Methotrexate for sympathetic ophthalmia: A report of 3 cases

@#OBJECTIVE: To describe the visual and clinical outcomes of 3 patients with sympathetic ophthalmia treated with a combination of systemic steroids and methotrexate. METHODS: This was a small, descriptive case series. RESULTS: We reported 3 cases of post-traumatic sympathetic ophthalmia treated with steroids and methotrexate. Two patients had inciting eyes with no light perception on presentation, while one had a best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of counting fingers. The initial BCVA of the sympathizing eyes ranged from 20/20 to 20/50. Control of ocular inflammation was achieved using methotrexate (12.5 to 15 mg weekly) in addition to oral steroids and topical therapy. The final BCVA of the sympathizing eyes ranged from 20/20 to 20/30, indicating that good visual outcomes were attainable with steroids and methotrexate as part of the maintenance regimen. None of the patients developed adverse side-effects from methotrexate. CONCLUSION: This small case series demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of methotrexate for control of intraocular inflammation in sympathetic ophthalmia.

Oftalmia simpática / Sympathetic ophthalmia

Resumo Relatar um caso de um paciente portador de Oftalmia Simpática (OS), com descolamento seroso da retina documentado através de tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio spectral (SD OCT), indocianina verde (ICG) e angiofluoreceinografia (AGF), que o diagnóstico foi realizado em uma consulta de rotina e iniciado tratamento clínico .

Abstract To report the case of a patient with sympathetic ophthalmia (OS), with serous detachment of retinal documented by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), indocyanine green (ICG) and angiofluorecephography (AGF). The diagnosis was made in a routine consultation and clinical treatment was initiated.

Mycophenolate Mofetil for Chronic Uveitis in Koreans

PURPOSE: To evaluate the therapeutic effect and safety of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on chronic uveitis in Korean patients. METHODS: This study included 25 patients with chronic uveitis who used MMF and were followed up more than 6 months in 2 referral centers from 2010 to 2014. The medical records were analyzed retrospectively. The therapeutic effect was assessed based on control of inflammation, corticosteroid sparing effects, and discontinuation of MMF, and the safety was assessed based on side effects. Control of inflammation was defined as no active inflammation observed on at least 2 consecutive visits 28 days apart or more. RESULTS: The 25 patients consisted of 18 males and 7 females. The mean age of the patients was 47.52 years. The etiology of uveitis was as follows: Behcet's disease in 15 patients (60%), Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease in 4 (16%), sympathetic ophthalmia in 2 (8%), systemic lupus erythematosus in 1 (4%), and idiopathic uveitis in 3 (12%). Anatomic classification was anterior uveitis in 20% and posterior uveitis or panuveitis in 80% of patients. Complete control of inflammation was achieved in 44% and 50% of patients within 6 months and 1 year, respectively. Systemic corticosteroid dosage was reduced to 10 mg of prednisone or less while maintaining sustained control of inflammation in 36% and 45% of patients for 6 months and 1 year, respectively. MMF was discontinued in 3 patients (12%) due to side effects and in 2 patients (8%) due to lack of effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: MMF was effective and side effects were uncommon when managing chronic uveitis in Korean patients.

Sympathetic Ophthalmia after Ocular Wasp Sting

No abstract available.

A Case of Sympathetic Ophthalmia after 23-Gauge Transconjunctival Sutureless Vitrectomy

No abstract available.

A Case of Sympathetic Ophthalmia after 23-Gauge Transconjunctival Sutureless Vitrectomy

No abstract available.

A Case of Sympathetic Ophthalmia due to Corneal Perforation in a Patient with Meningioma

PURPOSE: To describe a case of sympathetic ophthalmia due to corneal perforation caused by exposure keratitis in a patient with recurrent sphenoid wing meningioma. CASE SUMMARY: A 34-year-old female patient presented with proptosis in her left eye caused by left sphenoid greater wing meningioma despite tumor debulking surgery and radiation treatment. The cornea was perforated with prolapsed iris due to exposure keratitis, thus enucleation of the left eye was performed. After 2 weeks, an inflammatory reaction occurred in both eyes, keratic precipitates on corneal endothelium, exudative retinal detachment, and multiple granulomatous nodules on the right eye retina. The patient was diagnosed with sympathetic ophthalmia, thus enucleation of the left eye and debulking of the tumor were performed followed by a high-dose intravenous steroid therapy. At 5 months postoperatively, slit lamp biomicroscope showed no chamber reaction; improved disc swelling and exudative retinal detachment in the right eye were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Despite conservative treatment for exposure keratitis due to proptosis caused by malignant sphenoid meningioma, corneal perforation can develop. Because sympathetic ophthalmia can occur, the other eye should be monitored.

Glaucoma Surgery in Patients with Painful Blind Glaucomatous Eyes

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical outcome of glaucoma surgery performed in patients with painful blind glaucomatous eyes. METHODS: A single-center, retrospective, interventional case series was performed by reviewing the medical records of 74 glaucoma patients (74 eyes) who underwent Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implantation or trabeculectomy for painful blind eyes from October 2004 to January 2014. Blindness was defined as visual acuity less than hand motion at the time of surgery. Preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP), number of anti-glaucoma medications, and presence of pain were compared in the patients grouped according to the type of glaucoma surgery. The glaucoma type, history of previous glaucoma surgery and postoperative failure/complications were also evaluated. RESULTS: AGV implantation was performed in 42 eyes (56.8%) of 42 patients, and trabeculectomy was performed in 32 eyes (43.2%) of 32 patients. The average IOP decreased from 41.73 +/- 11.77 mm Hg before surgery to 14.29 +/- 9.34 mm Hg at five years after the surgery (p < 0.001, paired t-test). The IOP was not significantly different between the groups at any follow-up time point (p = 0.949, linear mixed model). Overall, three patients (4.1%) still experienced eye pain after surgery, IOP greater than 30 mm Hg was observed in eight eyes (10.8%), and additional surgery was required in 11 eyes (14.9%). Evisceration was required in only two eyes (2.7%). Sympathetic ophthalmia was not found in any patient during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Glaucoma surgery including AGV implantation/trabeculectomy was effective and safe even for painful blind eyes. The procedure may be considered as an alternative to enucleation as an initial surgical option for painful blind glaucomatous eyes.

Aspectos da tomografia de coerência óptica na oftalmia simpática: relato de caso / Optical coherence tomography aspects of sympathetic ophthalmia: case report

A oftalmia simpática é uma panuveíte granulomatosa que se inicia após trauma ocular. O prognóstico é reservado e depende do diagnóstico e tratamento precoces. Os autores descrevem um caso de paciente portador de oftalmia simpática no qual foi realizada tomografia de coerência óptica e instituído tratamento precoce, e sugerem que a tomografia de coerência óptica possa corroborar como exame subsidiário no estudo das características da retina de pacientes portadores dessa doença, especialmente em casos de apresentação rara, com descolamento seroso da retina, como manifestação oftalmológica isolada.

The sympathetic ophthalmia is a granulomatous panuveitis that starts after ocular trauma. The prognosis is poor and depends of both early diagnosis and treatment. The authors describe one case of a patient with sympathetic ophthalmia using optical coherence tomography who was submitted to early treatment, and it suggests that the optical coherence tomography can corroborate as a ancillary method in the study of retina characteristics in sympathetic ophthalmia disease specially in cases of rare presentation, with serous retinal detachment as an isolated ophthalmological manifestation.

Development of sympathetic ophthalmia following globe injury / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO), a rare, bilateral, diffuse granulomatous uveitis, usually occurs after open globe injury or intraocular surgery. We sought to identify the risk factors for the development of SO after open globe injury and describe their demographic and clinical features and outcomes of treatments.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A retrospective study of inpatients with globe injury in 15 tertiary referral hospitals of China from January 2001 to December 2005 was conducted. The information of demography, nature and mechanism of injury, time and ways of treatments and outcomes was reviewed. Diagnosis of SO was made based on a history of ocular trauma or surgery and subsequent development of bilateral or contralateral uveitis consistent with SO. Any association between related parameters and development of SO was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among 9103 patients (9776 eyes) of globe injury, SO occurred after open globe injury in 18 cases with an occurrence rate of 0.37%, vitrectomy of closed globe injury in 2 (0.37%) and perforation of burned eyes in another 2. For open globe injury, the median age ((36.72 +/- 13.59) years, P = 0.01) was higher in patients with SO; there were no significant effects of sexes, injury type, uvea proplaps, once or multi-intraocular surgery, once or multi-vitrectomy and endophthalmitis on incidence of SO; 0.70% endophthalmitis concurred with SO; 83.33% of SO occurred within 1 year after injury or last ocular surgery. SO developed in a fellow eye one week after evisceration of the perforating burned eye. Good final visual acuity was obtained in sympathizing eyes with prompt treatment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>For open globe injuries, SO sufferers were relatively older and any injury type could induce SO with equal possibility. The initial open globe injury was more likely to be the trigger of SO than subsequent intraocular surgeries including vitrectomy. Prophylactic enucleation after injury is not recommended.</p>

Sympathetic ophthalmia - histopathological correlation with fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography: case report / Oftalmia simpática - correlação da histopatologia com a angiografia por fluoresceína e indocianina verde: relato de caso

This study correlates fluorescein angiography (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) to histopathologic findings in a patient with sympathetic ophtalmia. A male with a perforated trauma in right eye presented after two months a decrease in visual acuity of the left eye. FA and ICGA were performed and the images were correlated with the histopathologic findings of the enucleated eye; FA showed background areas of homogeneous hypofluorescence in the arterial and venous phases, as well as areas of granular progressive hyperfluorescence and leakage from the optic disc. ICGA showed areas of hypofluorescence in the early and intermediate phases of the examination, which persisted until the late phase. During the early phase, there was also diffuse hypofluorescence caused by blockage that allowed observation of areas of partial choroidal circulation. The histopathology of the enucleated right eye showed diffuse choriocapillaris edema and inflammation of the choroids, focal areas of hyperplasia of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) as well as foci of epithelioid cells located between the choroid and the RPE. Furthermore, lymphocytic infiltration of the episcleral veins and retinal detachment were present. The hyperfluorescence observed on FA was correlated to retinal detachment and optic nerve inflammation. The hypofluorescence noted on FA and ICGA corresponded to the presence of blocking inflammatory cells (Dalen-Fuchs-like nodules) and to diffuse choriocapillaris edema.

O objetivo deste relato de caso foi correlacionar achados da histopatologia com a angiografia por fluoresceína (AF) e por indocianina verde (AIV) em um paciente com oftalmia simpática. Após dois meses de trauma perfurante no olho direito, o paciente apresentou baixa acuidade visual no olho esquerdo (OE). A AF do OE mostrou áreas de hipofluorescência homogênea na fase arterial e venosa, áreas de progressiva hiperfluorescência granular e vazamento do disco. A AIV mostrou áreas de hipofluorescência na fase inicial à tardia. A histopatologia foi realizada após evisceração do olho direito e demonstrou difuso edema da coriocapilar, inflamação da coróide, áreas focais de hiperplasia do epitélio pigmentar da retina, focos de células epitelióides entre a coróide e o epitélio pigmentar da retina, além da infiltração linfocitária das veias episclerais e descolamento de retina. A hiperfluorescência observada na AF foi correlacionada com o descolamento de retina e inflamação do nervo óptico. A hipofluorescência na AF e AIV correspondeu à presença de células inflamatórias (nódulos de Dalen-Fuchs) e edema coriocapilar difuso.

Recurrent neovascularization of the disc in sympathetic ophthalmia.

Sympathetic ophthalmia following parsplana vitrectomy is a known complication. We describe here a case of recurrent disc neovascularization in a patient of sympathetic ophthalmia. It promptly responded to steroids initially but later recurred with inflammation.

Sympathetic ophthalmia : a blinding complication of ocular injury.

Sympathetic Ophthalmia is a rare and blinding ocular complication due to ocular injury. This condition in a male patient aged 25 years, is reported. The role of early recognition and management of this condition to preserve good vision is discussed.

Choroidal neovascularization associated with sympathetic ophthalmia: case report

Paciente com oftalmia simpática (OS) desenvolveu neovascularização coroidiana (NVC) na região macular do olho simpatizado. A biomicroscopia do segmento posterior do olho afetado revelou uma pequena lesão branco-amarelada, discretamente elevada, localizada na região temporal à fóvea. Uma banda fibrosa ligava o disco óptico à lesão foveal. A angiografia fluoresceínica, a lesão revelou hiperfluorescência progressiva, com impregnação e extravazamento tardio do corante, achados esses característicos de uma cicatriz fibrovascular. Apesar de intenso tratamento com medicação imunossupressora, a acuidade visual final do paciente foi de 20/400. Embora raramente associada à oftalmia simpática a neovascularização coroidiana pode ocorrer e comprometer o prognóstico visual de um olho já debilitado. A melhor opção para o tratamento da neovascularização coroidiana em casos de oftalmia simpática ainda não está determinada.

Oftalmología Simpática / Sympathetic ophthalmia

La Osoftalmia Simpática (OS) o uveítis simpática es una condición inflamatoria que afecta a ambos ojos. Ocurre después de la injuria penetrante de uno de los ojos, con raras excepciones es el resultado de trauma o cirugía. El ojo injuriado es llamado excitador y el no traumatizado es llamado simpatizado. En el siglo pasado, la incidencia reportada era del 2/100 después de traumas penetrantes de ojo. En la primera y segunda guerra mundial los casos reportados fueron sumamente raros; en el 2000 estudios en Gran Bretaña e Irlanda reportaron una incidencia estimada de tres por cada 10,000,000 de casos de injuria ocular penetrante o cirugía. Siendo evidente que la OS es extremadamente infrecuente, pero con un alto riesgo de ceguera bilateral.

Azatioprina en el tratamiento sistémico de la oftalmia simpática / Azathrioprine in the systemic treatment of sympathetic ophthalmia

Evaluar la eficacia de la azatioprina en el tratamiento sistémico de la oftalmia simpática. Se realizo un estudio prospectivo en el que participaron 3 pacientes con diagnostico clínico y ecográfico de oftalmia simpática, en los que el uso de corticosteroides no proporciono los resultados esperados, por lo que se decide iniciar tratamiento con azatioprina. De los 3 pacientes estudiados, 100 por ciento fueron de sexo masculino, la edad promedio fue de 31 años, ojo rojo, visión borrosa, y dolor motivaron la consulta. El promedio de días entre el inicio de los síntomas y la primera consulta especializada fue de 20,6 días. Al ingreso se observo una uveítis granulomatosa. El tratamiento inicial fue con corticoesteroides a dosis de 1 mg/Kg/día, por 7 días no observándose mejoría de la agudeza visual y del proceso inflamatorio, por lo que se inicia tratamiento con azatioprina a dosis de 15 a 2 mg/Kg/día. El tiempo promedio de remisión de los síntomas al iniciar tratamiento fue de 1 mes, alcanzando el 100 por ciento de los pacientes una agudeza visual de 20/20. La azatioprina constituye una alternativa terapéutica viable, en aquellos casos en los que el tratamiento con corticoesteroides no proporcionen el resultado esperado, originando una mejoría considerable del proceso inflamatorio y de la agudeza visual

Enucleación vs evisceración. Lineamiento para la selección del procedimiento quirúrgico apropiado / Enucleation vs eviceration. Outlines in the selection of the proper surgical procedure

Uno de los temas de mayor controversia en el terreno de la oculoplástica a lo largo del siglo, es el de decidir con cuál de las técnicas quirúrgicas mutilantes del globo ocular _enucleación o evisceración _estamos haciendo lo mejor para el paciente. Muchos son los puntos que se han defendido a favor y en contra de cada una de ellas, y la mayoría de ellos, a lo largo de las décadas, han pasado de ser un dogma a una sugerencia más. En el presente artículo nos proponemos analizar el estado actual de la rehabilitación del anoftalmos, así como las condiciones que deben darse para lograr el resultado idóneo a largo plazo en el paciente y los factores que consideramos deben tomarse en cuenta para elegir un procedimiento quirúrgico determinado.

The rapeutic Effects of Low Dose Triple Agents Steroid, Cyclosporine and Azathiprineon Refractory Uveitis

Immunosuppressive agent has been used as a therapeutic agent for Endogeneous posterior uveitis[EPU]. But serious side effect of steriod or cyclosporine and frequent recurrence of ocular inflammation warrant the addition of other immunosuppressive agents. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effectiveness of low dose triple therapy using steroid, cyclosporine and azathioprine when combination therapy with steroid and cyclosporine had failed. We reviewed the records of 10 Behcet's patients[18 eyes]and 2 sympathetic ophthalmia patients[2 eyes]who had been resistant to steroid and cyclosporine combination therapy. The median follow up duration of triple therapy was 16.3 months. Recurrence, severity of inflammation, systemic manifestations associated with Behcet's disease, and side effect of therapeutic agents were evaluated. There was a significantly decrease in the frequency[0.37/month during pretriple therapy and 0.14/month after triple therapy]and severity of ocular inflammation[p<0.01]. The frequency and severity of systemic manifestations also decreased. Visual acuity remained stable in 7 eyes[35%]and improved in 13 eyes[65%]. No serious side effects or newly developed side effect were developed during triple therapy except reversible mild anemia in 1 patient. The results of our study suggest that triple agent immunosuppressive therapy is well tolerated and appears to be effective for the severe uveitis which is refraction to steroid and cyclosporine combination therapy.

Oftalmia simpática grave: relato de caso / Severe sympathetic ophthalmia: case report

Os autores apresentam um caso de oftalmia simpática grave pós-facoemulsificaçäo que foi tratado com imunossupressäo sistêmica e enucleaçäo do olho simpatizante. A paciente evoluiu com resoluçäo do quadro inflamatório e melhora da acuidade visual. Os autores discutem quadro clínico, diagnóstico, fisiopatologia e aspectos terapêuticos da oftalmia simpática.

Oftalmia simpática após traumatismo ocular contuso / Simpathetic ophthalmia

Os autores descrevem um caso de Oftalmia Simpática (OS) sem perfuraçäo ou rotura ocular evidente, com excelente evoluçäo com a corticoterapia. Discutem, com base na observaçäo do caso e na revisäo de literatura, a excepcionalidade da enucleaçäo nesta patologia