The evaluation of nosocomial infections in pediatric patients with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support

Abstract Introduction: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has become a standard technique over the past few decades in intensive care unit (ICU). Objective: A review of pediatric patients who received ECMO support in the pediatric cardiac ICU was conducted to determine the incidence, risk factors and causal organisms related to acquired infections and assess the survival rates of ECMO patients with nosocomial infections. Methods: Sixty-six patients who received ECMO support in the pediatric cardiac ICU between January 2011 and June 2014 were included in the study. Demographic, echocardiographic, hemodynamic features and surgical procedures were reviewed. Results: Sixty-six patients received a total of 292.5 days of venoarterial ECMO support. Sixty were postoperative patients. Forty-five patients were weaned from ECMO support with an ECMO survival rate of 68.2%. The rate of infection was 116.2/1000 ECMO days. Prolonged ICU stay, duration of ventilation and ECMO were found associated with development of nosocomial infection and only the duration of ECMO was an independent risk factor for nosocomial infections in ECMO patients. Conclusion: The correction of the underlying process leading to ECMO support and shortening the length of ECMO duration together with stricter application of ECMO indications would improve the infection incidence and hospital surveillance of the patient group.

Simulation training for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Background: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a complex treatment. Despite this, there are a lack of training programs designed to develop relevant clinical and nonclinical skills required for ECMO specialists. The aim of the current study was to describe the design, implementation and evaluation of a 1‑day simulation course for delivering training in ECMO. Methods: A 1‑day simulation course was developed with educational and intensive care experts. First, the delegates received a lecture on the principles of simulation training and the importance of human factors. This was, followed by a practical demonstration and discussion of the ECMO circuit, console components, circuit interactions effects and potential complications. There were then five ECMO simulation scenarios with debriefing that covered technical and nontechnical issues. The course culminated in a knowledge‑based assessment. Course outcomes were assessed using purpose‑designed questionnaires. Results: We held 3 courses with a total of 14 delegates (9 intensive care nurses, 3 adult intensive care consultants and 2 ECMO technicians). Following the course, 8 (57%) gained familiarity in troubleshooting an ECMO circuit, 6 (43%) increased their familiarity with the ECMO pump and circuit, 8 (57%) perceived an improvement in their communication skills and 7 (50%) perceived an improvement in their leadership skills. At the end of the course, 13 (93%) delegates agreed that they felt more confident in dealing with ECMO. Conclusions: Simulation‑training courses may increase knowledge and confidence in dealing with ECMO emergencies. Further studies are indicated to determine whether simulation training improves clinical outcomes and translates to reduced complication rates in patients receiving ECMO.

Meningococcemia fulminante: un problema no resuelto en pediatría / Meningococcal disease: a non solved problem in pediatrics

La enfermedad meningocócica, de alta prevalencia en nuestro país, puede tener una evolución fulminante asociándose a una alta letalidad. Cuando este cuadro de rápida evolución se asocia a necrohemorragía de las glándulas suprarrenales (complejo anatomopatológico), se conforma el denominado síndrome de Waterhouse Friderichsen. Con el propósito de analizar el perfil de los pacientes que fallecieron debido a enfermedad meningocócica, se revisaron las autopsias de doce pacientes en un período de trece años, todos ellos con un síndrome de Waterhouse Friderichsen. Se describen las características epidemiológicas y clínicas. La edad promedio fue de 3 años 2 meses, la presentación clínica al ingreso en el 100 por ciento consistió en un cuadro febril de menos de 24 horas de evolución asociado a hipotensión, destacando en los exámenes de laboratorio la presencia de leucopenia. Todos recibieron apoyo hemodinámico agresivo desde el inicio y en cuatro de ellos se usó hemofiltración. La evolución fue fulminante, con un promedio de 20 horas de sobrevida. Los scores de gravedad aplicados demostraron una alta predicción de letalidad: PRISM (Pediatric risk of mortality) score, con una mediana de 32, score de Niklasson y Wong con más de 80 por ciento de mortalidad, y NESI con una mediana de 5. Considerando la evolución y pronóstico de estos pacientes, se plantea la evaluación de terapias de apoyo no convencionales desde un inicio, así como futuros protocolos multicéntricos de tratamiento