation group was given acupuncture at Fengfu (GV 16), Baihui (GV 20), Shenting (GV 24), Yintang (GV 24+), Yansanzhen and bilateral Fengchi (GB 20), 30 min each time, once a day, 6 times a week for 4 weeks. Before and after treatment, the Kubota water swallowing test, standardized swallowing assessment (SSA) and swallowing quality of life (SWAL-QOL) were used to evaluate the swallowing function and quality of life of the two groups.@*RESULTS@#After treatment, the Kubota water swallowing test grade, SSA scores in the two groups were decreased compared with those before treatment (P<0.05, P<0.001)，the SWAL-QOL scores were increased compared with those before treatment (P<0.001); in the observation group，the Kubota water swallowing test grade and SSA score were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05)，the SWAL-QOL score was higher than that in the control group (P<0.001).@*CONCLUSION@#On the basis of conventional medication therapy and rehabilitation training，acupuncture could improve the swallowing function and quality of life for patients of PD with dysphagia.

Association of Glial Activation and α-Synuclein Pathology in Parkinson's Disease / 神经科学通报·英文版

The accumulation of pathological α-synuclein (α-syn) in the central nervous system and the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta are the neuropathological features of Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, the findings of prion-like transmission of α-syn pathology have expanded our understanding of the region-specific distribution of α-syn in PD patients. Accumulating evidence suggests that α-syn aggregates are released from neurons and endocytosed by glial cells, which contributes to the clearance of α-syn. However, the activation of glial cells by α-syn species produces pro-inflammatory factors that decrease the uptake of α-syn aggregates by glial cells and promote the transmission of α-syn between neurons, which promotes the spread of α-syn pathology. In this article, we provide an overview of current knowledge on the role of glia and α-syn pathology in PD pathogenesis, highlighting the relationships between glial responses and the spread of α-syn pathology.

Parkinson's Disease: A Multisystem Disorder / 神经科学通报·英文版

The way sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) is perceived has undergone drastic changes in recent decades. For a long time, PD was considered a brain disease characterized by motor disturbances; however, the identification of several risk factors and the hypothesis that PD has a gastrointestinal onset have shed additional light. Today, after recognition of prodromal non-motor symptoms and the pathological processes driving their evolution, there is a greater understanding of the involvement of other organ systems. For this reason, PD is increasingly seen as a multiorgan and multisystemic pathology that arises from the interaction of susceptible genetic factors with a challenging environment during aging-related decline.

Directed differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into midbrain / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To establish an efficient protocol for directed differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into functional midbrain dopaminergic progenitor cells (DAPs) in vitro.@*METHODS@#hiPSCs were induced to differentiate into DAPs in two developmental stages. In the first stage (the first 13 days), hiPSCs were induced into intermediate cells morphologically similar to primitive neuroepithelial cells (NECs) in neural induction medium containing a combination of small molecule compounds. In the second stage, the intermediate cells were further induced in neural differentiation medium until day 28 to obtain DAPs. After CM-DiI staining, the induced DAPs were stereotactically transplanted into the right medial forebrain bundle (MFB) of rat models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Eight weeks after transplantation, the motor behaviors of PD rats was evaluated. Immunofluorescence assay of brain sections of the rats was performed at 2 weeks after transplantation to observe the survival, migration and differentiation of the transplanted cells in the host brain microenvironment.@*RESULTS@#hiPSCs passaged stably on Matrigel showed a normal diploid karyotype, expressed the pluripotency markers OCT4, SOX2, and Nanog, and were positive for alkaline phosphatase. The primitive neuroepithelial cells obtained on day 13 formed dense cell colonies in the form of neural rosettes and expressed the neuroepithelial markers (SOX2, Nestin, and PAX6, 91.3%-92.8%). The DAPs on day 28 highly expressed the specific markers (TH, FOXA2, LMX1A and NURR1, 93.3-96.7%). In rat models of PD, the hiPSCs-DAPs survived and differentiated into TH+, FOXA2+ and Tuj1+ neurons at 2 weeks after transplantation. Eight weeks after transplantation, the motor function of PD rats was significantly improved as shown by water maze test (P < 0.0001) and apomorphine-induced rotation test (P < 0.0001) compared with rats receiving vehicle injection.@*CONCLUSION@#HiPSCs can be effectively induced to differentiate into DAPs capable of differentiating into functional neurons both in vivo and in vitro. In rat models of PD, the transplanted hiPSCs-DAPs can survive for more than 8 weeks in the MFB and differentiate into multiple functional neurocytes to ameliorate neurological deficits of the rats, suggesting the potential value of hiPSCs-DAPs transplantation for treatment of neurological diseases.

A two-dimensional video based quantification method and clinical application research of motion disorders / 生物医学工程学杂志

The increasing prevalence of the aging population, and inadequate and uneven distribution of medical resources, have led to a growing demand for telemedicine services. Gait disturbance is a primary symptom of neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). This study proposed a novel approach for the quantitative assessment and analysis of gait disturbance from two-dimensional (2D) videos captured using smartphones. The approach used a convolutional pose machine to extract human body joints and a gait phase segmentation algorithm based on node motion characteristics to identify the gait phase. Moreover, it extracted features of the upper and lower limbs. A height ratio-based spatial feature extraction method was proposed that effectively captures spatial information. The proposed method underwent validation via error analysis, correction compensation, and accuracy verification using the motion capture system. Specifically, the proposed method achieved an extracted step length error of less than 3 cm. The proposed method underwent clinical validation, recruiting 64 patients with Parkinson's disease and 46 healthy controls of the same age group. Various gait indicators were statistically analyzed using three classic classification methods, with the random forest method achieving a classification accuracy of 91%. This method provides an objective, convenient, and intelligent solution for telemedicine focused on movement disorders in neurological diseases.

Neuroprotective effect of ginsenoside Re on drosophila model of Parkinson's disease / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to explore the neuroprotective mechanism of ginsenoside Re(GS-Re) on drosophila model of Parkinson's disease(PD) induced by rotenone(Rot). To be specific, Rot was used to induce PD in drosophilas. Then the drosophilas were grouped and respectively treated(GS-Re: 0.1, 0.4, 1.6 mmol·L~(-1); L-dopa: 80 μmol·L~(-1)). Life span and crawling ability of drosophilas were determined. The brain antioxidant activity [content of catalase(CAT), malondialdehyde(MDA), reactive oxygen species(ROS), superoxide dismutase(SOD)], dopamine(DA) content, and mitochondrial function [content of adenosine triphosphate(ATP), NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B8(NDUFB8) Ⅰ activity, succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit B(SDHB) Ⅱ activity] were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The number of DA neurons in the brains of drosophilas was measured with the immunofluorescence method. The levels of NDUFB8 Ⅰ, SDHB Ⅱ, cytochrome C(Cyt C), nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2(Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1(HO-1), B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 2(Bcl-2)/Bcl-2-assaciated X protein(Bax), and cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 in the brain were detected by Western blot. The results showed that model group [475 μmol·L~(-1) Rot(IC_(50))] demonstrated significantly low survival rate, obvious dyskinesia, small number of neurons and low DA content in the brain, high ROS level and MDA content, low content of SOD and CAT, significantly low ATP content, NDUFB8 Ⅰ activity, and SDHB Ⅱ activity, significantly low expression of NDUFB8 Ⅰ, SDHB Ⅱ, and Bcl-2/Bax, large amount of Cyt C released from mitochondria to cytoplasm, low nuclear transfer of Nrf2, and significantly high expression of cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 compared with the control group. GS-Re(0.1, 0.4, and 1.6 mmol·L~(-1)) significantly improved the survival rate of PD drosophilas, alleviated the dyskinesia, increased DA content, reduced the loss of DA neurons, ROS level, and MDA content in brain, improved content of SOD and CAT and antioxidant activity in brain, maintained mitochondrial homeostasis(significantly increased ATP content and activity of NDUFB8 Ⅰ and SDHB Ⅱ, significantly up-regulated expression of NDUFB8 Ⅰ, SDHB Ⅱ, and Bcl-2/Bax), significantly reduced the expression of Cyt C, increased the nuclear transfer of Nrf2, and down-regulated the expression of cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3. In conclusion, GS-Re can significantly relieve the Rot-induced cerebral neurotoxicity in drosophilas. The mechanism may be that GS-Re activates Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway by maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, improves antioxidant capacity of brain neurons, then inhibits mitochondria-mediated caspase-3 signaling pathway, and the apoptosis of neuronal cells, thereby exerting the neuroprotective effect.

Research Progress of microRNA-7/124/155 in Parkinson's Disease / 中国医学科学院学报

Parkinson's disease(PD)is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease,with high morbidity and high disability rate.Since the early symptoms of PD are not typical and often similar to those of normal aging or other diseases.It is easy to missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis,which seriously affects the diagnosis and treatment of this disease and aggravetes the burden on the patients' life.MicroRNAs(miRNA)are a class of endogenous non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation by binding to target messenger RNAs(mRNA).They are highly conserved,short,easy to obtain,and can stably exist in peripheral body fluids.They have been used as biomarkers for a variety of diseases.Recent studies have demonstrated that miRNA play an important role in the development of PD.This paper reviews the recent research progress of miR-7/124/155,three mature miRNA in PD,aiming to provide reference for clarifying the pathogenesis and guiding the diagnosis and treatment of PD.