Relationship and risk factors of osteonecrosis of femoral head after internal fixation of femoral neck fracture with serum bone metabolism and vasoactive factors / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To study the relationship between osteonecrosis of femoral head after internal fixation of femoral neck fracture and serum bone metabolism, vascular active factors, and analyze the risk factors.@*METHODS@#Total 150 patients with femoral neck fracture who underwent reduction and internal fixation from April 2016 to April 2019 were selected, including 83 males and 67 females. According to whether there was necrosis of femoral head after operation, they were divided into necrosis group(32 cases) and non necrosis group (118 cases). Before operation and 1, 3, 5 days after operation, the serum levels of beta-C terminal cross-linked telopeptides of typeⅠ collagen(β-CTX), N-telopeptide of typeⅠ procollagen(PINP), nitric oxide (NO), Endothelin-1 (ET-1) were measured. The clinical characteristics of the two groups were compared. The risk factors of postoperative femoral head necrosis were analyzed by logistic regression model. The value of serum indexes in predicting postoperative femoral head necrosis was analyzed by ROC curve.@*RESULTS@#There was no significant difference in the levels of serum PINP and β-CTX between necrotic group and non necrotic group before operation and 1, 3 and 5 days after operation(@*CONCLUSION@#The content of serum NO and ET-1 on the first day after operation can predict the necrosis of femoral head.

Causas no traumáticas de necrosis avascular bilateral de la cabeza femoral: relación hepatitis C-interferón pegilado / Nontraumatic causes of bilateral avascular necrosis of the femoral head: link between hepatitis C and pegylated interferon

Antecedentes: La necrosis avascular de la cabeza femoral es una patología frecuente en pacientes con antecedentes de trauma, encontrándose como causas patologías vasculares, oncológicas, estados hipercoagulantes, tratamientos esteroideos prolongados, asociándose en algunos casos en pacientes con antecedente de hepatitis C con manejo con interferón pegilado + ribavirin. Seef, Foster y Poynard encontraron al estudiar el comportamiento del virus de la hepatitis, un estado de hipercoagulabilidad, que crea interrupción del flujo vascular retinacular en la cabeza femoral, sin incrementar la incidencia de osteonecrosis en este grupo de pacientes. Lauer expone que dichas infecciones virales llevan un proceso autoinmune, las cuales podrían producir vasculitis transitorias. Giampaolo en 2005 reporta la relación entre el uso de interferón en mieloma múltiple y otros padecimientos oncológicos relacionándose con necrosis avascular femoral. Material y métodos: Se valoraron los casos de diagnóstico de osteonecrosis bilateral de la cabeza femoral bilateral. Resultados: Se revisaron 5 pacientes, 4 mujeres y 1 hombre, con el diagnóstico de osteonecrosis bilateral de la cabeza femoral bilateral. Todos con antecedentes de hepatitis C con manejo con interferón pegilado, corroborándose diagnóstico definitivo por patología posterior a artroplastías, realizándose revisión bibliográfica de la relación de esta patología con el uso de interferón en pacientes con hepatitis C. Conclusiones: Al conocer la relación que existe en enfermedades virales como la hepatitis B y C con la presencia de estados de hipercoagulabilidad, procesos autoinmunes que conllevan a vasculitis transitorias y el uso de interferón pegilado 2B, relacionándose a necrosis avascular de las cabezas femorales, conoceremos nuevas causas asociadas no traumáticas a este padecimiento.

Background: Avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a frequent condition in patients with a history of trauma. The major pathologic causes include vascular diseases, malignancies, hypercoagulability states, long-term steroid treatment, and some patients have a history of hepatitis C infection treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Upon studying the behavior of the hepatitis C virus, Seef, Foster and Poynard found a hypercoagulability state that causes interruption of retinacular blood flow to the femoral head, without an increased incidence of osteonecrosis in this patient group. Lauer states that such viral infections involve an autoimmune process and may result in transient vasculitides. Giampaolo, in 2005, reported the relationship between interferon use for multiple myeloma and other cancers and femoral avascular necrosis. Material and methods: Cases with a diagnosis of bilateral osteonecrosis of the femoral head were assessed. Results: Five patients were included, 4 females and one male, with a diagnosis of bilateral osteonecrosis of the femoral head. All of them had history of hepatitis C infection treated with pegylated interferon. The final diagnosis was proven by pathology after arthroplasty. A literature review was made of articles on the relationship between this condition and interferon use in patients with hepatitis C infection. Conclusions: Finding out the relationship between viral diseases such as hepatitis B and C infection and hypercoagulability states, autoimmune processes leading to transient vasculitides and the use of pegylated interferon 2B, will help us discover new nontraumatic causes associated with this condition.

Progression of a Fracture Site Impaction as a Prognostic Indicator of Impacted Femoral Neck Fracture Treated with Multiple Pinning

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the clinical and radiologic results of impacted femoral neck fractures treated with multiple pinning and determined the influence of the progression of impaction at the fracture site on clinical outcome. METHODS: There were 34 patients with a mean age of 65.5 years. The mean follow-up period was 3.4 years. Progression of fracture site impaction was measured using an articulo-trochanteric distance index and the percentage decrease in the articulo-trochanteric distance index between follow-up intervals. The failure of treatment was clarified as non-union and avascular necrosis. Other characteristics of the patients, including mean waiting time for surgery, preoperative Singh index score, and body mass index, were also measured to evaluate the influence on the clinical outcome of surgery. RESULTS: There were 6 fractures which were not treated successfully (3 non-union, 8.8% and 3 avascular necrosis, 8.8%). The mean percentage decrease of the articulo-trochanteric distance index within the first 6 weeks after surgery was 4.5% in the successful group and 25.1% in the failure group (p < 0.001). There was also a significant mean percentage decrease in the articulo-trochanteric distance index between 6 weeks and 3 months (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Primary stabilization with Knowles pins for impacted femoral neck fractures had a reasonable clinical outcome with low morbidity. Despite a significant difference of a mean percentage decrease in the articulo-trochanteric distance index between the successful group and the failure group, we could not verify it as a risk factor for failure of treatment because the odds ratio was not statistically significant.

Progression of a Fracture Site Impaction as a Prognostic Indicator of Impacted Femoral Neck Fracture Treated with Multiple Pinning

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the clinical and radiologic results of impacted femoral neck fractures treated with multiple pinning and determined the influence of the progression of impaction at the fracture site on clinical outcome. METHODS: There were 34 patients with a mean age of 65.5 years. The mean follow-up period was 3.4 years. Progression of fracture site impaction was measured using an articulo-trochanteric distance index and the percentage decrease in the articulo-trochanteric distance index between follow-up intervals. The failure of treatment was clarified as non-union and avascular necrosis. Other characteristics of the patients, including mean waiting time for surgery, preoperative Singh index score, and body mass index, were also measured to evaluate the influence on the clinical outcome of surgery. RESULTS: There were 6 fractures which were not treated successfully (3 non-union, 8.8% and 3 avascular necrosis, 8.8%). The mean percentage decrease of the articulo-trochanteric distance index within the first 6 weeks after surgery was 4.5% in the successful group and 25.1% in the failure group (p < 0.001). There was also a significant mean percentage decrease in the articulo-trochanteric distance index between 6 weeks and 3 months (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Primary stabilization with Knowles pins for impacted femoral neck fractures had a reasonable clinical outcome with low morbidity. Despite a significant difference of a mean percentage decrease in the articulo-trochanteric distance index between the successful group and the failure group, we could not verify it as a risk factor for failure of treatment because the odds ratio was not statistically significant.

Apoptosis in the Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head

BACKGROUND: Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is classified into idiopathic and secondary forms. A number of etiological factors in the development of osteonecrosis have been suggested but the biological mechanisms are still unclear. Recently, some reports suggested that the apoptosis is closely related to osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Therefore, this study examined the expression of apoptosis in osteonecrosis of the femoral head. METHODS: Of the patients diagnosed preoperatively with osteonecrosis and underwent total hip replacement arthroplasty between August 2004 and July 2005, 58 patients (58 hips) were available for this study. Their diagnoses were confirmed by the postoperative pathology findings. Tissue samples of the femoral head sections were terminal deoxynucleotydyl transferase mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) stained using an in situ cell death detection POD kit. The number of total and TUNEL-positive osteocytes, and the average ratio of TUNEL-positive cells were calculated and analyzed according to the cause. RESULTS: Osteonecrosis was steroid-induced in 8 cases (13.8%), alcohol-induced in 29 cases (50%), post-traumatic in 6 cases (10.3%) and idiopathic in 15 cases (25.9%). The percentage of TUNEL-positive osteocytes was high in patients with steroid- and alcohol-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head but low in patients with post-traumatic and idiopathic osteonecrosis. The difference in the percentage of TUNEL-positive osteocytes between these groups was significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Apoptosis might play an important role in the pathogenesis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head induced by steroid and alcohol. These findings highlight a need for further research into the role of apoptosis in the development of osteonecrosis of the femoral head.

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in HIV infected patients

Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head is an emerging complication in HIV infected patients. It has been suggested that the increased incidence of AVN in this population may be caused by an increased prevalence of predisposing factors for osteonecrosis, including protease inhibitors, hyperlipidemia, corticosteroid use, alcohol and intravenous drug abuse. The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors for avascular necrosis developing in the femoral head of HIV infected individuals. This study consisted of meta-analysis of the secondary data extracted from current literature. The selected articles allowed two study groups to be drawn up for comparison. Group 1 comprised 324 individuals infected by the HIV virus, who did not present femoral head AVN. Group 2 comprised 32 HIV positive patients, who presented femoral head AVN. The parameters used for analysis were as follows: age, gender, sexual preference, use of intravenous drugs, time of diagnosis, CD4+ cell count, use of antiretroviral agents and duration, serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides. The present study found a statistically significant association between hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, sexual preference and intravenous drug abuse. The authors concluded that femoral head osteonecrosis is associated with hyperlipidemia (hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia) and intravenous drug abuse. This study supports the hypothesis that protease inhibitors play a role in the development of osteonecrosis through a tendency to cause hyperlipidemia.

Necrosis aseptica no traumatica de la cabeza femoral. Descompresion del nucleo cefalico como tratamiento en estadios iniciales / Aseptic non-traumatic femoral head necrosis. Core decompression as treatment in initial stages

Introduccion: El presente trabajo es un estudio prospectivo, no comparativo, que tiene por objeto evaluar los resultados obtenidos empleando la descompresión del núcleo cefálico con técnica de perforacion-forage aislada en los estadios iniciales de la necrosis aséptica (NA) de la cabeza femoral no traumatica y determinar su eficacia a largo plazo. Materiales y métodos: Desde junio de 1997 hasta junio de 2002 se trataron 56 caderas en 47 pacientes con NA de la cabeza femoral, agrupados por la clasificacion de Arlet y Ficat, modificada por Steinberg. Se incluyeron 32 varones y 15 mujeres, con una edad promedio de 39,6 años. Dieciocho pacientes presentaron enfermedad bilateral (11 eran asintomaticos). La tecnica quirurgica empleada, en todos los casos, fue la descompresion del núcleo cefalico aislada. Resultados: El seguimiento minimo fue de 30 meses (rango, 85-30 meses). Los pacientes fueron evaluados segun el puntaje de Harris (preoperatorio: 53 ± 14; posoperatorio: 79 ± 15). Se considero exito del tratamiento descompresivo cuando el paciente durante el seguimiento no requirió un segundo procedimiento terapeutico, conservo su cadera y realiza su actividad habitual sin dolor o con minimas molestias. Se obtuvo un resultado exitoso en 19 caderas del estadio I (82,61 por ciento), en 8 del estadio IIA (72,73 por ciento), en 5 del estadio IIB (55,56 por ciento), en 2 del estadio IIC (28,57 por ciento) y solo en 1 del estadio IIIA (16,66 por ciento). Conclusiones: La descompresion del nucleo cefalico es un procedimiento seguro, simple y de baja morbilidad que permite obtener un resultado significativo cuando se la utiliza en estadios iniciales del tratamiento de la NA no traumatica. Por lo tanto, para optimizar sus resultados es indispensable su pronto diagnostico y tratamiento, ya que su pronóstico es ostensiblemente mejor cuando se tratan lesiones pequeñas y en estadios precolapso de la cabeza femoral.

[Bilateral aseptic osteonecrosis of fernoral head in an HIV-infected patient]

The incidence of osteonecrosis has increased in HIV-infected patients. The femoral head is the most frequent localization and bilateral in the 60% of cases. Common risk factors include the use of corticosteroids, ethanol and the hyperlipidemia. We report one case of bilateral femoral head of osteonecrosis in an HIV-infected patient. A 40-years-old HIV-infected patient, with advanced immunodeficiency [CD4+ cell count of 55/mm3]. His past medical history included cervical zoster, significant alcohol abuse, chronic smoking and use of corticosteroids by himself in 1992. He is currently treated with antiretroviral therapy combined Zidovudine, Lamivudine and Efavirenz. He was admitted to hospital in December 2003 with progressive bilateral hip pain and limp without fever. Osteonecrosis was diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging and skeletal scintigraphy .Laboratory test showed hypercholesterolemia, positive antiphospholipid and antinuclear antibody. He was treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Total joint arthroplasty was not realised due to severe immunodeficiency and high risk of infection. In accordance with the literature, the risk factors for osteonecrosis are multiple in our patient. This fact, a large vigilance is necessary among HIV-infected patients having a dyslipidemy and/or received corticosteroids

Osteonecrosis aséptica de la cabeza del fémur: desde la clínica / Femur head aseptic osteonecrosis: clinical view

La osteonecrosis aséptica de cabeza de fémur es una enfermedad de etiología multifactorial y tratamiento multidisciplinario. Presentamos nuestra casuística, enfatizando en los aspectos clínicos y etiopatogénicos. Consideramos que el médico generalista desempeña un rol trascendente en el diagnóstico precoz de esta enfermedad.

Enfermedad luxante de cadera: tratamiento con osteotomía de Salter seguimiento a largo plazo / Congenital hip dislocation: treatment with Salterïs osteotomy a long-term review

Diecinueve pacientes con 22 caderas luxadas congénitas fueron tratadas con reducción abierta y osteotomía de Salter del hueso innominado. El seguimiento clínico promedio fue de 24,7 años (rango entre 20,5 a 30,4 años), y el seguimiento radiológico promedio fue de 14,8 años (rango entre 5,9 a 24 años). Resultados excelentes y buenos se obtuvieron en 18 caderas (82 por ciento), utilizando el score de Gulman. El resultado radiológico fue excelente y bueno en 13 caderas (59 por ciento), según el score de Severin. Complicaciones: 6 caderas (27 por ciento) desarrollaron necrosis de la cabeza femoral tipo II de Bucholz y Ogden. Hubo un caso de infección profunda (4,5 por ciento). Nuestros hallazgos demuestran que la osteotomía de Salter proporcionan una mejoría real y persistente en pacientes con enfermedad luxante de caderas con displasia acetabular severa

Fatores prognóstico no tratamento da osteonecrose da cabeça femoral / Prognosis factors in the treatment of osteonecrotic femoral heads

Este estudo foi feito a partir de 91 quadris em 77 pacientes portadores de osteonecrose nao traumática da cabeça femoral. O tratamento consistiu na descompressäo e enxerto ilíaco, sendo os resultados avaliados clinicamente pelo Método de Merle D'Aubigné-Postel. Os possíveis fatores prognósticos foram analisados estatisticamente em relaçäo aos seguintes parâmetros: estagiamento, idade, sexo, etnia, etiologia e bilateralidade. As associaçöes significantes foram encontradas em relaçäo ao estagiamento e idade, que foram considerados fatores prognósticos.

Etiopatogenia de la necrosis avascular: importancia en reumatología / Avascular necrosis etiopathogenesis: rheumatology importance

La necrosis avascular (NA) es un problema importante que enfrenta el reumatólogo con mayor frecuencia. Su impacto es mayor en población joven con trascendentes implicaciones sociales y económicas. En la actualidad, quizás la mejor estrategia para disminuir esta patología es la prevención de los factores de riesgo. En este trabajo se presentan los conceptos etiopatogénicos más relevantes para lograr un mejor conocimiento que lleve a la prevención y manejo racional por parte del reumatólogo

Manifestaçöes reumáticas em pacientes submetidos a transplante renal / Rheumatic manifestations in patients submitted to renal transplantation

O estudo retrospectivo de 273 pacientes submetidos a transplante renal, no período compreendido entre julho de 1973 e novembro de 1989, revelou apenas 12 casos com manifestaçöes osteo-articulares, dada a reduzida prevalência de osteonecrose, justificada pela utilizaçäo de baixas doses de corticosteróides. Levando-se em conta que dois pacientes apresentaram mais de uma manifestaçäo, tem-se: quatro casos de artrite infecciosa; cinco com artralgias pós-transplante; três osteonecroses; uma artrite otosa e uma epifisiólise da cabeça femoral

Pyogenic arthritis of the hip due to Campylobacter fetus: a case report

Septic arthritis of the hip caused by Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetusis very rare. The authoris isolated C. fetus subsp. fetus from a specimen of the left hip. The patient was a 53-year old man with a history of heavy drinking, diabetes, and chronic hepatitis, and had been suffering from avascular necrosis of both femoral heads. It was considered that the organism invaded already damaged tissue of the joint. The patient was treated with intravenous antibiotics and later received successful total hip replacement.

Level of fetal hemoglobin as an indicator of clinical complications in sickle cell anemia

The fetal hemoglobin (HbF) level was used as an indicator of the development of severe clinical complications in 89 patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA). HbF was determined by the alkali denaturation technique. The mean HbF level was 6.7 + or - 4.2% (range, 0.7 to 19.2%) of total hemoglobin. Major organ failures were considered to be teerminal events of morbidity and included 8 cerebrovascular accidents, 13 aseptic necroses of the femoral head and 17 leg ulcer episodes. The characteristics of the test, including sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value were analyzed for different levels of HbF. The overall specificities were 76,76, and 85% for HbF levels >=8,10 and 12%, respectively. The sensitivity of the test was low. The positive predictive value reached 71% for children with HbF >=8%. The data suggest that HbF level may be a useful indicator of the possibility of a patient developing serious clinical complications

Enfermedad de Perthes y mielodisplasia / Perthes'disease and myelodisplasia

Se realiza el estudio clinicorradiográfico de 90 pacientes afectos de enfermedad de Perthes, el cual permitió llegar a una conclusión sobre la existencia de las relaciones entre la enfermedad de Perthes y algunas lesiones de la médula espinal (mielodisplasia). Se expresa que la enfermedad de Perthes es un signo de mielodisplasia y se plantea que como signos radiográficos de la mielodisplasia fueron encontradas diferentes alteraciones anatómicas de la columna vertebral baja, con las consiguientes alteraciones neurotróficas comprobadas por la prueba de yodo-almidón o prueba de Minor