Orbital lymphatic vessels: immunohistochemical detection in the lacrimal gland, optic nerve, fat tissue, and extrinsic oculomotor muscles / Vasos linfáticos orbitários: identificação imunohistoquímica na glândula lacrimal, no nervo óptico, no tecido adiposo e nos músculos extrínsecos oculomotores

ABSTRACT Purpose: To identify the lymphatic vessels in orbital specimens from human cadavers using light microscopy and immunohistochemical analysis. Methods: A postmortem study included 10 orbital specimens from 10 human cadavers. The orbital specimens were obtained no later than 12 hours after death. The orbital specimens were dissected into lacrimal gland, optic nerve, fat tissue, and oculomotor muscles. The histologic criteria to qualify as a lymphatic vessel were thin-walled channels of endothelium without a well-developed basal membrane and with an erythrocyte-free, irregular lumen. The immunohistochemical criteria were irregularly shaped, thin-walled vessels with an erythrocyte-free, irregular lumen and immunopositivity for podoplanin D2-40. Results: The lacrimal gland, optic nerve, fat tissue, and extraocular muscle sections were positively stained with podoplanin D2-40. Conclusions: This study demonstrated lymphatic vessels in the human orbit, more precisely, in the lacrimal gland, dura mater of the optic nerve, adipose tissue, and extrinsic oculomotor muscles via light microscopy and immunohistochemistry.(AU)

RESUMO Objetivos: Identificar vasos linfáticos em espécimes orbitários de cadáveres humanos através de microscopia óptica e análise imunohistoquímica. Métodos: Um estudo postmortem incluiu dez espécimes orbitários provenientes de dez cadáveres humanos. Todos os espécimes orbitários foram obtidos até 12 horas após a morte com uma técnica cirúrgica de exenteração orbitária e dissecados em glândula lacrimal, nervo óptico, gordura órbitária e músculos extraoculares. Para classificar como um vaso linfático, os critérios histológicos incluíram vasos endoteliais de parede única sem membrana basal bem desenvolvida, irregulares e lúmen sem hemácias, e os critérios imunohistoquímicos incluíram vasos endoteliais de parede única, com formato irregular e lúmen sem hemácias e reagentes a podoplanina D2-40. Resultados: As lâminas histológicas de glândula lacrimal, nervo óptico, tecido adiposo e músculos extraoculares reagiram positivamente a podoplanina D2-40. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou vasos linfáticos na órbita humana, mais exatamente, na glândula lacrimal, no nervo óptico, na gordura orbitária e nos músculos extrínsecos extraoculares via microscopia óptica e imunohistoquímica.(AU)

Estudio morfométrico del nervio óptico de tiburoncito (Ariopsis seemanni) / Morphological study of tete sea catfish (Ariopsis seemanni) optic nerve

En peces, el nervio óptico es el encargado de transportar la información integrada por las células ganglionares de la retina hacia el tectum óptico, para que se generen imágenes acerca del entorno. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir morfométricamente el nervio óptico del tiburoncito (Ariopsis seemanni), para lo cual se utilizó la Microscopía óptica de Alta Resolución (MOAR), realizando cortes a 1 micra de espesor. El nervio óptico de A. seemanni presenta fibras mielínicas de diverso calibre, acompañadas de oligodendrocitos y astrocitos. El nervio está cubierto por las meninges, que presentan vasos sanguíneos y adipocitos. El nervio tiene un área total de 179604 ± 30163 µm2, diámetro de 478 ± 42 µm y un número total de fibras mielínicas de 22848 ± 4350, de las cuales la mayoría tiene un tamaño pequeño, que puede estar relacionado con una velocidad de conducción baja.

The optic nerve carries out the information integrated by retinal ganglion cells towards the optic tectum, so that surrounding environment images are generated. The main goal of this paper is to describe morphometricaly the Tete sea catfish (Ariopsis seemanni) optic nerve, using high resolution optical microscopy (HROM), on 1 micron thick sections. A. seemanni optic nerve does present myelinated nerve fibers, accompanied by oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. The nerve is covered by the meninges, with blood vessels and adipocites. The nerve has a transversal area of 179,604 ± 30163 mm2, a diameter of 478 ± 42 mm and 22848 ± 4350 myelinated fibers, most are small in size, which may be related to a low conduction velocity.

HLA class I haplotypes and progression of primary open-angle glaucoma / Haplotipos HLA de classe I e progressão do glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto

PURPOSE: To verify if patients with primary open-angle glaucoma with HLA class I haplotypes (A9-B12, A2-B40, A1-B8) associated with this disease may have a greater rate of progression than patients who do not present these haplotypes. METHODS: Anatomical and functional glaucoma evaluation (cup-to-disc ratio and visual field) of 25 patients (six of them with one of the haplotypes associated with glaucoma) followed at the Glaucoma Outpatient Clinic of the University Hospital, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, São Paulo University (HCFMRP-USP) for ten years after typing of their HLA antigens in order to compare with their previous condition. RESULTS: A greater increase of the cup-to-disc ratio was observed in patients with HLA haplotypes associated with primary open-angle glaucoma predisposition. However, no significant differences in functional damage progression or in retinal nerve fibers loss were detected between them and other patients with glaucoma. CONCLUSION: The present results indicate an association of class I HLA haplotypes with progression of anatomic alterations of the optic nerve head in glaucomatous patients.

OBJETIVO: Verificar se pacientes com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto portadores de haplotipos HLA de classe I (HLA - A9-B12; -A2-B40; e -A1-B8) associados a essa doença poderiam ter progressão maior do que pacientes que não apresentassem esses haplotipos. Método: Avaliação anatômica e funcional de 25 pacientes (6 dos quais com um dos haplotipos associados a glaucoma), seguidos no Ambulatório de Glaucoma do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP), por dez anos depois da tipificação de seus antígenos HLA, para comparação com as condições anteriores. RESULTADOS: Houve aumento maior da relação escavação/disco em pacientes com haplotipos HLA associados com predisposição para glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto, no entanto não foram encontradas diferenças significantes entre esses e outros pacientes com glaucoma na progressão do dano fisiológico e nem na perda de fibras nervosas da retina. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados indicam a associação de haplotipos HLA de classe I com maior taxa de progressão das alterações anatômicas da cabeça nervo óptico em pacientes com glaucoma.

Normative data of optic nerve head in Thai population by laser scanning tomography: Siriraj study.

OBJECTIVE: To study the normative values of topographic optic disc parameters in a Thai population. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Two hundred and six eyes of 103 normal subjects aging from 30-80 years were studied Thirteen topographic disc parameters were analyzed by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope using Heidelburg retina tomography (HRT II). The average value of two eyes in the same subject was used as the unit of statistical analysis, and then the normal values and means were statistically calculated at 95% reference interval (95% RI). Ethnic differences of the calculated optic nerve topography were compared with previous studies. The relationship of age, intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), and optic disc parameters were assessed by Pearson correlation. RESULTS: Mean values with 95% RI of all 13 parameters were analyzed Whole parameters except cup volume demonstrated normal distribution. Mean value (95% RI) of disc area in normal Thai people was 2.67 mm2 (1.96, 3.71) which was larger than Caucasian people. Ethnic differences in topographic optic disc parameters were found among Thai and other races including Asians, Caucasians, African-Americans, and Hispanics. The results also revealed that age, IOP, and CCT had no significant relation to all optic disc parameters. CONCLUSION: Thai people had a larger optic disc area than Caucasians. There are marked differences of topographic optic nerve parameters among different ethnic groups. These differences need to be taken into account when evaluating glaucomatous optic neuropathy and when comparing results of studies completed among population of different ethnic and racial origins.

Anatomic variation of cranial parasympathetic ganglia

Having broad knowledge of anatomy is essential for practicing dentistry. Certain anatomical structures call for detailed studies due to their anatomical and functional importance. Nevertheless, some structures are difficult to visualize and identify due to their small volume and complicated access. Such is the case of the parasympathetic ganglia located in the cranial part of the autonomic nervous system, which include: the ciliary ganglion (located deeply in the orbit, laterally to the optic nerve), the pterygopalatine ganglion (located in the pterygopalatine fossa), the submandibular ganglion (located laterally to the hyoglossus muscle, below the lingual nerve), and the otic ganglion (located medially to the mandibular nerve, right beneath the oval foramen). The aim of this study was to present these structures in dissected anatomic specimens and perform a comparative analysis regarding location and morphology. The proximity of the ganglia and associated nerves were also analyzed, as well as the number and volume of fibers connected to them. Human heads were dissected by planes, partially removing the adjacent structures to the point we could reach the parasympathetic ganglia. With this study, we concluded that there was no significant variation regarding the location of the studied ganglia. Morphologically, our observations concur with previous classical descriptions of the parasympathetic ganglia, but we observed variations regarding the proximity of the otic ganglion to the mandibular nerve. We also observed that there were variations regarding the number and volume of fiber bundles connected to the submandibular, otic, and pterygopalatine ganglia.

[Vitreopapillary traction in non-arteritie anterior ischemic optic neuropathy]

To describe the association between optic disc traction and non-arthritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy [NAION].eighty three eyes of 83 patients with NAION were evaluated by optical coherence tomography [OCT] for detecting vitreous adhesion to the optic never head with separation form adjacent retina [partial posterior vitreous detachment]. Those who were negative for such adhesion underwent ultrasonography to detect complete PVD. Fifty male and 33 female subjects with mean age of 51.9 +/- 10yr were studied. Partial PVD with optic never head adhesion was found in 54 patients [65.1%] using OCT. Ultrasonography found complete PVD in all eyes with optically empty spaces in OCT. Vitreous traction on optic never head from PVD may play a causative role in some cases of NAION. This traction may impair vascular supply and axoplasmic flow leading to signs and symptoms of NAION

Las lecciones derivadas del ASA Closed Claims Project (ASACCP). Proyecto de la ASA acerca de las razones que promovieron demandas contra anestesiólogos cuyos casos estuviesen ya archivados. 5a. parte: Pérdida de la visión y otras complicaciones oculares del postoperatorio / Lessons learned from the ASA Closed Claims Project (ASACCP). ASA project about the reasons for wich claims against anesthesiologists were renewed in cases that had already been closed. Part 5: Loss of vision and other postoperative ocular complications

A pesar de ser la ceguera postoperatoria una complicación rara en la cual la neuropatía isquémica del nervio óptico parecer ser la causa predominante, ella se habría incrementado en los últimos tiempos, por lo menos en lo que respecta a la frecuencia con que aparece descripta en la literatura médica. El ASACCP, luego de analizar más de 5.800 expedientes cuyos juicios por presunta mala praxis estaban concluídos, descubrió que solamente el 3 por ciento de las demandas estaban relacionadas con amaurosis postoperatoria en cirugías no oftalmológicas. A partir de este estudio, y con el objeto de ahondar más en las causas de una complicación tan grave, en junio de 1999 la ASA formó una comisión especial dentro del ASACCP (ASA Closed Claims Proyect), el Postoperative Visual Loss Registry (PVLR) que elaboró un formulario para ser llenado, en forma anónima, por los miembros de la entidad cuando se enfrentan con un caso de lesión ocular postoperatoria. En este trabajo se analizan las causas dela ceguera postoperatoria y se describe su aparición durante distintos procedimientos quirúrgicos y anestésicos.

The normal optic nerve head on Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II.

PURPOSE: To study the characteristics of the optic nerve head using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope, the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II (HRT II), in a normal population and to determine the specificity of HRT II diagnostic indices in the study population. METHODS: The optic nerve heads from 275 consecutive, randomly selected normal subjects were imaged on HRT II. Stereometric parameters were studied with respect to baseline variables such as age, gender, refractive error and disc size. The stereometric parameters and the results of Moorfields regression analysis (MRA) and discriminant function analysis were recorded. RESULTS: The average disc size in the population under study was 2.34 +/- 0.47 mm2. Age and gender had no significant effect on stereometric parameters. Myopic discs were larger than hypermetropic discs. MRA had a specificity varying between 85.5% and 98.2% depending upon the criteria used to define an abnormal disc. The specificity of MRA decreased with increasing disc size. The RB (R Bathija) and FSM (F S Mikelberg) discriminant functions had specificities of 96.4% and 87.3% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Estimation of stereometric parameters of a normal disc can be used to indicate an abnormal one. Moorfields regression analysis and discriminant functions have a high specificity in our normal population; however caution must be exercised in interpreting the results for a disc area larger than 3 mm2.

Interocular comparison of nerve fiber layer thickness and its relation with optic disc size in normal subjects

We conducted an investigation of the relation between RNFL thickness and optic disc size along with an interocular comparison of optic disc size, RNFL thickness, and RNFL density in healthy subjects. A total of 64 normal eyes from 32 Korean volunteers were enrolled in this study. A GDx Nerve Fiber Analyzer with software version 2.0.09 was used to image all subjects. Optic disc size was measured by pi x (horizontal radius) x (vertical radius). The RNFL density of each quadrant was calculated by dividing each quadrant integral by the total integral. Optic disc size was positively correlated with the total RNFL thickness (r = 0.615, p < 0.01). Optic disc size and RNFL density were inversely related in the superior quadrant (r = -0.248, p < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between optic disc size and RNFL density in the nasal quadrant (r = 0.439, p < 0.01) and the temporal quadrant to a certain degree. A significant positive correlation was found between the right and left eyes in terms of total RNFL thickness in and that of each quadrant. Interocular RNFL density was positively correlated in both the temporal and nasal quadrants. These findings must be considered when one evaluates and compares RNFL measurements between two eyes as is often the case where both eyes are usually affected in the course of glaucomatous RNFL damage.

Valoración de la integridad del nervio óptico durante cirugía endoscópica de senos paranasales / Assesment of optic nerve integrity during endoscopic paranasal sinus surgery

La posibilidad de lesión del nervio óptico durante la cirugía endoscópica funcional de senos paranasales es real aunque afortunadamante poco frecuente en nuestro medio. No obstante es posible apreciar durante la cirugía asimetría en el tamaño de las pupilas, comúnmente asociado a hiporreactividad del reflejo fotomotor, lo que despierta gran ansiedad en el cirujano y su equipo. El presente artículo es una revisión de las bases anatómicas de los reflejos pupilares y de las pruebas clínicas que pueden determinar la integridad del nervio óptico.

Anatomía microquirúrgica y microvascular: el tríangulo optocarotídeo: consideraciones en cirugía vascular / Microsurgical and microvascular anatomy: the opto-carotid triangle: considerations in vascular surgery

La descripción del triángulo opto - carotídeo (TOC) es muy escasa en la literatura neuroquirúrgica, a pesar de ser un área importante en el manejo de patología vascular variada y frecuente. Con la introducción de nuevas tecnologías imagenológicas y la evolución en las técnicas microquirúrgicas y en cirugía de base de cráneo, es sumamente importante el conocimiento y definición de las áreas anatómicas relevantes en cirugía microvascular, incluyendo su descripción morfométrica. El TOC es un área anatómica que debe de ser abordada durante un importante número de procedimientos neurovasculares, así como para patologías no vasculares y que involucran la región.

La neuroglía en la retina y nervio óptico. Estudio histológico e histoinmunoquímico / The neuroglia within the retina and the optic nerve. Histological and histoinmunochemical essays

La neuroglía de la retina y del nervio óptico tiene un papel altamete especializado en la nutrición, el aislamiento, la polarización y conducción eléctrica de la neurona. En la retina y en el nervio óptico se cumple el requisito del binomio glio-neurona. El estudio comprende la neuroglía intrarretiniana, del nervio óptico, la marginal, la del menisco y de las barreras hematorretiniana, hematoencefálica y hematopial. Estos conceptos se apoyan en los estudios histoinmunoquímico y convencionales en la neuropatología

Síndrome cerebral perdedor de sal / Cerebral salt wasting syndrome

Introducción. El síndrome cerebral perdedor de sal (SCPS) es un trastorno hidroelectrolítico en pacientes con lesión cerebral, clasificado en ocasiones en forma errónea como síndrome de secreción inadecuada de hormona antidiurética (SSIHAD), ya que ambos presentan hiponatremias; sin embargo, sus manifestaciones clínicas y tratamiento son diferentes. Existen pocos informes de este síndrome en pacientes pediátricos. Caso clínico. Lactante de 9 meses con diagnóstico de astrocitoma pilocítico del nervio óptico, que en el cuarto día de postoperado presento deterioro neurológico, choque hipovolémico, hiponatremia, uresis y natriuresis aumentadas. Se descartó alteracion endocrina y renal. El tratamiento fue con reposición de líquidos y sodio. Conclusión. Se discute la importancia en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta entidad, así como las características clínicas con relación a las informadas en la literatura

Glioma del nervio óptico

Se presenta un revisión clínico-patológica de 8 casos de gliomas del nervio y quiasma ópticos. Seis de los casos ocurrieron en niños y dos en adultos. En dos casos se presentó síndrome diencefálico, uno de ellos se demostró en la autopsia. Se presentan los hallazgos histopatológicos, ultraestructurales e inmunohistoquímicos, con especial atención a las fibras de Rosenthal y a la proteína ácida gliofibrilar. Se menciona la utilidad del empleo de la microscopía electrónica e inmunohistoquímica en el diagnóstico diferencial de estas neoplasias.

Variaciones anatómicas en la microcirugía de la región selar / Anatomic variation in microsurgery of the sellar area

El presente trabajo muestra las variaciones antómicas de los nervios ópticos, en su longitud desde el quiasma óptico hasta su ingreso en el agujero óptico, las distancias entre los mismos; igualmente nos muestra los diferentes grados de apertura del diafragma selar y las diversas formas que adoptan. Se hace la propuesta de las razones de la invasión supraselar. Se hace la atención en las relaciones vasculares, nerviosas, meníngeas y óseas de la región.

Cupping of the optic disc in the jamaican population

The cup/disc ratio of the optic nerves of 289 normal eyes of 145 persons were studied. The frequency of wide physiological cups in a Jamaican group was compared with eight other groups. The Jamaican group had an incidence of wide physiologicval cups that exceeded that of the others by two or there times. This high incidence of wide cups in the normal Jamican population has profound implications for the management of glaucoma in Jamica. The high incidence of wide, non-glaucomatous, cupping can be explained on the basis of racial factors

Peculiaridades do glaucoma crônico simples / Peculiarities of chronic simple glaucoma

O autor apresenta diferentes comportamentos da lesão glaucomatosa tanto anatômica como funcional. Chama a atenção para a necessidade de se conhecer estes fatos para se compreender a moléstia glaucoma, na qual mais de um mecanismo de lesão devem estar envolvidos.