Ethnobotanical survey of medicine species used in Taboco Village, Maracaju mountains, Brazil, and healing activity of the specie with higher value of use (Maytenus ilicifolia) / Estudio etnobotánico de especies medicinales utilizadas en Villa do Taboco, Serra de Maracaju, Brasil y la actividad curativa de la especie de mayor valor de uso (Maytenus ilicifolia)

The objective of this work was to identify and classify the plants species designated as medicinal by the population of Taboco in different categories of use and investigate the specie with higher value of use with medicinal potential in experimental models. The field research took place between June and November 2018, with periodic visits to the Taboco Village, Brazil. The community makes use of a diversity of native, cultivated and domesticated species, corresponding to 89 plant species, belonging to 44 families, for cure or prevention over 60 types of health problems. The species Maytenus ilicifolia, with the highest use value was evaluated in experimental models. In this treatment a higher keratin production, reconstitution of the epithelium and the structured dermis was observed, with thick collagen fibers rich in fibroblasts, which favored the healing of exposed wounds.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar y clasificar las especies de plantas designadas como medicinales por la población de Taboco en diferentes categorías de uso e investigar la especie con mayor valor de uso con potencial medicinal en modelos experimentales. La investigación de campo se llevó a cabo entre junio y noviembre de 2018, con visitas periódicas a Villa de Taboco, Brasil. La comunidad hace uso de una diversidad de especies nativas, cultivadas y domesticadas, correspondientes a 89 especies vegetales, pertenecientes a 44 familias, para la curación o prevención de más de 60 tipos de problemas de salud. La especie Maytenus ilicifolia, con mayor valor de uso, fue evaluada en modelos experimentales. En este tratamiento se observó una mayor producción de queratina, reconstitución del epitelio y de la dermis estructurada, con espesas fibras de colágenoricas en fibroblastos, lo que favoreció la cicatrización de las heridas expuestas.

Pharmacobotanical characterization of Monteverdia ilicifolia (Mart. ex Reiss.) Biral leaves and its adulterants sold as medicinal tea in Brazil: a contribution to quality control / Caracterización farmacobotánica de hojas de Monteverda ilicifolia (Mart. ex Reiss.) Biral y sus adulterantes vendidos como té medicinal en Brasil: una contribución al contol de calidad

Leaves of Monteverdia ilicifolia ("espinheira-santa") are considered a medicinal tea by the Brazilian Sanitary Surveillance Agency (Anvisa), by their anti-dyspeptic, anti-acid and protective of the gastric mucosa properties. Their spiny margins are similar to those of other botanical species, which may lead to misidentifications. The aim of this work was to evaluate the authenticity of 32 samples of herbal drugs commercialized as "espinheira-santa" in the formal trade in Brazil, by macro and microscopic morphological studies of the leaves. The evaluation of the botanical authenticity was based on leaf venation patterns, shape and anatomy of the petiole and midrib region in cross section, vascular system arrangement and epidermal characters. Analysis of these characters compared to literature data suggests that 34% of the samples are M. ilicifolia and the remaining 66% are Sorocea bonplandii, a species with no clinical studies assuring its effective and safe use, representing thus a potential risk to public health.

Las hojas de Monteverdia ilicifolia ("espinheira-santa") son consideradas tés medicinales por la Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria (Anvisa), Brasil, por las indicaciones terapéuticas como antidispépticos, antiácidos y protectores de la mucosa gástrica. Sus márgenes foliares espinescentes se parecen a los de otras especies, conduciendo a identificaciones erróneas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la autenticidad de 32 muestras de drogas vegetales vendidas como "espinheira-santa" en el comercio legal de Brasil, realizando un estudio morfológico de las hojas. Esta evaluación se ha basado en observar de la hoja, sus patrones de nerviación, su forma y anatomía (pecíolo y nervadura central en corte transversal), disposición del sistema vascular y caracteres epidérmicos. El análisis de la morfología, comparado con los datos de literatura, sugiere que el 34% de las muestras son M. ilicifoliay el 66% son Sorocea bonplandii, una especie que no cuenta con los estudios clínicos que garantizan su uso efectivo y seguro, representando un riesgo para la salud pública.

Larvicidal activity of Maytenus guianensis (Celastraceae) against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Bioprospection of plant products is used to discover new insecticides. METHODS: The larvicidal activity of ethanolic extract and triterpene (tingenone B) from the bark of Maytenus guianensis and their effect on pupation and emergence were evaluated against Aedes aegypti. RESULTS: Crude extract LC50 was 11.3 ppm and caused ejection of the larvae intestine; tingenone B LC50 was 14.8 ppm. Pupation was reduced by 20% and 10%, respectively; however, the emergence was not affected. CONCLUSIONS: The crude bark extract exhibited a higher larvicidal effect against the vector.

Caracterización físico-química de la pomada de Maytenus laevis "Chuchuhuasi" elaborada en la Farmacia Natural del Hospital III EsSalud Chimbote / Physicochemical characterization of Maytenus laevis "chuchuhuasi" ointment, elaborated at the Natural Pharmacy of Hospital III EsSalud, Chimbote

Objetivos. Determinar las características físicoquímicas de la pomada de Maytenus laevis «chuchuhuasi¼, elaborada en la Farmacia Natural del CAMEC del Hospital III EsSalud - Chimbote. Materiales y métodos. Investigación analítica-descriptiva. Se elaboró un extracto etanólico mediante maceración de 500 g. de corteza de Maytenus laevis «chuchuhuasi" con etanol 70°. Se obtuvo 500 mL de extracto con el que se realizó la prueba organoléptica por el método sensorial e identificación de metabolitos secundarios mediante la técnica de Olga Lock; asimismo, se efectuaron los siguientes análisis fisicoquímicos: determinación de pH, densidad, contenido alcohólico, sólidos totales e índice de refracción. Posteriormente, se elaboró 1 k de pomada mediante el método de fusión a 60 °C de una mezcla de 200 g de lanolina y 750 g de vaselina sólida. Luego, se agregó 2 mL de propilenglicol a 50 mL del extracto etanólico de «chuchuhuasi¼; finalmente, esta mezcla fue adicionada a la base de pomada, se removió hasta obtener una mezcla uniforme y se envasó en frascos de plástico de 30 mL de capacidad. Resultados. En el extracto etanólico de Maytenus laevis «chuchuhuasi¼ se observaron metabolitos secundarios como alcaloides, taninos, compuestos fenólicos, saponinas, quinonas, triterpenos y flavonoides; asimismo, se obtuvieron las siguientes características físicoquímicas: olor a madera, sabor astringente, color rojo marrón oscuro, aspecto homogéneo, pH 5,5, densidad relativa 0,988, contenido alcohólico 24°, sólido totales 12%, índice de refracción 1,3768. En la pomada se obtuvieron las siguientes características físicoquímicas: olor característico, aspecto homogéneo, textura suave, pH 6,62, extensibilidad 28,2 mm2, peso 30 g, índice de agua 34 mL y buena homogeneidad. Conclusiones. Se lograron determinar las características físico-químicas de la pomada de Maytenus laevis «chuchuhuasi¼.

Objectives. Determine the physical-chemical characteristics of the Maytenus laevis ointment "Chuchuhuasi", elaborated in the Natural Pharmacy of CAMEC of Hospital III EsSalud - Chimbote. Materials and methods. Analytical-descriptive research. An ethanolic extract was produced by maceration of 500 g. of Maytenus laevis bark "Chuchuhuasi" with 70o ethanol. 500 mL of ethanolic extract was obtained and the following tests were performed: Organoleptics using the sensory method and identification of secondary metabolites using the Olga Lock technique, in addition the following physical-chemical analyses were performed: pH determination, density, alcoholic content, total solids and refractive index. Subsequently, 1 kilo of ointment was produced using the 60oC fusion method of a mixture of 200 g. Lanolin and 750 g. solid Vaseline. Then 2 mL of Propylene glycol was added to 50 mL of Chuchuhuasi's ethanolic extract, eventually this mixture was added to the ointment base, removed until a uniform mixture was obtained and packaged in plastic bottles of 30 mL capacity. Results. In the ethnic extract of Maytenus laevis "Chuchuhuasi" the presence of the following secondary metabolites was observed: Alkaloids, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins, quinons, triterpenes and flavonoids, the following physical-chemical characteristics were also obtained: Wood odor, astringent flavor, dark brown red color, homogeneous appearance; pH 5.5, relative density 0.988 alcoholic content 24°, total solid 12%, refractive index 1.3768. The following physical-chemical characteristics were obtained in the ointment: characteristic odor, homogeneous appearance, soft texture, pH 6.62, extensibility 28.2 mm2, weight 30 gr, water index 34 mL and good homogeneity. Conclusions. The physicalchemical characteristics of the Maytenus laevis "Chuchuhuasi" ointment were determined.

Antibacterial activity of fractions and isolates of Maytenus guianensis Klotzsch ex Reissek (Celastraceae) Chichuá Amazon

Abstract INTRODUCTION This aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of fractions and isolates of Maytenus guianensis, a plant species used in Amazonian folk medicine. METHODS A disk diffusion technique was used to investigate the antibacterial potential. RESULTS The hexanic fractions and tingenone B isolate showed inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate the antibacterial potential of this species and will enable future studies to identify novel therapeutic alternatives from this species.

Antidiarrheal activity of extracts from Maytenus gonoclada and inhibition of Dengue virus by lupeol

ABSTRACT Diarrhea is an infectious disease caused by bacterial, virus, or protozoan, and dengue is caused by virus, included among the neglected diseases in several underdeveloped and developing countries, with an urgent demand for new drugs. Considering the antidiarrheal potential of species of Maytenus genus, a phytochemical investigation followed by antibacterial activity test with extracts of branches and heartwood and bark of roots from Maytenus gonoclada were conducted. Moreover, due the frequency of isolation of lupeol from Maytenus genus the antiviral activity against Dengue virus and cytotoxicity of lupeol and its complex with β-cyclodextrins were also tested. The results indicated the bioactivity of ethyl acetate extract from branches and ethanol extract from heartwood of roots of M. gonoclada against diarrheagenic bacteria. The lupeol showed potent activity against Dengue virus and low cytotoxicity in LLC-MK2 cells, but its complex with β-cyclodextrin was inactive. Considering the importance of novel and selective antiviral drug candidates the results seem to be promising.

Efecto de Maytenus krukovii "Chuchuhuasi" en el tratamiento de osteoartrosis leve-moderada. Ensayo clínico aleatorizado doble-ciego, controlado con placebo / Safety and efficacy of Maytenus krukovii "Chuchuhuasi" decoction in mild to moderate osteoarthritis. A 4-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial

Objetivo: Evaluar la seguridad y eficacia de Maytenus krukovii "chuchuhuasi" a diferentes dosis en pacientes con osteoartrosis leve-moderada. Materiales y Métodos: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado, doble ciego. Se incluyeron a 50 pacientes con osteoartrosis leve-moderada (clasificación de Kellgren-Lawrence) por cuatro semanas; distribuidos aleatoriamente en tres grupos: I (40mg/kg/día de M. Krukovii); II (80 mg/kg/día de M. Krukovii) y III (15 g/día de Daucus carota como placebo). Se determinó en sangre: Alaninoaminotransferasa (ALT), fosfatasa alcalina (FA), depuración de creatinina, hematocrito, tiempo de protrombina, velocidad de sedimentación y recuento leucocitario. Se evaluó la función, dolor y recorrido articular mediante el Test de WOMAC antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: En el grupo II se encontró una disminución estadísticamente significativa de los valores de ALT, tiempo de protrombina y velocidad de sedimentación. El tiempo de Protrombina (p=0.012) y la velocidad de sedimentación entre el grupo II y el grupo placebo fueron diferentes (p=0.003). El dolor referido fue estadísticamente distinto entre ambos grupos de estudio en comparación con el placebo (p=0.001; diferencia de medias: 1.3±0.89 en ambos casos). En el caso de la capacidad funcional, sólo se encontró diferencia significativa entre el grupo II y el placebo (p=0.001, diferencia de medias: 2.1±1.0). El recorrido articular de rodilla fue diferente entre el grupo I y el grupo III (p=0.004). Conclusión: El uso de M. krukovii "Chuchuhuasi" a dosis de 40 y 80mg/kg p.c. por día, mostró disminuir el dolor referido y mejorar la capacidad funcional en pacientes con diagnóstico de osteoartrosis leve a moderada.

Screening of the in vitro antileishmanial activities of compounds and secondary metabolites isolated from Maytenus guianensis Klotzsch ex Reissek (Celastraceae) chichuá Amazon

Abstract INTRODUCTION Maytenus guianensis is a member of the Celastraceae family that is used in traditional medicine, particularly for its anti-parasitic and anti-cancer effects. To explore the ethnopharmacological potential of this plant, the present study was designed to screen the in vitro antileishmanial activities of extracts and compounds isolated from M. guianensis. METHODS Maytenus guianensis stems and leaves were extracted in acetone, followed by the preparation of eluates and isolation of secondary metabolites using chromatography on a glass column with silica gel as the fixed phase. The chemical components were identified using spectroscopic methods, including one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance of hydrogen-1 and carbon-13, mass spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The anti-Leishmania amazonensis activities of these eluates and compounds were evaluated by direct promastigote counting and viability assays. RESULTS It was found that the hexane bark eluate produced the strongest anti-L. amazonensis effect, with 90-100% inhibition of the promastigote form. The isolated metabolite that produced the best result was tingenone B, followed by a compound formed by the union of tingenone and tingenone B (80-90% inhibition). CONCLUSIONS Maytenus guianensis shows anti-parasite activity that warrants further investigation to determine the mechanisms underlying this antileishmanial effect and to evaluate the pharmacological potential of these eluates and isolated secondary metabolites, while minimizing any adverse effects.

Triterpenes and Beta-agarofurane sesquiterpenes from tissue culture ofMaytenus boaria / Triterpenos y Beta-agarofuranos sesquiterpenos desde cultivo de tejidos de Maytenus boaria

Leaf explants of Maytenus boaria were induced towards callus tissue culture with different mixture of cytokinins and auxins. MeOH extract of callus was partitioned with AcOEt and water, and through repeated chromatography procedures were isolated and identified, four triterpenes and three beta-agarofuran sesquiterpenes.

Explantes de hojas de Maytenus boaria fueron inducidos a formar callos mediante diferentes mezclas de citoquininas y auxinas. Un extracto metanólico de los callos fue fraccionado con AcOEt y agua, y mediante repetidas cromatografías fueron aislados e identificados siete compuestos, cuatro triterpenos y 3 sesquiterpenos del tipo agarofurano.

Antioxidant and genotoxic properties of Maytenus dasyclada: a comparative study in relation to Maytenus reference species / Propriedades antioxidantes e genotóxicas de Maytenus dasyclada: um estudo comparativo em relação às espécies de referência de Maytenus

In these work the in vitro antioxidant activity and the in vivo genotoxicity of M. dasyclada was compared to the reference species M. aquifolium and M. ilicifolia. M. dasyclada showed in vitro antioxidant activity comparable to M. aquifolium but lower than M. ilicifolia, being that a inverse Pearson correlation between DPPH IC50 values and total phenolic content was detected (–0.932). The carbonyl content of M. dasyclada and M. aquifolium extracts promoted a similar increase in protein oxidation in vivo, while M. ilicifolia no altered the carbonyl levels. The comet assay demonstrated that the three analyzed species promoted a low and similar level of genotoxicity; which is compatible with DNA damage induced by other medicinal plants and is partially recovered by a co-treatment with vitamin C. The data showed M. dasyclada as antioxidant activity in vitro, and that its genotoxic and pro-oxidant effects in vivo are comparable to the Maytenus reference species.

No presente trabalho a atividade antioxidante in vitro e a genotoxicidade in vivo de M. dasyclada foi comparada com as espécies de referência M.aquifolium e M. ilicifolia. M. dasyclada mostrou atividade antioxidante in vitro comparável a de M. aquifolium mas inferior a M. ilicifolia, sendo que foi detectada uma correlação de Pearson inversa entre os valores de IC50 por DPPH e o conteúdo fenólico total (–0,932). Em relação ao teor de carbonila, os extratos de M. dasyclada e M. aquifolium promoveram um aumento semelhante na oxidação das proteínas in vivo, ao passo que Maytenus ilicifolia não alterou os níveis de carbonila. O ensaio do cometa demonstrou que as três espécies analisadas promoveram um nível baixo e semelhante de genotoxicidade, o que é compatível com os danos no DNA induzidos por outras plantas medicinais e é parcialmente recuperada por um co-tratamento com a vitamina C. Os dados mostraram M. dasyclada com atividade antioxidante in vitro, e que os seus efeitos genotóxicos e pró-oxidantes in vivo são comparáveis às espécies de referência de Maytenus.

Comparação do teor de taninos entre duas espécies de espinheira-santa (Maytenus aquifolium Mart.e Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek)cultivadas no Horto Medicinal do Refúgio Biológico Bela Vista - RBBV da Itaipu Binacional - Foz do Iguaçu, PR - Brasil / Comparison of the tannin doses between two species of thorn-santa (Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. and Maytenus aquifolium Mart. ex Reissek) grown in the medicinal garden of Bela Vista Biological Refuge - RBBV of Itaipu Binational - Foz do Iguacu, PR - Brazil

RESUMO As duas espécies de espinheira-santa Maytenus aquifolium Mart. e Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek pertencentes à família Celastraceae e têm sido intensamente exploradas nas populações nativas devido seu alto valor medicinal. O grande interesse pela espinheira-santa é para o tratamento de gastrites, úlceras gástricas e duodenais. O efeito antiulcerogênico está relacionado com a presença de polifenóis totais, mais especificamente com os taninos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar o teor de taninos entre essas duas espécies cultivadas no Horto Medicinal do Refúgio Biológico Bela Vista - RBBV da Itaipu Binacional no município de Foz do Iguaçu, PR - Brasil. Foram realizadas duas coletas com intervalo de um mês para cada espécie e para a quantificação foi realizada a análise por espectrofotometria segundo a Farmacopeia Brasileira V. Os resultados foram analisados através do teste de variância (ANOVA) e a diferença no teor de taninos foi evidenciada pelo teste Tukey, a 5% de nível de significância empregando-se o software SISVAR. Foram obtidos em média 0,61% para o lote 1 e 2 de Maytenus aquifolium e (3,90%) para Maytenus ilicifolia, resultando em uma média de 84,35% de taninos a mais para Maytenus ilicifolia em comparação com Maytenus aquifolium concluindo assim que as espécies não devem ser intercambiáveis.

ABSTRACT The two species of (espinheira-santa) Maytenus aquifolium and Maytenus ilicifolia, which belong to the Celastraceae family, have been intensively explored in native populations, due to its medicinal potential. The great interest in the espinheira-santa is due to its effectiveness on the treatment of gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers. The antiulcerogenic effect is related to the presence of phenolic compounds, more specifically the tannins. This study aimed to compare the tannin doses between these two species grown in the Medicinal Garden of Bela Vista Biological Refuge - RBBV of Itaipu in the city of Foz do Iguaçu, PR - Brazil. Two trials were conducted with one month interval, for the quantification of the tannins by a spectrophotometry, according to the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia V. The results were analyzed through the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the difference in the tannins doses was demonstrated in a Tukey test at 5% level of significance employing the SISVAR software. It were found 0.61% of tannins for lot 1 and 2 of Maytenus aquifolium, and 3.90% for Maytenus ilicifolia, which represents 84.35% more tannin at Maytenus ilicifolia than at Maytenus aquifolium. Therefore, the species should not be interchanged.

Espinheira-santa (Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reiss.): saber de erveiros e feirantes em Pelotas (RS) / Espinheira-santa (Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reiss.): knowledge by herbalists and marketers in Pelotas (RS)

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever o conhecimento popular relacionado à espinheira-santa (Maytenus ilicifolia) entre erveiros e feirantes que comercializam a planta no centro de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, exploratória e descritiva, de agosto a outubro de 2013. Entrevistas semi-estruturadas, com questões sobre os saberes e práticas relacionados à espinheira-santa, foram aplicadas a cinco erveiros e três feirantes do mercado informal de plantas medicinais. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada a proposta operativa de Minayo, sendo Capra o referencial teórico para este estudo. Foi verificado que o saber relacionado ao uso da espinheira-santa é transmitido de geração a geração, embora existam outras fontes de conhecimento. As indicações do uso popular da espinheira-santa com finalidade terapêutica estão relacionadas a distúrbios gástricos, cicatrização e depuração do sangue. As diferentes formas dos sujeitos deste estudo interagirem com o ambiente, com sua família e em outras relações interpessoais resultam em diferentes saberes relacionados à espinheira-santa.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to describe the popular knowledge related to the espinheira-santa (Maytenus ilicifolia) among herbalists and marketers that sell this plant in the center of Pelotas/Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. A qualitative, exploratory and descriptive research was performed between August and July of 2013. Semi-structured interviews, with questions regarding the knowledge and practices related to this plant, were applied to five herbalists and three marketers inserted in the informal market of medicinal plants. The operative proposal by Minayo was used in order to analyze the data, and the theoretical framework by Capra was used in the discussion. The popular knowledge related to the use of espinheira-santa is passed on from generation to generation, although nowadays there are other sources ofinformation. The popular clueswith therapeutic purposes are related to gastric disorders, healing and blood clearance. The study participants have different forms of interaction with the environment, the family and other interpersonal relationships, resulting in different popular knowledges related to this medicinal plant.

Avaliação da qualidade de amostras de plantas medicinais comercializadas no Brasil / Quality assessment of samples of medicinal plants marketed in Brazil

Apart from constituting the raw material used to manufacture phytomedicines, plant drugs are commonly used by people as a therapeutic resource. Thus, the market in plant natural products has become an attractive target for investments of pharmaceutical companies. The aim of this study was to test the quality of commercial plant drugs in Brazil, employing simple and low-cost methods. Anatomical and microchemical tests were performed on commercial samples of "centela" (Asian pennywort or centella), "chá verde" (green tea) and "espinheira santa", to assess their quality and check their identity. The anatomical study revealed that all 3 samples of centella consisted of Centella asiatica leaves, but some were poorly conserved. The majority of contaminants consisted of other parts of C. asiatica, leaves of Poaceae and other species, and unidentified stalks. Two samples of green tea revealed leaves of the correct species (Camellia sinensis), with twigs of the same as contaminants, while the third consisted mainly of Ilex paraguariensis (mate tea) with some Bambusoideae (Poaceae) leaves. One of the 3 samples of "espinheira santa" contained Sorocea bonplandii leaves (cincho), and the others revealed leaves and stem fragments of Maytenus ilicifolia. The 3 samples of centella showed triterpene saponins. All samples of "green tea" revealed methylxanthines, but only those with C. sinensishad flavonoids. The samples of "espinheira santa" showed condensed tannins. Thus, the proposed analytical methods provided complementary results, which may be applied to quality control of plant drugs...

Drogas vegetais constituem uma das matérias-primas utilizadas na fabricação de fitoterápicos, além de serem largamente utilizadas pela população como recurso terapêutico. O mercado de produtos derivados de matéria-prima vegetal, com isso, se tornou alvo de investimentos de empresas do setor farmacêutico. O presente trabalho objetivou verificar a qualidade de drogas vegetais comercializadas no mercado brasileiro, utilizando-se conjuntamente métodos de análise simples e de baixo custo.Para tanto , foram usadas amostras de "centela", "chá verde" e "espinheira santa", obtidas em estabelecimentos comerciais, sendo sua identidade e qualidade avaliadas por meio de análises anatômicas e microquímicas. O estudo anatômico demonstrou que as três amostras de centela continham Centella asiatica, estando algumas em mau estado de conservação. Os contaminantes desta amostra eram principalmente outras partes do corpo vegetativo de C. asiatica, além de folhas de Poaceae e de outras espécies vegetais. Duas amostras de chá verde foram identificadas como Camellia sinensis e apresentavam caules da mesma espécie como contaminantes. A terceira amostra de chá verde era constituída por Ilex paraguariensis, sendo que folhas de Bambusoideae (Poaceae) também foram encontradas. Uma das amostras de espinheira santa era constituída de Sorocea bonplandii. As demais continham folhas e fragmentos de caule de Maytenus ilicifolia. As três amostras de centela apresentaram saponinas triterpênicas. Todas as amostras de chá verde possuíam metilxantinas. Dessas, apenas aquelas constituídas por C. sinensis demonstraram a presença de flavonoides. As amostras de espinheira-santa apresentaram taninos condensados. Desse modo, as metodologias propostas forneceram resultados complementares que podem ser empregados no controle de qualidade de drogas vegetais...

Efecto antinociceptivo del extracto etanólico de las hojas de Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz & Pav.) Briq. ôchuchuhuasiõ mediante la prueba de contorsiones abdominales en ratones / Antinociceptive effect of the ethanol extract of the leaves of Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz & Pav.) Briq. ôchuchuhuasiõ Through the Writhing Test in mice

Objetivo: Determinar el efecto y actividad antinociceptiva de las hojas de Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz & Pav) Briq. ôchuchuhuasiõ mediante la prueba de contorsiones abdominales en roedor. Material y Métodos: Se utilizaron 40 ratones albinos machos, con pesos medios de 25g, se empleó la prueba de contorsiones abdominales para determinar la actividad antinociceptiva. El grupo Control, no recibió ninguna sustancia. Se administró extracto etanólico de las hojas de M. macrocarpa (Ruiz & Pav.) Briq. 2000 mg/kg, Tramadol 10 mg/kg y Diclofenaco sódico 10 mg/kg. Las sustancias fueron administradas por la vía oral una hora antes de la inducción de dolor. Para la validación estadística se usó la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA de una cola, Tukey, y Newman-Keuls. Resultados: El número de contorsiones abdominales fue 41+/- 3.04, 27+/- 3.55, 9 +/- 4.14, y 18 +/- 2.65 respectivamente. El porcentaje de inhibición de la conducta nociceptiva fue: 0%, 34%, 77%, y 55%. La prueba de ANOVA de una vía, demostró diferencias estadísticas (p<0.05, IC 95%), y la prueba de Tukey y Newman-Keuls, demostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos, frente al control. Conclusiones: Se comprobó el efecto antinociceptivo de las hojas de Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz & Pav.) Briq. ôchuchuhuasiõ, en dosis de 2000 mg/kg.

Objetives: To determine the effect and antinociceptive activity of the leaves of Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz & Pav ) Briq . ôChuchuhuasi ô by the writhing test in rodents. Material and Methods: 40 male albino mice were used, with average weights of 25g, the writhing test was used to determine the antinociceptive activity. The experimental groups were: Control; received no substance, ethanol extract of the leaves of M. macrocarpa Briq (Ruiz & Pav.) 2000 mg/kg, Tramadol 10 mg/kg and 10mg Sodium Diclofenac /kg. The substances were administered orally one hour before the induction of pain. For statistical validation the Shapiro -Wilk test, one-tailed ANOVA, Tukey, and Newman -Keuls was used. Results: Writhing number was 41 +/- 3.04, 27 +/- 3.55, 9 +/- 4.14, and 18 +/- 2.65 respectively. The inhibition percentage of the nociceptive behavior was: 0%, 34%, 77% and 55%. The test of one-way ANOVA showed statistical differences (p < 0.05, 95% CI), and the Tukey and Newman-Keuls test showed significant differences between groups versus control. Conclusions: Antinociceptive effect of the leaves of Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz & Pav.) Briq ôChuchuhuasiô was found at doses of 2000 mg/kg.

Development and physical evaluation of Maytenus ilicifolia effervescent granules using factorial design

The medicinal plant Maytenus ilicifolia is a commonly used phytomedicine for the treatment of gastritis. The high dose required and low density of these extracts make necessary a daily intake of several capsules, hindering adherence to the medication. The purpose of this work was to develop a suitable dosage form for the administration of Maytenus ilicifolia using effervescent granules. A 23 factorial design was used to study the physical characteristics of the granules (particle size distribution, repose angle, Carr index, scanning electron microscopy and disintegration time). Moisture stability was also determined. According to the experimental design, granule size is the most important factor in determining the flow characteristics of effervescent granules. In turn, the disintegration time is controlled by the content of sodium bicarbonate present in the effervescent mixture as well as the granule size. The stability of formulations when exposed to moisture is strongly influenced by the percentage of effervescent mixture present in the vegetal granules. Precautions in handling and storage should be taken to ensure the stability of these preparations. The effervescent granules produced from Maytenus ilicifolia met the pharmacopoeial quality parameters, with appropriate mechanical and physical characteristics and proved to be a promising vehicle for plant extracts.

A planta medicinal Maytenus ilicifolia é comumente empregada como fitoterápico no tratamento da gastrite. As elevadas doses requeridas e a baixa densidade dos extratos dessa planta levam à ingestão diária de várias cápsulas do medicamento, dificultando a adesão ao tratamento. A proposta desse trabalho foi desenvolver uma forma farmacêutica adequada para administração de Maytenus ilicifolia usando granulados efervescentes. Um desenho fatorial 23 foi empregado para estudar as características físicas dos granulados (distribuição dos tamanhos de partícula, ângulo de repouso, índice de Carr, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e tempo de desintegração). A higroscopicidade das preparações também foi estudada. De acordo com o desenho experimental, o tamanho de partícula é o fator mais importante para a determinação das características de fluxo dos granulados efervescentes. Em contrapartida, o tempo de desintegração é controlado pelo conteúdo de bicarbonato de sódio presente na mistura efervescente, assim como pelo tamanho do granulado. A estabilidade das formulações quando expostas à umidade é fortemente influenciada pelo percentual de mistura efervescente presente nos granulados. Precauções de manipulação e armazenamento devem ser tomadas para garantir a estabilidade dessas preparações. Os granulados efervescentes produzidos com Maytenus ilicifolia cumprem os requisitos farmacopeicos de qualidade, com adequadas características físicas e mecânicas, provando ser um veículo promissor para extratos vegetais.

Desenvolvimento de Maytenus ilicifolia e de seus polifenóis totais sob condição de sombreamento e poda / Shadowing and pruning on the development and polyphenol contents in Maytenus ilicifolia

Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek (Celastraceae), conhecida popularmente por espinheira-santa, é nativa e cultivada, principalmente, no sul do Brasil. Suas folhas apresentam triterpenos e substâncias polifenólicas (flavonóides e taninos) relacionadas ao efeito antiulcerogênico. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a produção de massa seca, altura, ramificação, e o teor de polifenóis totais em plantas de M. ilicifolia que se desenvolveram sob duas condições de luminosidade, após dois tratamentos distintos de poda. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos cazualizados com plantas desenvolvidas sob sombra e a pleno sol, e com plantas manejadas por poda parcial e rasa, com quatro repetições. No tratamento de poda rasa a maior altura das plantas foi observada nas plantas cultivadas a sombra em comparação com as conduzidas a pleno sol. No tratamento de poda parcial o número de ramos terciários aumentou significativamente nas plantas conduzidas a pleno sol. As plantas cultivadas a pleno sol apresentaram diferença significativa na concentração de polifenóis totais em relação às plantas produzidas à sombra alcançando valores de 10,29 ± 0,20% (CV=1,94%) e 7,16 ± 0,09% (CV=1,30%) respectivamente.

The Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek (Celastraceae), traditionally known as "espinheira-santa" in Portuguese, is native and cultivated in South Brazil. Its leaves contain triterpenes and polyphenolic compounds (flavonoids and tannins), which are related to the antiulcerogenic effect. The aim of this work was to evaluate the dried biomass production (g), height (m), ramification, and also the total content in polyphenol compounds of the leaves from the M. ilicifolia specie, which were developed under two different light conditions after two different pruning treatments. The design of the experiment was randomized blocks with two levels of light (shadow or full sunlight) and two levels of prune (partial and drastic), with four replications. The height of the plants grown in the shadow was greater for the treatment of drastic pruning than in plants in full sunlight. The ramification increased significantly with drastic prune in full sunlight. The plants grown in full sunlight showed a significant higher content in total polyphenols than the plants grown in the shadow, 10.29±0.20% (RSD=1.94%) and 7.16±0.09% (RSD=1.30%) respectively.

Características farmacognósticas de las especies amazónicas Maytenus macrocarpa (R. & P.) Briq., y Tynanthus panurensis (Bur.) Sandw. Iquitos - 2012 / Pharmacognostic characteristics of the Amazonian species Maytenus macrocarpa (R. & P.) Briq., And Tynanthus panurensis (Bur.) Sandw. Iquitos - 2012

Se realizó el estudio farmacognóstico de las especies Maytenus macrocarpa y Tynanthus panurensis. Se determinó las características macromorfológicas de las hojas y las cortezas de ambas especies, con el objetivo de determinar la parte externa e interpretar apropiadamente la monografía sobre la misma. Los parámetros de calidad realizados fueron: determinación de materias extrañas 0,0567% ± 0,0404 en Maytenus macrocarpa y 0,0667% ± 0,0321 en Tynanthus panurensis; porcentaje de humedad residual (12,3488% - 12,8518%) y (10,8631% - 11,2159%) de las especies en estudio promedio equivalente en raíz y corteza; sustancias solubles en agua (6,7431% ± 0,8317) y (7,2249% ± 0,4704), en alcohol a 50º GL (16,7963% ± 4,4445) y (20,2041% ± 3,4761); a 70ºGL (16,7336% ± 4,6214) y (20,5268% ± 3,0665) de ambas especies respectivamente; cenizas totales (1,7915% ± 0,1209 y 1,7813% ± 0,1644); cenizas solubles en agua (1,2931% ± 0,0887 y 1,3309% ± 0,1443); cenizas insolubles en ácido (0.4518% ± 0,0869 y 0,5437% ± 0,1011) de las especies en estudio correspondiente a corteza, los métodos utilizados son los que describen la Norma Ramal para drogas crudas del MINSAP y los resultados se encuentran dentro de los rangos permisibles de ésta. Se preparó el extracto fluido en las hojas, corteza y raíz al cual se le determinó: cualitativamente los metabolitos secundarios encontrándose la presencia de esteroles (hoja), aminoácidos (raíz), saponinas (raíz, corteza y hoja), fenoles (raíz, corteza y hoja) respectivamente en la especie del Maytenus macrocarpa, encontrándose también esteroles (hoja), fenoles (raíz, corteza y hoja) en la especie Tynanthus panurensis, de acuerdo al método de Miranda Martinez M. & Cuellar Cuellar A. Los resultados obtenidos fueron evaluados en el programa Microsoft Excel 2007 de Microsoft Office para la realización del análisis estadístico correspondiente (media Aritmética y desviación estándar).

Interacciones farmacológicas de las hojas de Maytenus macrocarpa o ôchuchuhuasiõ con fármacos inhibitorios y estimuladores de la motilidad intestinal / Pharmacological interactions from the leaves of Maytenus macrocarpa \"chuchuhuasi\" with inhibitory and stimulating bowel motility drugs

Objetivo: Determinar las posibles interacciones farmacológicas de las hojas de Maytenus macrocarpa, con fármacos estimulantes e inhibitorios de la motilidad intestinal. Métodos: Se utilizaron 110 ratones albinos machos, con pesos medios de 25 g, se empleó el método de Arbos y col, se administró carbón activado al 5

vía oral, dosis de 0.1ml/10g, como marcador intestinal. Los grupos experimentales fueron: control (agua destilada 0,3ml), hojas de chuchuhuasi 1 (500mg/kg), hojas de chuchuhuasi 2 (3000mg/kg), atropina (1,5mg/kg), loperamida (5mg/kg), neostigmina (0,4mg/kg), metoclopramida (10mg/kg), hojas de chuchuhuasi 1 con metoclopramida, hojas de chuchuhuasi 1 con loperamida, hojas de chuchuhuasi 2 con metoclopramida y hojas de chuchuhuasi 2 con loperamida. Para la validación estadística se usó la prueba de Wilconxon, ANOVA y Tukey. Resultados: El porcentaje de recorrido intestinal de carbón activado fue de 27,04, 34,15, 31,66, 25,57, 15,89, 43,30, 33,99, 32,40, 27,90, 49,34 y 25,36 respectivamente, el test de ANOVA de dos colas revelo una p=0,0007. El test de Tukey indico p<0.05 versus el control para neostigmina, loperamida y la interacción chuchuhuasi 3000 mg/kg con metoclopramida, en este último, el test de Wilconxon presento un valor p<0,05. Conclusiones: Se observó interacciones farmacológicas de antagonismo sobre la motilidad intestinal, entre chuchuhuasi y Loperamida y sinergismo entre chuchuhuasi y metoclopramida.

Objectives: To determine the possible pharmacological interactions from the leaves of Maytenus macrocarpa with inhibitory and stimulating bowel motility drugs. Methods: We used 110 male albino mice with average weight of 25g, Arbos and others method was applied. Activated charcoal was administered at 5

at dose of 0.1ml/10g, as an intestinal marker. The experimental groups included 0.1 ml/10 g of distilled water, leave extract of M. macrocarpa 1 (500mg/kg), leave extract of M. macrocarpa 2 (3000 mg/kg), 1,5mg/kg of atropine, 5mg/kg of loperamide, 0.4mg/kg of neostigmine, 10mg/kg of metoclopramide, leave extract of M. macrocarpa 1 with metoclopramide, leave extract of M. macrocarpa 1 with loperamide, leave extract of M. macrocarpa 2 with metoclopramide and leave extract of M. macrocarpa 2 with loperamide. The statistical validation was based on Wilconxon, ANOVA and Tukey test. Results: The intestinal charcoal run percentage was 27.04, 34.15, 31.66, 25.57, 15.89, 43.30, 33.99, 32.40, 27.9, 49.34 and 25.36 respectively. The ANOVA test result in p= 0.0007. The Tukey test indicated p <0.05 versus the control group for neostigmine, loperamide, and the interaction between leave extract of M. macrocarpa 2 with metoclopramide, for the last the Wilcoxon test result in p <0.05. Conclusions: It was observed antagonism drug interactions on gastrointestinal motility between leaves extract of M. macrocarpa with loperamide and synergism interactions with metoclopramide.

Acción del extracto etanólico de las hojas de Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz. Pav.) Briq. “chuchuhuasi” sobre la motilidad intestinal / Gastrointestinal activity from the etanolic extract of the leaves of Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz. Pav.) Briq. “chuchuhuasi”

Objetivo: Determinar el efecto del extracto etanólico de la hojas de Mayteus, macrocarpa, “chuchuhuasi” sobre la motilidad intestinal en ratón. Material y Métodos: Se utilizó 50 ratones albinos machos, con pesos medios de 25g, se empleó el método de Arbos y otros, se administró carbón activado al 5% vía oral, dosis de 0.1ml/10g, como marcador intestinal. Los grupos experimentales fueron: Control (agua destilada 0.1ml/10g de peso corporal), Sulfato de Antropina 1mg/kg, Neostigmina 1mg/kg, extractoetanólico de las hojas de M. macrocarpa 1,000mg/kg y extracto etanólicode la hojas de M. macrocarpa 200mg /kg. Para la validaci¢n estadística se usó la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA, Tukey y Newman-keuls. Resultados: el porcentaje de recorido intestinal de carbón activado fue de 43.28%, 33.03%, 74.37%, 67.52% y 63.09% respectivamente. El test de ANOVA de dos colas reveló una p=0.0001. el test de Tukey y Newman-Keuls, indicaron un valor p<0.05 versus el control y Atropina, el test de Shapiro-Wilk presento un valor p<0.05. Conclusiones: El extracto etanólico de la hojas de m. macrocarpa, presenta una actividad estimulante de la motilidad intestinal del roedor.

Objective: To determine the activity of the etanolic extract from the leaves of Maytenus macrocarpa “chuchuhuasi” in the gastrointestinal motility in mice. Material and Methods: We used male albino mice with an average weight of 25g, Arbos and others method was applied. Activated charcoal was administered at 5% at dose of 0.1ml/10g, as an intestinal marker. The experimental groups included 0.1 ml/10g of distilled water, 1 mg/kg of atropine, 1 mg/kg of neostigmine, leave extract of M. macrocarpa 1000 mg/kg and leave extract of M. macrocarpa 2000 mg/kg. The statistical validation was based on Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA, Tukey and Newman-kleuls test. Results: the intestinal charcoal run percentage was 43.28%, 33.03%, 74.37%, 67.52% and 63.09% respectively. The ANOVA test result in p=0.0001. The Tukey and New-Keuls test indicated p<0.05 versus the control group and atropine, for the last the Shapiro-Wilk test result in p<0.05. Conclusions: The etanolic extract from the leaves of M. macrocarpa “chuchuhuasi” induced stimulating activity on gastrointestinal motility in mice.