The neuroprotective effects of Lutongkeli in traumatic brain injury rats by anti-apoptosis mechanism

Purpose: To explore the neuroprotective effects of Lutongkeli (LTKL) in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and detect the related mechanism. Methods: TBI model was established with LTKL administration (2 and 4 g/kg/d, p.o.). Motor function of rats was examined by Rotarod test. Nissl staining was used to show neuron morphology. Furthermore, the disease-medicine common targets were obtained with the network pharmacology and analyzed with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Lastly, the predicted targets were validated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: After LTKL administration, neural behavior was significantly improved, and the number of spared neurons in brain was largely increased. Moreover, 68 bioactive compounds were identified, corresponding to 148 LTKL targets; 2,855 genes were closely associated with TBI, of which 87 overlapped with the LTKL targets and were considered to be therapeutically relevant. Functional enrichment analysis suggested LTKL exerted its pharmacological effects in TBI by modulating multiple pathways including apoptosis, inflammation, etc. Lastly, we found LTKL administration could increase the mRNA level of Bcl-2 and decrease the expression of Bax and caspase-3. Conclusions: This study reported the neuroprotective effect of LTKL against TBI is accompanied with anti-apoptosis mechanism, which provides a scientific explanation for the clinical application of LTKL in the treatment of TBI.

Modelagem celular in vitro da Doença de Huntington com ácido 3-nitropropiônico e ácido quinolínico & Avaliação das funções neuroprotetoras da adenosina / In vitro cell modeling of Huntington's Disease with 3-nitropropionic acid and quinolinic acid and evaluation of the neuroprotective functions of adenosine

A Doença de Huntington (Huntington's disease - HD) trata-se de uma patologia neurodegenerativa hereditária caracteriza por meio da expressão das proteínas huntingtinas mutantes (mHtt), das mortes dos neurônios espinhais médios (medium spiny neurons MSNs) GABAérgicos D2-positivos do striatum e da hipercinesia. Uma hipótese se refere à função das mHtts de potencializarem os efeitos excitotóxicos das estimulações dos receptores de NMDA (NMDAR) por meio da inibição da succinato desidrogenase, resultando em desequilibrio das [Ca2+]i, estresse oxidativo e apoptose. A adenosina agonista dos receptores purinérgicos P1 tem sido descrita por conta das suas funções neuroprotetoras e neuromodulatórias. Assim, estabelecemos dois modelos in vitro da HD fundamentados nas neurodiferenciações das linhagens murinas de célula-tronco embrionárias E14-TG2a e progenitoras neurais do hipocampo HT-22; seguidas pelos tratamentos com ácido quinolínico (QA) agonista seletivo dos NMDARs , na ausência e na presença do ácido 3-nitropropiônico (3-NP) inibidor irreversível da succinato desidrogenase. Estes modelos foram utilizados nas avaliações das funções neuroprotetoras da adenosina. Os neurônios pós-mitóticos das culturas de E14-TG2a diferenciadas foram caracterizados conforme os MSNs GABAérgicos do striatum; enquanto os neurônios HT-22 diferenciados foram caracterizados de modo inespecífico. Metodologia: imunofluorescência (microscopia e citometria); PCR em tempo real; análise das variações dos potenciais das membranas plasmáticas e das variações transientes das [Ca2+]i por microfluorimetria; e quantificações das reduções do AlamarBlue® (% de sobrevida celular) e das atividades extracelulares de LDH (U/L) (necrose) por espectrometria. Avaliamos a capacidade do 3-NP de potencializar os efeitos excitotóxicos do QA comparando dois grupos de neurônios HT-22 diferenciados: QA 8mM (EC50) (controle); e 3-NP 5mM/QA 8mM. Avaliarmos o potencial neuroprotetor da adenosina comparando quatro grupos de neurônios HT-22 diferenciados: QA 8mM; adenosina 250µM/QA 8mM; 3-NP 5mM/QA 8mM; 3-NP 5mM/adenosina 250µM/QA 8mM. Os neurônios pós-mitóticos derivados das E14TG2a foram classificados como MSNsGABAérgicos do striatum integrantes de uma cultura neuronal heterogênea semelhante às conexões nigroestriatais, corticoestriatais, striatonigral e striatopallidal. Os neurônios HT-22 diferenciados perfaziam uma cultura neuronal heterogênea, não totalmente madura, composta por neurônios glutamatérgicos, dopaminérgicos, colinérgicos e GABAérgicos. Os neurônios HT-22 diferenciados 3-NP 5mM apresentaram menores % de sobrevida celular após os tratamentos com QA 8mM por 24h (p<0.05); e maiores amplitudes das variações das [Ca2+]i dependentes do QA 8mM (p<0.05) (cinética 6 minutos). Por outro lado, os neurônios HT-22 diferenciados pré- tratados com 3-NP 5mM apresentaram menores atividades extracelulares de LDH após o tratamento com QA 8mM por 24h menor proporção de necrose. Os pré-tratamentos com adenosina 250µM indicaram uma tendência dos efeitos neuroprotetores (p>0.05) maiores % de sobrevida celular; menores atividades extracelulares de LDH; e menores amplitudes das variações transientes das [Ca2+]i. Em conjunto, nossos resultados indicam que a inibição da succinato desidrogenase potencializa os efeitos excitotóxicos dos NMDARs por meio da alteração das [Ca2+]i e, provavelmente, dos mecanismos de morte celular; enquanto a adenosina apenas tendeu à neuroproteção

Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative pathology characterized by mutant huntingtin proteins (mHtt) expression, striatum D2-positive GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs) cell death and hyperkinetic motor symptoms development. One hypothesis refers to the principle that mHtt potentiates the excitotoxic effects of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) stimulation by the inhibition of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase, resulting in [Ca2+]i imbalance, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Adenosine P1 purinergic receptor agonist is related to neuroprotective and neuromodulatory functions. Thus, we established two in vitro HD models based on the neurodifferentiation of murine embryonic stem cell lines E14-TG2a and hippocampal neuroprogenitor cell line HT-22 followed by treatment with quinolinic acid (QA) selective agonist of NMDARs , in the absence and in the presence of 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) irreversible inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. These models were used to assess the neuroprotective functions of adenosine. Post-mitotic neurons from differentiated E14-TG2a cultures were characterized according to striatum's GABAergic MSNs; while the differentiated HT-22 neurons were characterized in a non-specific way. Methodology included immunofluorescence (microscopy and cytometry); real-time PCR; analysis of variations in the plasma membrane potentials and of transient variations in the [Ca2+]i by microfluorimetry; and quantification of AlamarBlue® reductions (% cell survival) and of extracellular LDH activity (U/L) (necrosis) by spectrometry. We evaluated the ability of 3-NP to potentiate the excitotoxic effects of QA by comparing two groups of differentiated HT-22 neurons: 8mM QA (control); and 5mM 3-NP/8mM QA. We evaluated the neuroprotective potential of adenosine comparing four groups of differentiated HT-22 neurons: QA 8mM; 250µM adenosine/8mM QA; 5mM 3-NP/8mM QA; 5mM 3-NP/250µM adenosine/8mM QA. Postmitotic neurons derived from E14TG2a were classified as striatums GABAergic MSNs that are part of a heterogeneous neuronal culture similar to nigrostriatal, corticostriatal, striatonigral, and striatopallidal connections. Differentiated HT-22 neurons consisted of a heterogeneous neuronal culture and not fully mature glutamatergic,dopaminergic, cholinergic and GABAergic neurons. Differentiated HT-22 neurons following 5mM 3-NP treatment showed lower % cell survival after treatments with 8mM QA for 24h (p<0.05); and higher amplitudes of the variations of [Ca2+]i induced by 8mM QA (p<0.05) (kinetics 6 minutes). On the other hand, differentiated HT-22 neurons 5mM 3-NP showed lower extracellular LDH activities after treatment with 8mM QA for 24h indicating a lower proportion of necrotic cells. Pretreatments with 250µM adenosine indicated a trend towards neuroprotective effects, such as higher percentages of cell survival; lower extracellular LDH activities; and lower amplitudes of transient variations of [Ca2+]i. Taken together, our results indicate that succinate dehydrogenase inhibition potentiated the excitotoxic effects of NMDARs by altering [Ca2+]i and, probably, cell death mechanisms, while adenosine only to neuroprotection

Antidepressant-like effect of caffeic acid: Involvement of the cellular signaling pathways

Abstract Caffeic acid is a phenolic compound widely distributed in plants and beverages such as coffee. Although its mechanism of action is poorly understood, caffeic acid reportedly induces antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of cellular signaling pathways in acute antidepressant-like effect induced by caffeic acid in mice. All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of the UNIVALI n. 021/2013. Female Swiss mice were administered with vehicle, caffeic acid (5 mg/ kg, p.o.), inhibitor (H-89, U0126, chelerythrine, or PD9859, i.c.v.) or caffeic acid plus inhibitor. The behavioral effects were evaluated 1h after the administration of compounds to mice using tail suspension test (TST) and open field test (OFT). The results showed that the antidepressant- like effect of caffeic acid in mice was possibly mediated by the activation of PKA, MEK 1/2, PKC and MAPK (as assessed using TST), without compromising their locomotor activity (as assessed using OFT). Our results demonstrated, at least in part, the pathways involved in the neuroprotective and behavioral effects of caffeic acid.

Oxiracetam ameliorates cognitive deficits in vascular dementia rats by regulating the expression of neuronal apoptosis/autophagy-related genes associated with the activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

Oxiracetam (ORC) is a commonly used nootropic drug for improving cognition and memory impairments. The therapeutic effect and underlying mechanism of ORC in vascular dementia (VaD) treatment remain unknown. In this study, 3-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion-induced VaD were treated orally with low (100 mg/kg) or high (200 mg/kg) dose ORC once a day for 4 weeks. The results of the Morris water maze test and Nissl staining showed that ORC treatment significantly alleviated learning and memory deficits and neuronal damage in rats with VaD. Mechanistically, the protein levels of a panel of genes associated with neuronal apoptosis (Bcl-2, Bax) and autophagy (microtubule-associated protein 1 chain 3, Beclin1, p62) were significantly altered by ORC treatment compared with VaD, suggesting a protective role of ORC against VaD-induced neuronal apoptosis and autophagy. Moreover, the Akt/mTOR pathway, which is known to be the upstream signaling governing apoptosis and autophagy, was found to be activated in ORC-treated rats, suggesting an involvement of Akt/mTOR activation in ORC-rendered protection in VaD rats. Taken together, this study demonstrated that ORC may alleviate learning and memory impairments and neuronal damage in VaD rats by altering the expression of apoptosis/autophagy-related genes and activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in neurons.

Neuroprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum on spinal cord injury / Efectos neuroprotectores de Ganoderma lucidum en la lesión de la médula espinal 1

SUMMARY: Traumatic injury to the spinal cord results in the delayed dysfunction and neuronal death. Impaired mitochondrial function, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lipid peroxidation occur soon after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), while the activation of compensatory molecules that neutralize ROS occurs at later time points. The aim of the current study was to investigate the putative neuroprotective effect of Ganoderma lucidum in a rat model of SCI. In order to induce SCI, a standard weight-drop method that induced a moderately severe injury (100 g/cm force) at T10, was used. Injured animals were given either 20 mL/kg Ganoderma lucidum or saline 30 min post injury per day by gastric gavage. At seven days postinjury, rats were decapitated. Spinal cord samples were taken for histological examination or determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. SCI caused a significant decrease in spinal cord GSH content, which was accompanied with significant increases in MDA levels, MPO activity. On the other hand, Ganoderma lucidum treatment reversed all these biochemical parameters as well as SCI-induced histopathological alterations. Furthermore, impairment of the neurological functions due to SCI was improved by meloxicam treatment. The present study suggests that Ganoderma Lucidum, reduces SCI-induced oxidative stress and exerts neuroprotection by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, GSH depletion.

RESUMEN: La lesión traumática de la médula espinal provoca disfunción retrasada y muerte neuronal. La función mitocondrial deteriorada, la generación de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ERO) y la peroxidación lipídica ocurren poco después de una lesión traumática de la médula espinal (LTE), mientras que la activación de moléculas compensatorias que neutralizan ERO ocurre posteriormente. El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar el efecto neuroprotector de Ganoderma lucidum en un modelo de LTE en ratas. Con el fin de inducir LTE, se utilizó un método estándar de pérdida de peso que indujo una lesión moderadamente grave (100 g / cm de fuerza) a T10. A los animales lesionados se les administró 20 ml / kg de Ganoderma lucidum o solución salina, por sonda gástrica, 30 minutos después de la lesión. A los siete días después de la lesión, las ratas fueron eutanasiadas por decapitación. Se tomaron muestras de médula espinal para el examen histológico y para la determinación de los niveles de malondialdehído (MDA) y glutatión (GSH), y la actividad de mieloperoxidasa (MPO). LTE causó una disminución significativa en el contenido de GSH de la médula espinal, además de aumentos significativos en los niveles de MDA y la actividad de MPO. Por otro lado, el tratamiento con Ganoderma lucidum invirtió todos estos parámetros bioquímicos así como las alteraciones histopatológicas inducidas por LTE. El deterioro de las funciones neurológicas debidas a LTE mejoró con el tratamiento con meloxicam. El presente estudio sugiere que Ganoderma lucidum, reduce el estrés oxidativo inducido por LTE y ejerce la neuroprotección mediante la inhibición de la peroxidación de los lípidos y agotamiento del GSH.

Protective effect and mechanism of Lactobacillus on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats

The present study was designed to investigate the protective effects and mechanism of inactivated lactobacillus (ILA) on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI) in rats. In this experiment, 30 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group, IRI groups, and ILA group. A middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion model was prepared. The rats were killed after 24 hours of recovery of blood flow of cerebral ischemia resulting from 60-min occlusion. The cerebral infarction volume and neurological scores were assayed by staining and behavioral observation. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were assayed by biochemical kits. Cell apoptosis was assayed by Tunnel and the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, IkB, and A20 were assayed by western blot. The neurobehavioral scores in IRI rats were significantly lower compared to the control group while ILA improved the neurobehavioral scores of the ILA groups. The cerebral infarction volume and neural cell apoptosis of rats in the ILA groups decreased significantly compared with those in the IRI group. In addition, MDA level in the ILA groups decreased whereas SOD activity increased compared to the IRI group. Moreover, ILA also inhibited the expression of TLR-4 and promoted the expression of IkB and A20. ILA inhibited the apoptosis of neural cells, decreased cerebral infarction volume, and reduced oxidative stress through inhibition of TLR-4/NF-kappa B signaling, improving neurobehavioral scores. Thus from the present study it was concluded that ILA has protective effect on CIRI.

Necesidad de reanimación en prematuros menores de 32 semanas expuestos a sulfato de magnesio para neuroprotección fetal / Need for resuscitation in preterm neonates less than 32 weeks treated with antenatal magnesium sulphate for neuroprotection

Introducción: El empleo de sulfato de magnesio para neuroprotección fetal es un tratamiento cada vez más frecuente. Objetivo: Estudiar la asociación entre sulfato de magnesio administrado a la gestante y la necesidad de reanimación neonatal. Pacientes y método: Estudio prospectivo de un grupo de prematuros menores de 32 semanas expuestos al sulfato de magnesio como neuroprotector y otro grupo retrospectivo inmediatamente anterior al inicio de este tratamiento. En ambos grupos se descartaron los casos que no habían recibido maduración pulmonar con corticoides. Se analizaron y compararon el porcentaje de reanimación y diferentes comorbilidades. Resultados: Se incluyó a 107 prematuros, 56 expuestos al sulfato de magnesio. El porcentaje de reanimación avanzada fue similar en ambos grupos. No se encontraron diferencias en mortalidad, ventilación mecánica invasiva, tiempo de la primera deposición y otras comorbilidades. Conclusiones: El sulfato de magnesio para neuroprotección no aumenta de forma significativa la necesidad de reanimación de los prematuros menores de 32 semanas.

Introduction: Magnesium sulphate administration is recommended for foetal neuroprotection in pregnant women at imminent risk of early preterm birth. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between intrapartum magnesium sulphate for foetal neuroprotection and delivery room resuscitation of preterm infants less 32 weeks. Patients and method: A prospective observational study was conducted on preterm infants less 32 weeks exposed to magnesium sulphate for neuroprotection, and a comparison made with another historic group immediately before starting this treatment. Cases in both groups that had not reached lung maturity with corticosteroids were rejected. The rates of resuscitation, morbidity and mortality for each of the groups were analysed and compared. Results: There was a total of 107 preterm, with 56 exposed to magnesium sulphate. Rate of advanced resuscitation were similar between the two groups. There were no other differences in mortality, invasive mechanical ventilation, time to first stool, and other comorbidities. Conclusions: Intrapartum magnesium sulphate for foetal neuroprotection was not associated with an increased need for intensive delivery room resuscitation and other morbidities in these cohorts of less than 32 weeks preterm infants.

Ursolic acid attenuates beta-amyloid-induced memory impairment in mice / Ácido ursólico atenua a perda de memória induzida por beta-amilóide em ratos

ABSTRACT Objective Increasing evidence demonstrates that oxidative stress and inflammatory are involved in amyloid β (Aβ)-induced memory impairments. Ursolic acid (UA), a triterpenoid compound, has potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. However, it remains unclear whether UA attenuates Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Method The aggregated Aβ25-35 was intracerebroventricularly administered to mice. Results We found that UA significantly reversed the Aβ25-35-induced learning and memory deficits. Our results indicated that one of the potential mechanisms of the neuroprotective effect was attenuating the Aβ25-35-induced accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and depletion of glutathione (GSH) in the hippocampus. Furthermore, UA significantly suppressed the upregulation of IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis-α factor levels in the hippocampus of Aβ25-35-treated mice. Conclusion These findings suggest that UA prevents memory impairment through amelioration of oxidative stress, inflammatory response and may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

RESUMO Objetivo Há evidências crescentes de que o estresse oxidativo e a inflamação estão envolvidos na perda de memória induzida pelo peptídeo beta-amilóide (βA). O ácido ursólico (AU), um composto triterpenóide, apresenta atividades anti-inflamatórias e antioxidantes potentes. Entretanto, não se sabe ainda se o AU atenua a neurotoxicidade induzida pelo βA. Método O agregado βA 25-35 foi administrado aos ratos por via intracerebroventricular. Resultados Observou-se que o AU reverteu significativamente os déficits de aprendizado e de memória induzidos pelo βA 25-35. Portanto, um dos potenciais mecanismos do efeito neuroprotetor seria a atenuação do acúmulo de malondialdeído e a depleção de glutationa no hipocampo induzidos pelo βA 25-35. Além disso, o AU suprimiu significativamente a supra regulação dos níveis de IL-1β, IL-6 e do fator de necrose tumoral α no hipocampo dos ratos tratados com βA 25-35. Conclusão Esses achados sugerem que o AU previne a perda de memória através da melhora do estresse oxidativo e da resposta inflamatória, podendoproporcionar uma nova estratégia terapêutica para o tratamento da doença de Alzheimer.

Homocysteine induces glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase acetylation and apoptosis in the neuroblastoma cell line Neuro2a

High plasma levels of homocysteine (Hcy) promote the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanism by which Hcy mediates neurotoxicity has not been elucidated. We observed that upon incubation with Hcy, the viability of a neuroblastoma cell line Neuro2a declined in a dose-dependent manner, and apoptosis was induced within 48 h. The median effective concentration (EC50) of Hcy was approximately 5 mM. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) nuclear translocation and acylation has been implicated in the regulation of apoptosis. We found that nuclear translocation and acetylation of GAPDH increased in the presence of 5 mM Hcy and that higher levels of acetyltransferase p300/CBP were detected in Neuro2a cells. These findings implicate the involvement of GAPDH in the mechanism whereby Hcy induces apoptosis in neurons. This study highlights a potentially important pathway in neurodegenerative disorders, and a novel target pathway for neuroprotective therapy.

Propentofylline reverses delayed remyelination in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Objective The diabetic state induced by streptozotocin injection is known to impair oligodendroglial remyelination in the rat brainstem following intracisternal injection with the gliotoxic agent ethidium bromide (EB). In such experimental model, propentofylline (PPF) recently showed to improve myelin repair, probably due to its neuroprotective, antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of PPF administration in diabetic rats submitted to the EB-demyelinating model. Materials and methods Adult male rats, diabetic or not, received a single injection of 10 microlitres of 0.1% EB solution into the cisterna pontis. For induction of diabetes mellitus the streptozotocin-diabetogenic model was used (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal route – IP). Some diabetic rats were treated with PPF (12.5 mg/kg/day, IP route) during the experimental period. The animals were anesthetized and perfused from 7 to 31 days after EB injection and brainstem sections were collected for analysis of the lesions by light and transmission electron microscopy. Results Diabetic rats injected with EB showed larger amounts of myelin-derived membranes in the central areas of the lesions and considerable delay in the remyelinating process played by surviving oligodendrocytes and invading Schwann cells after the 15th day. On the other hand, diabetic rats that received PPF presented lesions similar to those of non-diabetic animals, with rapid remyelination at the edges of the lesion site and fast clearance of myelin debris from the central area. Conclusion The administration of PPF apparently reversed the impairment in remyelination induced by the diabetic state. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2015;59(1):47-53 .

The anticonvulsant effect of geraniol and inclusion complex geraniol: beta-cyclodextrin / El efecto anticonvulsivo de geraniol y la inclusión de geraniol complejo: beta-ciclodextrina

Geraniol (GR) is an acyclic monoterpene alcohol present in essential oils of aromatic plant species used in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of epilepsy. The present study was designed to evaluate the anticonvulsant effect of GR and of the inclusion complex geraniol:beta-cyclodextrin (GR:beta-CD). Mice were treated with GR or with GR:beta-CD (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) 30 min before pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) or strychnine (STN). GR at 200 mg/kg and GR:beta-CD at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly increased the latency for the first PTZ-induced convulsion and reduced the percentage of animals that convulsed. The pretreatment of flumazenil did not revert the anticonvulsant effect of GR in the PTZ-induced convulsion model. In the STN-induced convulsion model, the effects of GR were investigated and no difference was found against control. The results demonstrated an anticonvulsant activity of GR in the PTZ-model, which was potentialized by the complexation with beta-CD...

Geraniol (GR) es un alcohol monoterpeno acíclico presentes en los aceites esenciales de las especies de plantas aromáticas utilizadas en la medicina popular brasileña para el tratamiento de la epilepsia. El presente estudio fue diseñado para evaluar el efecto anticonvulsivo del GR y de la inclusión de geraniol complejo: beta-ciclodextrina (GR:beta-CD). Los ratones fueron tratados con GR o con GR:beta- CD (50, 100 y 200 mg/kg) 30 minutos antes de pentylenotetrazole (PTZ) o strichinine (STN). GR a 200 mg/kg y GR:beta-CD en las dosis de 100 y 200 mg/kg aumentó significativamente la latencia para la primera convulsión inducida PTZ-y redujo la porcentaje de animales que convulsionó. El tratamiento previo de flumazenil no revirtió el efecto anticonvulsivo de GR en el modelo de convulsión inducida con PTZ. En el modelo de convulsión inducida com STN, los efectos de GR fueron investigados y no se encontró ninguna diferencia contra el control. Los resultados demostraron una actividad anticonvulsiva de geraniol en el modelo de PTZ, que fue potenciada por la formación de complejos con beta-CD...

Topical Prostaglandin Analogue Drugs Inhibit Adipocyte Differentiation

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of topical prostaglandin analogue drugs on the differentiation of adipocytes. METHODS: Differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was induced with isobutylmethylxanthine, dexamethasone, and insulin. 3T3-L1 cells were exposed to 0.008, 0.08, 0.2 microM of latanoprost and travoprost. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for mRNA expression of lipoprotein lipase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPARgamma2), and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) assays were performed to examine the effects on early and late differentiation, respectively. Also, glycerol assays were done to evaluate the effect of prostaglandin analogues on lipolysis after differentiation. RESULTS: Both prostaglandin analogues inhibited differentiation of preadipocytes. Topical prostaglandin analogues significantly decreased G3PDH activity, a marker of late differentiation. However, topical prostaglandin analogues did not change mRNA expressions of lipoprotein lipase and PPARgamma2, markers of early differentiation. The activities of the early markers of differentiation were not changed significantly before and after growth arrest. Compared to latanoprost, travoprost decreased G3PDH activity more significantly (p 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Prostaglandin analogues display an inhibitory effect on the differentiation of adipocytes when the cells start to differentiate especially in the late stage of differentiation. Thus, commercial topical prostaglandin analogues may decrease the fat contents of eyelids.

Effect of melatonin on the functional recovery from experimental traumatic compression of the spinal cord

Spinal cord injury is an extremely severe condition with no available effective therapies. We examined the effect of melatonin on traumatic compression of the spinal cord. Sixty male adult Wistar rats were divided into three groups: sham-operated animals and animals with 35 and 50% spinal cord compression with a polycarbonate rod spacer. Each group was divided into two subgroups, each receiving an injection of vehicle or melatonin (2.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) 5 min prior to and 1, 2, 3, and 4 h after injury. Functional recovery was monitored weekly by the open-field test, the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor scale and the inclined plane test. Histological changes of the spinal cord were examined 35 days after injury. Motor scores were progressively lower as spacer size increased according to the motor scale and inclined plane test evaluation at all times of assessment. The results of the two tests were correlated. The open-field test presented similar results with a less pronounced difference between the 35 and 50% compression groups. The injured groups presented functional recovery that was more evident in the first and second weeks. Animals receiving melatonin treatment presented more pronounced functional recovery than vehicle-treated animals as measured by the motor scale or inclined plane. NADPH-d histochemistry revealed integrity of the spinal cord thoracic segment in sham-operated animals and confirmed the severity of the lesion after spinal cord narrowing. The results obtained after experimental compression of the spinal cord support the hypothesis that melatonin may be considered for use in clinical practice because of its protective effect on the secondary wave of neuronal death following the primary wave after spinal cord injury.

The promise of omega-3 against sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: until further notice, it remains innocent, until proven guilty / Promessa do ômega-3 contra a morte súbita em epilepsia: até segunda ordem, continua inocente, até que se prove o contrário

The present paper highlighted the importance of the recommended levels of fish consumption or omega-3 supplementation in order to minimize the frequency of seizures in people with uncontrolled epilepsy and, especially, to reduce the occurrence of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP).

O presente trabalho destacou a importância dos níveis recomendados de consumo de peixe ou suplementação de ômega-3 com o intuito de minimizar a frequência de crises epilépticas em pessoas com epilepsia refratária e, especialmente, de reduzir a ocorrência de morte súbita inesperada em epilepsia (SUDEP).

Sulfato de magnesio y protección neuronal prenatal / Magnesium sulfate for prenatal neuroprotection

Antecedentes: la prematuridad es importante factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de parálisis cerebral (PC). El Sulfato de Magnesio (MgSO4) se ha planteado como una estrategia para reducir el riesgo de PC en recién nacidos por debajo de las 34 semanas de gestación. Objetivo: precisar con la evidencia disponible, la validez del uso del MgSO4 para protección neuronal prenatal en embarazadas en riesgo de parto pretér-mino (PP) inminente. Método: se revisaron las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, Scielo y OvidSP en búsqueda de estudios clínicos y epidemiológicos, revisiones sistemáticas, consensos y meta análisis. Se realizó revisión temática de los artículos que cumplieron los criterios de selección. Resultados: experimentos en modelos animales mostraron la posibilidad que el MgSO4 fuese protector neuronal. Estudios observacionales señalaron la posible asociación entre la exposición fetal al MgS04 y reducción en morbilidad neurológica en nacidos pretérmino (NP). Cinco ensayos clínicos entre 2002-2008, individualmente no mostraron datos concluyentes. En el 2009 se publicaron tres metaanálisis, basados en esos mismos ensayos y mostraron significativa reducción de PC en NP expuestos prenatalmente al MgSO4. Conclusión: existe evidencia para recomendar MgSO4 para protección neuronal prenatal antes de las 34 semanas de embarazo y con riesgo inminente de PP, aunque no está definida la dosis óptima. Se recomienda aplicar hasta el parto o por 12-24 horas.

Background: prematurity is a leading risk factor for development of cerebral palsy (CP). The use of Magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) has been proposed as a strategy to reduce the risk of cerebral palsy in preterm infants less than 34 weeks of gestation. Aims: to assess the best available evidence in order to validate the use of MgSO4 for prenatal neuroprotection in pregnant women at risk of imminent preterm delivery. Methods: we searched the PubMed, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, Scielo and OvidSP databases for clinical and epidemiological studies, systematic reviews, consensus and meta-analysis about the use of Magnesium sulphate to prevent cerebral palsy. Thematic review was conducted of articles that met the selection criteria. Results: experiments in animal models showed properties of MgSO4 for neuroprotection. Observational studies indicated the possible association between fetal exposures to MgS04 and reduced neurological morbidity in PP. Five clinical trials between 2002 and 2008 showed no conclusive data individually. In 2009, three meta-analysis showed significant reduction of cerebral palsy in MgSO4 exposed preterm infants. Conclusion: there is evidence to recommend the use of MgSO4 for prenatal neuroprotection before 34 weeks of pregnancy and imminent risk of preterm birth. It is unclear the optimal dose of MgSO4; is recommended until delivery or by 12-24 hours.

Retinal protective effects of topically administered agmatine on ischemic ocular injury caused by transient occlusion of the ophthalmic artery

Agmatine, an endogenous polyamine and putative neuromodulator, is known to have neuroprotective effects on various neurons in the central nervous system. We determined whether or not topically administered agmatine could reduce ischemic retinal injury. Transient ocular ischemia was achieved by intraluminal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery of ddY mice (30-35 g) for 2 h, which is known to also induce occlusion of the ophthalmic artery. In the agmatine group (N = 6), a 1.0 mM agmatine-containing ophthalmic solution was administered four times daily for 2 weeks before occlusion. In the control group (N = 6), a 0.1 percent hyaluronic acid ophthalmic solution was instilled at the same times. At 22 h after reperfusion, the eyeballs were enucleated and the retinal sections were stained by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Transient ocular ischemia induced apoptosis of retinal cells in the entire retinal layer, and topically administered agmatine can significantly reduce this ischemic retinal injury. The proportion of apoptotic cells was definitely decreased (P < 0.001; Kruskal-Wallis test). Overall, we determined that topical agmatine application effectively decreases retinal damage in an in vivo ocular ischemic injury model. This implies that agmatine is a good candidate as a direct neuroprotective agent for eyes with ocular ischemic diseases.

Protective effects of transduced Tat-DJ-1 protein against oxidative stress and ischemic brain injury

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to the development of a number of neuronal diseases including ischemia. DJ-1, also known to PARK7, plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, acting as molecular chaperone and antioxidant. In the present study, we investigated whether DJ-1 protein shows a protective effect against oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death in vitro and in ischemic animal models in vivo. To explore DJ-1 protein's potential role in protecting against ischemic cell death, we constructed cell permeable Tat-DJ-1 fusion proteins. Tat-DJ-1 protein efficiently transduced into neuronal cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Transduced Tat-DJ-1 protein increased cell survival against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) toxicity and also reduced intracellular ROS. In addition, Tat-DJ-1 protein inhibited DNA fragmentation induced by H2O2. Furthermore, in animal models, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Tat-DJ-1 protein prevented neuronal cell death induced by transient forebrain ischemia in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. These results demonstrate that transduced Tat-DJ-1 protein protects against cell death in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that the transduction of Tat-DJ-1 may be useful as a therapeutic agent for ischemic injuries related to oxidative stress.

Neuroprotective potential of ethanolic extract of Pseudarthria viscida (L) Wight and Arn against -amyloid(25-35)-induced amnesia in mice.

The neuroprotective potential of ethanolic extract of roots of Pseudarthria viscida (L) Wight and Arn (EEPV) was investigated against -amyloid(25-35)-induced amnesia in mice which is a suitable animal model for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The senile plaques of -amyloid (A) are major constituents accumulated during the progression of AD as a potent neurotoxicant. In our investigation, intracerebroventricular injection of A(25-35) in mice induced the neurodegeneration, exhibited the increased time of escape latency in behavioral pattern using water maze and decreased the levels of antioxidants namley superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and vitamin C with elevated level of acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE). The neuroprotective potential of EEPV was determined by behavioral pattern using water maze and biochemical parameters such as SOD, CAT and GPx and vitamin C content as well as AChE. Mice were treated with EEPV at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses for 21 days. Except control, all animals received a single injection of neurotoxicant A(25-35) on 14th day. In behavioural assessment, treatment with ethanolic extract improved the cognitive function in the water maze and attenuated the elevated levels of AChE with increase in antioxidant enzymes, indicating the neuroprotection with increased levels of vitamin C. These findings suggest that ethanolic extract of P. viscida exerts anti-amnesiac effects and enhances cognitive function.

The utility of omega-3 fatty acids in epilepsy: more than just a farmed tilapia! / A utilidade do ácido graxo ômega-3 na epilepsia: mais do que uma criação de tilápias!

The epilepsies are one of the most common serious brain disorders and 20 to 30 percent of people developing epilepsy continue to have seizures and are refractory to treatment with the currently available therapies. Approximately one in a 1000 patients with chronic epilepsy will die suddenly, unexpectedly, and without explanation, even with post-mortem examination and this phenomenon is called sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Understanding the mechanisms underlying SUDEP may lead to the identification of previously unrecognized risk factors that are more amenable to correction. We discuss here the possible implications of omega-3 fatty acids consumption on SUDEP prevention.

As epilepsias encontram-se entre as mais sérias doenças neurológicas; 20 a 30 por cento dos pacientes com epilepsia continuam apresentando crises e são refratários as terapias disponíveis atualmente. Aproximadamente um em cada 1000 pacientes com epilepsia crônica irá morrer de forma súbita, não esperada e sem explicação, mesmo com o exame pós-morte. Este fenômeno é denominado morte súbita e inesperada em epilepsia (SUDEP). Compreender os mecanismos envolvidos nos casos de SUDEP pode levar à identificação de fatores ainda não reconhecidos e passíveis de serem corrigidos. Discutiremos a seguir as possíveis implicações do consumo do ácido graxo ômega-3 na prevenção dos casos de SUDEP.