Osteonecrosis de la cabeza femoral e infección de VIH/sida en la epidemia de Cuba / Osteonecrosis of the femoral head and HIV/AIDS infection in the Cuban epidemic

Introducción: La osteonecrosis es un trastorno asociado al déficit de riego sanguíneo con isquemia en los vasos nutricios de los huesos interesados, causa dolor crónico y discapacidad funcional. Con el desarrollo de la epidemia de VIH, se aprecia un marcado incremento de esta afección. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia y caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente a los pacientes cubanos con VIH/sida que desarrollaron osteonecrosis. Métodos: Estudio analítico prospectivo de pilotaje en una serie de 285 pacientes adultos, con infección por HIV/sida atendidos en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí en la era posterior a la terapia antirretroviral (TARVAE), años 2003-2018. Los pacientes ofrecieron su consentimiento informado. Se evaluaron variables epidemiológicas consideradas factores de riesgo (estatus procoagulante, alcoholismo, tabaquismo, hipercolesterolemia e hiperlipidemia, consumo de esteroides, conteo de células T, CD4+ y drogas antirretrovirales). Resultados: La edad promedio de la serie fue de 41 años, con una supervivencia de 12 años, marcado predominio del sexo masculino y piel blanca. El modo de adquisición del VIH prevaleciente fue la vía sexual y de hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (67,3 por ciento). Tres pacientes desarrollaron osteonecrosis (1,05 por ciento), necrosis avascular de caderas (2 casos en la derecha y uno bilateral), con cambios radiográficos por esta afección. Entre los factores asociados, un paciente tenía hiperlipidemia, dos eran fumadores, uno consumía alcohol, y los tres tenían conteo de células T CD4+ de más de 200. Todos tenían instaurada la TARVAE con inhibidores de proteasas y de la transcriptasa inversa, incluido tenofovir. Conclusiones: En esta serie de 285 pacientes con VIH, hubo una baja frecuencia de osteonecrosis. No se establecieron relaciones causales entre los factores de riesgo reconocidos en la literatura, la TARVAE y la aparición de osteonecrosis. Queda por definir el papel desempeñado por la infección VIH per se en el desarrollo de esta complicación, o develar si existen otras variables no exploradas en este estudio(AU)

Introduction: Avascular Necrosis or Osteonecrosis (ON) is a process associated with the blood supply deficit with ischemia in the nutritional vessels of the interested bones determining chronic pain, functional disability. In recent years with the growing development of the HIV epidemic, a marked increase in this condition has been observed. Objective: To determine an characterize in the clinical and epidemiological order the Cuban HIV + patients, who developed ON in the context of the HIV epidemic in a series of 285 HIV + cases with highly effective ARV therapy including tenofovir. Methods: Prospective analytical pilot study in a series of 285 patients, with HIV-AIDS infection adults treated in the IPK of Cuba in the later era (years 2003-17) to high-efficiency ARV therapy (TARVAE). Patients diagnosed with HIV / AIDS who offered their informed consent to participate in the study were included, and the research was approved by the IPK Ethics Committee. Results: Average age 41 (15-71) years (p <0.05). Survival 12 years by studies of Kaplan and Maier. Marked male predominance with 230 (81 percent), 55 (19.2 percent) women, white skin color, and 50-59 age group with 146 (51.2 percent) (p <0.05); data similar to the rest of the Cuban population according to other COPCORD Epidemiological studies. (18) Sexual and HIVH prevalent HIV acquisition mode with 192 (67.3 percent). 154 (54 percent) had an undetectable viral load. We found 3 (1.05 percent) patients who developed ON, with an average age of 52 (40-61a), 2 patients in right hip, and one bilateral avascular necrosis of the hips, all with radiological changes of this condition. As associated FR, one patient had hyperlipidemia, another 2 smoker, and 1 alcohol, all 3 with CD4 + T cell count <200 And high viral load. All cases had TARVAE with protease inhibitors, and reverse transcriptase, including Tenofovir. Conclusions: Our report is aimed at showing a low frequency of ON in our series of 285 patients studied in the Cuban HIV epidemic. The hips were the sites of ON, with 1 patients bilateral involvement. Hyperlipidemia, tabaquism and alcohol were the principal risk factors presented and low level of CD4 + T cels, and high viral load. We were unable to establish causal relationships between the recognized risk factors reported in the literature, HAART and the appearance of ON, all of which leave the role played by HIV infection per se in the development of this complication, or the effects of other variables that we have not explored in this preliminary study(AU)

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in sickle cell disease in pediatric patients suffering from hip dysfunction / Osteonecrosis de la cabeza femoral en pacientes con anemia de células falciformes y disfunciones de la cadera en la infancia

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study is to verify the prevalence of avascular necrosis (AVN) in pediatric patients with sickle cell anemia and hip dysfunction, and to evaluate the presence of associated risk factors. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted in a group of 92 patients with sickle cell disease and hip dysfunction. Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics were collected, and laboratory variables were evaluated. All the subjects underwent radiographic and clinical evaluation of the hip. The participants were divided into two groups: the "AVN Group" consisting of patients with AVN, and the "Comparison Group" without AVN. Both groups were evaluated in search of factors associated with osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Results 43 (46.7 %) out of 92 individuals presented hip dysfunction, and 13 were diagnosed with AVN (30.2 %). Comparison between groups showed significant differences in time of diagnosis, previous trauma, presence of pain, and mean values of functional scores. Higher percentage rates of fetal hemoglobin, higher platelet counts and lower rates of total hemoglobin were perceived in the Comparison Group. Conclusions Pediatric patients with sickle cell anemia with hip dysfunction present a prevalence of 39.4 % of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. This was associated with a longer time of diagnosis (97 months), previous trauma in 92 % of patients, and a mean Charnley score of 15 points. Also, an association with lower rate of fetal hemoglobin (7.2 versus 11.8) was found, which supports the hypothesis that fetal hemoglobin may function as a protective factor against avascular necrosis.(AU)

RESUMEN Objetivo El objetivo de este estudio es confirmar la prevalencia de necrosis avas-cular (AVN) en pacientes con anemia de células falciformes, así como disfuncio-nes de cadera en la infancia, además de evaluar la presencia de factores de ries-go en estos individuos. Métodos Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en un grupo de 92 pacientes con enfermedad falciforme y disfunción de cadera. Se hizo una recolección de caracte-rísticas clínicas y sociodemográficas, y se realizó un análisis de las variables encon-tradas en laboratorio. Todos los sujetos se sometieron a evaluación clínica y radio-gráfica de la cadera, y fueron divididos en dos grupos: el "Grupo AVN" que consistía de pacientes con AVN y el "Grupo Comparativo" sin AVN. Se evaluó ambos grupos con el fin de encontrar factores asociados con la osteonecrosis de cabeza femoral. Resultados 43 (46.7 %) de los 92 individuos presentaron disfunción en la cadera y 13 de ellos recibieron un diagnóstico de AVN (30.2 %). La comparación entre los dos grupos mostró diferencias importantes en el tiempo de diagnóstico, trauma previo, presencia de dolor, y media de valores en los puntajes funcionales. El Grupo Com-parativo evidenció valores porcentuales más altos de hemoglobina fetal, así como un conteo de plaquetas más alto y valores menores de hemoglobina total. Conclusiones Entre los pacientes pediátricos con anemia falciforme y con disfun-ción de cadera se presenta una prevalencia de 39.4 % de osteonecrosis de cabeza femoral, lo que está asociado a un tiempo mayor de diagnóstico (97 meses), trau-ma previo en 92 % de los pacientes, y valores de puntaje medio de Chanrley de 15 puntos. También se encontró una asociación con valores menores de hemog-lobina fetal (7.2 versus 11.8), lo cual respalda la hipótesis de que la hemoglobina fetal puede funcionar como un factor de protección contra la necrosis avascular.(AU)

Fracturas de húmero proximal: valoración clínica y resultado funcional en pacientes con osteonecrosis de la cabeza humeral / Proximal humerus fractures: clinical assessment and functional outcome in patients with osteonecrosis of the humeral head

Introducción: Las fracturas de húmero proximal de tres o más fragmentos presentan riesgo elevado de necrosis, siendo éste el segundo sitio más frecuente sólo después del fémur, presentándose causas traumáticas y no traumáticas, siendo las traumáticas las más comunes, presentando una incidencia de 13 a 34% en fracturas de más de cuatro fragmentos. El propósito de este estudio es valorar el resultado funcional de pacientes con antecedente de fractura humeral proximal y osteonecrosis con manejo conservador. Material y métodos: Se presenta un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, observacional con seguimiento de 6 a 12 meses de pacientes mayores de 60 años con diagnóstico de fractura de húmero proximal con manejo conservador, en el período comprendido de Enero de 2004 a Noviembre de 2009, se seleccionaron 122 pacientes que cumplían los criterios de inclusión, perdiendo el seguimiento de 12 de ellos, con edad promedio de 71.02 años con rango de 60 a 92 años, 41 hombres y 69 mujeres, realizándose escalas de DASH y CONSTANT. Resultados: Posterior a la realización de las escalas de valoración funcional se realiza la validación de dichos resultados obteniendo un coeficiente de correlación de 0.80 siendo estadísticamente significativo. Conclusión: El tratamiento conservador debe ser reservado sólo en pacientes que cumplan con las características necesarias. Dependiendo del tipo de fractura y las características del individuo, el tratamiento siempre está enfocado a la estabilización y a la movilización temprana y en la obtención de la recuperación funcional precoz. Encontrando en este estudio que las fracturas tratadas de forma conservadora, desarrollan algún estadio de osteonecrosis de la cabeza pero con adecuada función casi similar a la extremidad sana.

Introduction: Fractures of the proximal humerus resulting in three or more fragments represent a high risk of necrosis. The former is the second most frequent site of necrosis, only after the femur, due to either traumatic or nontraumatic causes. The former are the most common, with an incidence rate of necrosis of 13-34% in fractures with more than four fragments. The purpose of this study is to assess the functional outcome of patients with a history of fracture of the proximal humerus and osteonecrosis treated conservatively. Material and methods: This is a descriptive, retrospective, observational study with a 6-12 month follow-up of patients older than 60 years of age with a diagnosis of fracture of the proximal humerus managed conservatively between January 2004 and November 2009. One hundred and twenty-two patients met the inclusion criteria and 12 were lost to follow-up. Mean age was 71.02 years with a range between 60 and 92 years; 41 males and 69 females. The DASH and CONSTANT scales were applied. Results: After applying the functional assessment scales and validating the results, the correlation coefficient obtained was 0.80, and it was statistically significant. Conclusion: Conservative treatment should be used only in patients who meet the necessary criteria. Depending on the type of fracture and the patient's characteristics, treatment should always be aimed at stabilization, early mobilization, and early functional recovery. This study found that fractures treated conservatively eventually develop some degree of osteonecrosis of the head, but they have proper function, similar to that of a healthy limb.

Cytotherapy for Osteonecrosis of Hip.

Osteonecrosis of hip is a pathological condition that leads to collapse of the femoral head, & the need for total hip replacement (THR). Research has shown that at the cellular level there is decrease in osteoblastic activity & the local mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) population that leads to osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH). Cellular therapy could thus be used to improve the local cellular environment. Th is can be achieved by implanting bone marrow, containing osteogenic precursors into the necrotic lesion of the femoral head.

Pediatric Femoral Neck Fractures: Our 10 Years of Experience

BACKGROUND: Femoral neck fractures are rare injuries in children, but the high incidence of long term complications make it an important clinical entity. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the clinical outcomes of pediatric femur neck fractures that we managed over a 10 year period. METHODS: The study included 36 children (20 boys and 16 girls) who sustained femoral neck fractures and completed a minimum follow-up of one year. The children were treated either conservatively, or by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), or closed reduction and internal fixation (CRIF). The outcomes were analyzed using Ratliff criteria and a detailed record of complications was kept for all patients. RESULTS: The mean age of included patients was 10 years (range, 3 to 16 years) and the average follow-up was 3.2 years (range, 1.1 to 8.5 years). Based on Delbet's classification system, there were 0 type I (transepiphyseal), 16 type II, 11 type III, and 9 type IV fractures. There were 8 undisplaced fractures, 4 of which later displaced after being managed initially in a hip spica. A satisfactory outcome was obtained in 27 (75%) children. Avascular necrosis (AVN) was the most common complication. It was seen in 7 of our patients, all of whom had an unsatisfactory outcome. Other complications included three cases each of coxa vara, non-union, and arthritic changes; and one case each of infection, primary screw perforation of head, and premature epiphyseal closure. Complications were lowest in the group treated by ORIF. Only 2 patients managed exclusively by conservative treatment ultimately achieved a satisfactory outcome. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that internal fixation of pediatric femoral neck fractures is preferred whenever feasible because conservative treatment carries a high risk of failure of reduction. Aggressive operative treatments aimed at anatomical reduction should be the goal and there should be no hesitation in choosing ORIF over CRIF. Outcome of patients is influenced primarily by development of AVN which occurs as an independent entity without much relation to the mode of treatment carried out.

Ressonância magnética da osteonecrose do joelho: estudo de 19 casos / Magnetic resonance imaging of knee osteonecrosis: a study of 19 cases

OBJETIVO: Descrever os achados epidemiológicos, clínicos e de ressonância magnética da osteonecrose das porções distal do fêmur e proximal da tíbia. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Avaliação de 19 pacientes (12 mulheres e 7 homens), sem história prévia de fatores causais, com achados à ressonância magnética sugestivos de osteonecrose do platô tibial ou côndilo femoral. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se a presença de anormalidades osteocondrais em 63,1 por cento dos casos e em 73,6 por cento destes houve associação com lesão meniscal ipsilateral. Houve também importante associação com edema na medular óssea em correspondência (grau III em 16 casos). CONCLUSÃO: A ressonância magnética demonstrou ser um método não invasivo com boa sensibilidade no diagnóstico da osteonecrose do joelho, bem como das lesões associadas, sendo mais frequente nas mulheres (63 por cento dos casos).

OBJECTIVE: To describe epidemiological, clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings of osteonecrosis in the distal femur and proximal tibia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Evaluation of 19 patients (12 women and 7 men), with no previous history of causative factors, with magnetic resonance imaging findings suggestive of osteonecrosis in the tibial plateau or femoral condyle. RESULTS: Osteochondral abnormalities were observed in 63.1 percent of the cases; in 73.6 percent of them, such abnormality was associated with ipsilateral meniscal lesion. Also, a significant association with bone marrow edema (grade III in 16 cases) was observed. CONCLUSION: Magnetic resonance imaging has demonstrated to be a noninvasive method with good sensitivity in the diagnosis of knee osteonecrosis as well as of associated lesions which are most frequently found in women (63 percent of cases).

Osteonecrosis del semilunar o enfermedad de Kienbõck / Semilunar osteonecrosis or Kienbõck disease

El hecho de decidirnos por hacer esta revisión de la Osteonecrosis del semilunar o enfermedad de Kienbõck es debido a poder definir todos los factores que inciden en esta patología, que aunque no es una entidad muy frecuente, refleja una seria problemática en la vida de los trabajadores, condicionando problemas laborales, sociales e incluso médico-legales. Revisamos la anatomía y la vascularización del semilunar, así como su fisiopatología. Revisamos también aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e imagenológicos...

We have decided to make this review on semilunar osteonecrosis or Kienbõck's disease because that way we could define all the factors, concurring in this pathology; although it is not a very frequent entity, reflects a serious problem in the worker's life, being a condition of working, social and even medico-legal problems. We reviewed the semilunar anatomy and vascularization, and also its physiopathology. We also reviewed epidemiologic, clinical and imagenologic aspects.

Osteonecrose no adulto / Osteonecrosis in the adul

O presente artigo tem por objetivo fazer uma revisão de literatura recente e objetiva sobre a osteonecrose nos pacientes adultos, dando destaque a aspectos como epidemiologia, fisiopatologia, principais articulações acometidas e o devido tratamento.

Osteonecrosis en lupus eritematoso sistémico / Osteonecrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus

Osteonecrosis (ON) is a clinical entity characterized by aseptic necrosis of bone marrow and trabecular bone as a result of significant disruption of blood supply to the bone. In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ON is a well recognized complication, which also results in significant morbidity. The clinical course is usually progressive to end stage degenerative changes of the joints causing significant secondary pain and limitation of movement, and reducing the quality of life in these patients. Corticosteriod therapy is the major predisposing factor for ON in SLE. This article reviews the causes, clinical and epidemiological features, diagnosis and treatment options for ON among patients with SLE.

A bilateralidade na osteonecrose da cabeça femoral / Biteralism in femoral head osteonecrosis

Os autores estudam a incidência da bilateralidade na osteonecrose da cabeça femoral com base em casuística de 77 pacientes. Analisou-se também a bilateralidade como fator prognóstico em relaçao ao tratamento com descompressao e enxerto ósseo ilíaco em 91 quadris. A bilateralidade na presente avaliaçao é de 50,6 por cento e nao foi considerada fator prognóstico no tratamento.