¿Está exenta de consecuencias adversas la perforación iatrogénica de la vesícula biliar durante la colecistectomía laparoscópica electiva? / Iatrogenic gallbladder perforation during elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, is it exempt from adverse consequences?

Resumen Objetivo: Este estudio se llevó a cabo para valorar las consecuencias de la perforación iatrogénica de la vesícula biliar (PIVB), investigando su asociación con complicaciones posoperatorias, uso de antibióticos y drenajes, duración de la cirugía y estancia posoperatoria. Materiales y Método: Se incluyeron 1.703 pacientes con colecistectomía laparoscópica electiva, divididos en dos grupos: con PIVB (Grupo 1; n = 321) y sin PIVB (Grupo 2; n = 1.382). Se compararon los resultados entre ambos grupos. Resultados: El porcentaje de PIVB fue de 18,85%. El vertido aislado de bilis ocurrió en 241 pacientes (14,15%) y el de bilis y cálculos en 80 pacientes (4,64%). La incidencia de infección del sitio quirúrgico no fue diferente entre ambos grupos. La incidencia de PIVB fue mayor en varones (43,3% vs 31,3%), pacientes con adherencias perivesiculares (17,75% vs. 10,5%) y pacientes con diagnóstico histológico de colecistitis aguda (11,52% vs. 4,92%). La PIVB se asoció significativamente con mayor duración de la cirugía (77,3 vs. 65,4 minutos), mayor uso de drenajes y antibióticos y mayor estancia posoperatoria. No hubo complicaciones tardías. Discusión y Conclusión: La PIVB no aumenta la incidencia de infección, pero se asocia con un mayor uso de drenajes y antibióticos, mayor duración de la cirugía y mayor estancia posoperatoria.

Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the outcomes in patients with iatrogenic gallbladder perforation (IGP), investigating its association with postoperative complications, use of antibiotics and drains, operative time and postoperative stay. Materials and Method: 1703 patients who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included and divided in two groups: with IGP (Group 1, n = 321) and without IGP (Group 2, n = 1382). We compared the outcomes between both groups. Results: The IGP rate was 18.85%. Isolated bile spillage occurred in 241 patients (14.15%), and stone spillage in 80 patients (4.64%). The incidence of surgical site infections was not different between both groups. The IGP rate was significantly higher in male (43.3% vs 31.3%), in patients with perivesicular adhesions (17.75% vs 10.5%) and in patients with histologic diagnosis of acute cholecystitis (11.52% vs 4.92%). Operative time was significantly longer in patients with IGP (77.3 vs 65.4 minutes). Intraoperative drain and antibiotic use, as well as postoperative stay were, also, significantly higher in patients with IGP. There was not any late complication. Conclusión: Bile and gallstones spillage do not lead to an increase in surgical site infections, but is associated with an increased use of antibiotics and drains, longer operative time and longer postoperative stay.

Vólvulo de la vesícula biliar como causa de abdomen agudo: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Gallbladder volvulus as a cause of acute abdomen: case report and literature review

Resumen Antecedentes: El vólvulo de la vesícula biliar se produce por el giro de la vesícula sobre su mesenterio a lo largo del eje del conducto y arteria císticos, con afectación de la irrigación vascular de forma completa o incompleta, pudiendo existir ciertas características anatómicas predisponentes. Caso clínico: Masculino de 87 años quien cursó con abdomen agudo; sospechando cuadro de piocolecisto, se realizó exploración quirúrgica encontrando como hallazgos triple torsión vesicular y múltiples litos color oscuro; se realizó colecistectomia abierta, cursando con una evolución satisfactoria. Discusión: Se trata de una entidad infrecuente que puede simular una colecistitis aguda; generalmente tiene buen pronóstico cuando el diagnóstico se realiza a tiempo. El tratamiento de elección es la colecistectomía laparoscópica.

Abstract Background: The gallbladder volvulus is produced by the rotation of the gallbladder over its mesentery along the axis of the cystic duct and artery, with involvement of vascular irrigation in a complete or incomplete way, and there may be certain predisposing anatomical characteristics. Clinical case: Male patient of 87 years who attended with acute abdomen, suspecting pyogenic cholecystitis, performs surgical exploration finding as vesicular triple twist, multiple stones dark. Open cholecystectomy is performed, following a satisfactory evolution. Discussion: It is an uncommon entity that can simulate acute cholecystitis, usually has a good prognosis, when the diagnosis is made on time. The treatment of choice is laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Total cost of hospitalization of patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy related to nutritional status / Custo total de internação de pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia videolaparoscópica eletiva relacionado ao estado nutricional

ABSTRACT Background: In the Western world, the population developed an overweight profile. The morbidly obese generate higher cost to the health system. However, there is a gap in this approach with regard to individuals above the eutrofic pattern, who are not considered as morbidly obese. Aim: To correlate nutritional status according to BMI with the costs of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a public hospital. Method: Data were collected from medical records about: nutritional risk assessment, nutricional state and hospital cost in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Results: Were enrolled 814 procedures. Average age was 39.15 (±12.16) years; 47 subjects (78.3%) were women. The cost was on average R$ 6,167.32 (±1830.85) to 4.06 (±2.76) days of hospitalization; 41 (68.4%) presented some degree of overweight; mean BMI was 28.07 (±5.41) kg/m²; six (10%) individuals presented nutritional risk ≥3. There was a weak correlation (r=0.2) and not significant (p <0.08) between the cost of hospitalization of the sample and length of stay; however, in individuals with normal BMI, the correlation was strong (r=0,57) and significant (p<0.01). Conclusion: Overweight showed no correlation between cost and length of stay. However, overweight individuals had higher cost of hospitalization than those who had no complications, but with no correlation with nutritional status. Compared to those with normal BMI, there was a strong and statistically significant correlation with the cost of hospital stay, stressing that there is normal distribution involving adequate nutritional status and success of the surgical procedure with the consequent impact on the cost of hospitalization.

RESUMO Racional: No mundo ocidental, a população desenvolveu um perfil de excesso de peso corporal. Os obesos mórbidos geram custo mais alto para o sistema de saúde. Entretanto, observa-se um hiato no tocante aos indivíduos acima do eutrofismo, mas não considerados obesos mórbidos. Objetivo: Correlacionar estado nutricional, segundo o IMC, com custo de internação de colecistectomias videolaparoscópicas. Método: Coleta de dados dos prontuários sobre: avaliação de risco nutricional, estado nutricional e custo de internação de pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia videolaparoscópica eletiva no período de janeiro de 2012 a dezembro de 2014. Resultados: Foram analisados 814 procedimentos. A idade média foi de 39,15 (±12,16) anos; 47 (78,3%) eram mulheres. O custo de internação foi, em média, de R$ 6.167,32 (±1.830,85) para 4,06 (±2,76) dias de internação. Quarenta e um (68,4%) pacientes apresentavam algum grau de sobrepeso; o IMC médio foi 28,07 (±5,41) kg/m²; seis (10%) indivíduos apresentavam risco nutricional ≥3. Houve correlação fraca (r=0,2) e não significativa (p<0,08) entre o custo de hospitalização e o tempo de permanência. No entanto, em indivíduos com IMC normal, a correlação foi forte (r=0,57) e significante (p<0,01). Conclusão: Sobrepeso não demonstrou correlação entre custo e tempo de internação. Entretanto, os indivíduos com sobrepeso apresentaram custo maior de internação em relação aos que não tiveram intercorrência, mas sem correlação com o estado nutricional. Em relação aos com IMC normal, houve correlação forte e estatisticamente significante com o custo para tempo de internação, reforçando que há provável distribuição normal envolvendo estado nutricional adequado e sucesso do procedimento cirúrgico com consequente impacto no custo de internação.

Shifting Prevalence of Gallbladder Polyps in Korea

Only a few studies have evaluated the population-adjusted prevalence of gallbladder polyps (GBP). This study aimed to evaluate the changes in GBP prevalence and risk factors at a single health screening center in Korea from 2002 to 2012. Of 48,591 adults who underwent health screening between 2002 and 2012, 14,250 age- and gender-matched subjects were randomly selected to evaluate prevalence. Risk factors were analyzed between the GBP-positive and GBP-negative groups during 2002-2004 (Period A) and 2010-2012 (Period B). The annual prevalence of GBP over the 11-yr period was 5.4%. Annual prevalence increased from 3.8% in Period A to 7.1% in Period B. Male gender and obesity were independent risk factors for GBP in both periods. Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity was a risk factor for GBP in Period A but not in Period B. The risk factors for GBP changed from HBsAg positivity to lipid profile abnormalities. Other variables including age, hypertension, diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, chronic hepatitis C virus infection, and liver function tests did not correlate with GBP. In conclusion, GBP prevalence is increasing and risk factors for GBP have changed in Korea. More attention should be paid to this issue in the future.

TB of the gall bladder causing biliary obstruction- an unusual case [1[st] reported case in Jordan]: case report with review of the literature

A 65-year-old woman presented with pain in the right hypochondrium and jaundice of 5 days duration. A diagnosis of obstructive jaundice due to GB tumor was made. On exploratory laparotomy, the gall bladder was found to be forming a hard mass adherent to the CBD. A diagnosis of tuberculosis was made postoperatively by histopathological examination. Excision of the mass and a bypass surgery alongside the anti-tuberculos treatment resulted in complete recovery

Gastric heterotopia together with squamous metaplasia in the gallbladder / Heterotopía gástrica y metaplasia escamosa en la vesícula biliar

Heterotopic gastric mucosa in the gallbladder is extremely unusual. In this study, we aimed to report a case of gastric heterotopia together with squamous metaplasia in the gallbladder of a 47-year-old female patient who experienced an intensive abdominal pain. He was admitted to the hospital for clinical treatment without any improvement. Ultrasonography showed a stone located in the gallbladder neck and dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts, both hepatic ducts and common hepatic duct. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed. In the microscopical examination, the epithelium of the gallbladder revealed an unspecified chronic cholecystitis. Besides, at the level of the gallbladder body, a heterotopic gastric mucosa contain chief, parietal and mucosal cells with cystic glands and squamous metaplasia was found. Actually the patient is in long-time follow-up, asymptomatic. We also review 96 other reports of HGM in the gallbladder in the international medical literature from 1934. As heterotopic tissue may promote carcinogenesis of the gallbladder, close attention should be paid to any occurrence of such lesions in this anatomical region. It appears that laparoscopic cholecystectomy may be unavoidable for patients affected by heterotopic gastric mucosa at the present time and care must be taken when a diagnosis is made based on intraoperative frozen sections.

La heterotopía de la mucosa gástrica (HGM) en vesícula biliar es extremadamente rara. En este estudio, reportamos un caso de heterotopía gástrica junto con metaplasia escamosa en vesícula biliar de un paciente femenino de 47 años que experimentó un dolor abdominal intenso. Lo admitieron al hospital para el tratamiento clínico sin ninguna mejoría. Ultrasonografía demostró un cálculo situado en el cuello de la vesícula y dilatación de conductos biliares intrahepáticos, los conductos hepáticos y conducto hepático común. Se realizó la colecistectomía por vía laparoscópica. En el exámen microscópico el epitelio reveló una colecistitis crónica inespecífica. Además, en el nivel del cuerpo de la vesícula biliar fue hallada una mucosa gástrica heterotópica con células principales, parietales, células mucosas con las glándulas enquistadas y metaplasia escamosa. El paciente está en el seguimiento a largo plazo, asintomático. Revisamos 96 informes de HGM en vesícula biliar en la literatura médica internacional a partir de 1934. El tejido heterotópico puede promover la carcinogénesis de la vesícula biliar, por lo cual se debe prestar atención a cualquier ocurrencia de tales lesiones en esta región anatómica. La colecistectomía laparoscópica puede ser inevitable para los pacientes afectados por la mucosa gástrica heterotópica actualmente y todo cuidado debe ser tomado cuando se hace un diagnóstico por secciones congeladas intraoperatorias.

Bacteriuria in patients with gallbladder and biliary tract diseases.

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are important hospital acquired entities, resulting in bacteriuria indicated by the presence of significant numbers of bacteria in the urine. This study examined the prevalence of bacteriuria in our patients with gallbladder diseases. Three hundred and forty eight patients with various gallbladder (GB) diseases were enrolled in our study. Routine bacteriological cultures of midstream urine specimens were done. Significant bacteriuria was defined as the growth of 105 or more organisms in pure culture per milliliter of urine. Forty four (12.6%) of the patients (18 symptomatic; 26 asymptomatic) showed bacteriuria. Escherichia coli was the predominant isolate followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococci and several others. Thus UTI is also a frequent concomitant of gall bladder diseases and is a sign of the fact that kidneys are in a condition endangered by pyelonephritis.

A Case of Spontaneous Gallbladder Perforation

Gallbladder perforation is an almost exclusive complication of cholecystitis, which accompanies severe inflammation of the gallbladder with or without cholelithiasis. Whether it is of a calculous or acalculous origin, gallbladder perforation, as a complication of acute cholecystitis, has common symptoms, signs, laboratory data, radiological findings and treatment modalities. Even though many reports of gallbladder perforation have been published, there are few reports of gallbladder perforation without any clinical and radiological indications. We experienced a case of a 70-year-old woman with acute abdomen, which was found to be peritonitis caused by spontaneous gallbladder perforation that was devoid of clues suggesting this condition. Although rare and unusual, this case shows that this disorder should be considered in elderly patients presenting with peritonitis with an unknown etiology.

Haemobilia due to a large gall bladder polyp.

A 61-year-old male presented with recurrent bouts of haematemesis and melaena for last 10 days. On examination, he was found anaemic and had jaundice and a mass felt in the right hypochondrium. He required multiple blood transfusions. Oesophagogastroduodenoscopic (OGD) evaluation demonstrated no lesion, no fresh bleeding noticed from ampulla of Vater. Ultrasonographic evaluation demonstrated a heterogeneous mass within the gall bladder lumen with a chink of free lumen between the mass and gall bladder wall and also dilated biliary tract. Laparotomy confirmed mass within the gall bladder lumen without any lymph node involvement at porta or any liver metastasis, and had dilated common bile duct. Cholecystectomy was carried out. The cut section of the gall bladder showed a polypoid mass (5.5 cm x 4 cm) projecting inside lumen having a haemorrhagic spot on irregular surface and which was attached with fundus of the gall bladder through a small stalk. Choledochotomy showed only blood clots within the duct-choledochoduodenostomy was also done. Histopathological examination showed adenomatous polyp with foci of carcinoma in-situ or ly without any evidence of local metastasis. Follow-up was uneventful till after 11 months.

Tuberculosis of the gall bladder.

An unusual presentation of tuberculous involvement of gall bladder in the absence of clinically detectable tuberculosis elsewhere is described. Tuberculosis, a rare lesion in the gall bladder was seen in a case associated with chronic cholecystitis with acute exacerbation. This organ is supposed not to be involved by tuberculosis due to high concentration of bile-acids in pure bile. The mode of spread in the present case remains speculative.

Gallbladder disorders and type 2 diabetes mellitus--a clinic-based study.

AIMS OF THE STUDY: To study the prevalence of gallbladder disorders in type 2 diabetic patients and their correlation with patient factors like age, sex, weight, duration of diabetes and autonomic neuropathy. METHODOLOGY: Fifty type 2 diabetic patients and 30 healthy controls underwent realtime ultrasonography to study the prevalence of gallbladder disorders. The fasting gallbladder volume and contraction 60 minutes after a fatty meal of the diabetic subjects were compared with 30 age and sex matched healthy volunteers. The age, sex, weight, duration of diabetes, autonomic neuropathy, control of diabetes were correlated to the prevalence of gallbladder disorders in diabetic patients. RESULTS: 32% of the diabetic patients had ultrasonographic evidence of gallstones, as compared to 6.7% in healthy subjects. 73.7% of the diabetic patients with gallbladder disorders were females. Mean fasting gallbladder volume was significantly increased in diabetic patients (26.2 cm3) as compared to non-diabetic healthy subjects (15.8 cm3). Further mean fasting gallbladder volume of diabetic patients with gallbladder disorder (28.1 cm3) was found to be significantly larger than that of those patients without gallbladder disorder (24.6 cm3). Mean percentage of contractions of gallbladder 60 min after fatty meal was reduced in diabetic patients (53.1%) and it was observed to be further reduced in the patients with gallbladder disorder (41.8%). Mean fasting gallbladder volume was larger in diabetic subjects with autonomic neuropathy, than those without. However, difference in mean percentage contraction of gallbladder 60 min after fatty meal was not statistically significant. Mean duration of diabetes was significantly longer in diabetic patients with gallbladder disorder. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that type 2 diabetic patients have increased prevalence of gallbladder disorder which can only partially be explained by autonomic neuropathy leading, to increased fasting volume. Factors like decreased cholecystokinin or decreased sensitivity of the smooth muscle of gallbladder to normal level of cholecystokinin need to be studied.

Evisceración, un problema siempre presente: evaluación de su prevalencia en dos años de cirugía biliar / Evisceration, an always present problem: evaluation of prevalence in 2 years of biliary surgery

La falla aguda conocida como evisceración o disrupción, tiene una incidencia que fluctúa entre el 0,24 y el 3 por ciento de todas las laparotomías. En nuestro medio, la cirugía sobre la vesícula y las vías biliares, es la operación más frecuente realizada, tanto en el Servicio de Urgencia Adultos, como en el Servicio de Cirugía. Objetivo: Describir la prevealencia de pacientes con evisceración en pacientes operados por cirugía biliar en el período 1998-1990. Material y Método: Estudio de corte transversal de pacientes intervenidos por patología biliar. En ese período, se intervinieron 1198 pacientes, de los cuales 676 (56,4 por ciento), fueron operados en el Servicio de Urgencia Adultos, y 522 (43,6 por ciento), en el Servicio de Cirugía. De los operados en el Servicio Urgencia Adultos, 432 eran mujeres (63,9 por ciento) y 244 (36,1 por ciento), hombres. Los intervenidos en el Servicio de Cirugía, fueron 444 mujeres (85,1 por ciento) y 78 hombres (14,9 por ciento). El acceso abdominal, fue por laparotomía transrectal derecha supraumbilical (LTRDSU), media supraumbilical (MSU), y laparotomía de Kocher. En ambos Servicios el cierre se hizo con Poligláctico 910 continuo. La patología coexistente más frecuente fue la obesidad (13,6 por ciento) y enfermedad cardiovascular (10,2 por ciento). Resultados: Hubo dos evisceraciones en los 676 pacientes operados en el Servicio de Urgencia (0,29 por ciento), y uno en los 522 intervenidos en el Servicio de Cirugía (0,19 por ciento). Clonclusiones: La prevalencia de evisceración encontrada, nos parece baja en relación a estudios previos

Agenesia de la vesícula biliar / Gellbladders agenesis

La agenesia de la vesícula biliar es una rara anomalía congénita, donde se describen incidencias entre 0.01 a 0.37 por ciento en las distintas series. Se identifican tres formas de presentación de esta entidad; los asociados con anomalías fetales múltiples, los asintomáticos y los sintomáticos, que presentan cerca del 60 por ciento de los casos. La clínica suele ser indistinguible de las dolencias más comunes del tracto biliar. El dolor en el cuadrante superior derecho del abdomen esta presente en el 90 por ciento de los casos, nauseas y vómitos en el 60 por ciento e ictericia en el 35 por ciento. El diagnóstico usualmente suele hacerse durante una laparotomía o una autopsia. Nosotros presentamos una revisión de la literatura y nuestra experiencia en esta entidad basada en tres pacientes a los cuales el diagnóstico se realizó durante una laparotomía. Una correcta compresión de esta entidad es necesaria, de modo de justificar conductas a ser tomadas durante el acto operatorio

Tuberculosis of the gall bladder.

Tuberculosis of the gall bladder is rare. We report a patient with this condition with seedlings in the umbilicus.

Multiple diverticula of gall bladder.

Diverticula of the gall bladder are of no clinical significance unless associated with stones. Isolated location on Hartmann's pouch, body or neck have been explained on disordered embryogenesis but diffuse location all over the gall bladder is difficult to explain. We report a patient in whom multiple gall bladder diverticula were associated with a stone in the common bile duct.

Partial cholecystectomy in elective and emergency gall bladder surgery in the high risk patients--a viable and safe option in the era of laparoscopic surgery.

Partial cholecystectomy was performed in this Institute in fifteen patients in the last 8 years. Three were performed in cirrhotic patients with bleeding diathesis. The other indications were obscure anatomy, intraperitoneal adhesions, Mirizzi syndrome and poor general condition of the patient. None of these had any major morbidity in the immediate postoperative period. Partial cholecystectomy is a safe and viable option in a difficult situation.

Diabetes post pancreatitis: experiencia clínica en 40 casos / Diabetes secondary to pancreatitis: clinical experience in 40 cases

The clinical features and evolution of 40 patients with diabetes mellitus secondary to chronic pancreatitis were reviewed and compared with 40 insulin dependent diabetics matched for the disease duration. The diagnosis of pancreatitis was confirmed by the existence of pancreatic calcifications, surgery or autopsy and was associated to alcoholism in males and biliary diseases in females. Diabetes appeared as a mean, 3 years after the diagnosis of pancreatitis. Ninety percent of subjects required insulin and, in males, these requirements were higher than their matched controls. Episodes of ketoacidosis were less frequent than in insulin dependent patients (8 vs 48 percent p<0.001) and pulmonary tuberculosis had a higher prevalence (22.5 vs 5 percent p<0.01). Nephropathy was observed with equal frequency in both groups but the incidence of retinopathy was higher on postpancreatic diabetics (38 vs 20 percent p<0.01). It is concluded that the features of diabetes secondary to chronic pancreatitis are similar to those of insulin dependent diabetes, with some quantitative differences